Muscle Lactic Acid Research Articles

A Comparison of Glutathione and Malondialdehyde Concentrations in Athletes Engaged in Certain Sports

Sports stimulate the body to adapt to physical activity, causing biochemical and functional metabolic changes in various systems and organs of the body due to exercise. Antioxidants and free radicals affect the biological activity of living organisms, leading to physiological changes in all body systems due to exercise. This study, conducted from December 2023 to February 2024, included 120 blood samples from male basketball (40), football (40), and volleyball (40) players ages 18-27 years, from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Tikrit University. Blood samples were collected ten minutes before and ten minutes after 70 minutes of exercise on the same day. The study found no significant differences in glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations before and after exercise among the groups. The findings suggest that the type of sport (football, basketball, or volleyball) with an anaerobic system does not significantly affect antioxidant and fat peroxidation levels, though slight variations due to increased lactic acid in muscles were noted, leading to muscle fatigue and minor changes in GSH and MDA concentrations.

The impact of noise on the stress response of Portunus trituberculatus in a land-based monoculture system

Human-induced noise, particularly from shipping and construction, significantly affects the stress responses of swimming crabs (Portunus trituberculatus Miers, 1876). Prolonged exposure can lead to stress responses, impacting the overall health of the crabs. This study aimed to assess how noise affects stress responses in P. trituberculatus. The sound had an intensity of 163 dB 1μPa for the noise condition and 114 dB 1μPa for ambient sound. P. trituberculatus was continuously exposed to the noise stimulus for six hours. Samples of serum, muscle tissue, gills, and hepatopancreas were collected at multiple time points: 0 min, 10 min, 30 min, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, and 7 h. The serum cortisol levels in the noise-exposed group were significantly higher than those in the control group at 30 min and 6 h. The two groups had no significant differences regarding serum glucose and muscle lactic acid content. In the noise-exposed group, the gills exhibited significantly lower superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. Conversely, for the hepatopancreas, the SOD levels in the noise-exposed group were notably lower than those in the control group at 10 min but significantly higher at 6 h and 7 h. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were substantially higher in the noise-exposed group than in the control group at 30 min and 6 h. This study demonstrates that P. trituberculatus experiences a physiological stress response to acoustic sounds.

Benfotiamine Supplementation Increases Thiamine in Muscle of Endurance-Trained Mice and Affects the Energy Metabolism.

Benfotiamine, a synthetic analog of thiamine, offers greater bioavailability compared to other thiamine salts and increases thiamine stores upon oral intake. Thiamine is essential for energy metabolism. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of oral benfotiamine supplementation on energy metabolism, particularly the Krebs cycle function, in the muscle of endurance-trained mice, and to assess its impact on endurance performance. Twenty-five mice were randomly assigned to four groups: a standard diet with sedentary behavior (Sta-Sed), a benfotiamine-supplemented diet with sedentary behavior (Ben-Sed), a standard diet with swimming training (Sta-Tr), and a benfotiamine-supplemented diet with swimming training (Ben-Tr). The trained groups underwent five weekly swimming sessions for six weeks, followed by an exhaustive test. Thiamine and its esters were measured in erythrocytes and gastrocnemius muscle. Gene expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDHa) and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH), along with levels of pyruvic, lactic, and hydroxybutyric acids in muscle, was analyzed. The benfotiamine-supplemented groups had higher thiamine levels in erythrocytes and muscles compared to the standard-diet groups. No differences were observed in PDHa and OGDH gene expression. The Ben-Tr group exhibited increased muscle lactic acid levels and a higher lactic acid to pyruvic acid ratio compared to the sedentary groups. Hydroxybutyric acid levels were also elevated in the Ben-Tr group. No significant differences in exhaustive test duration were found between the groups. Benfotiamine supplementation increases thiamine levels in erythrocytes and muscle but does not affect the gene expression of thiamine-dependent enzymes. Although it alters energy metabolism in trained muscle, it does not enhance endurance performance in mice.

NTiO2 alleviates the toxic effects of TCPP on mussels by adjusting respiratory metabolism and gut microbiota

As a good carrier of contaminants, nanotitanium dioxide (nTiO2) can absorb organic pollutants, producing toxicological effects on organisms. However, the complex effects of nTiO2 with contaminants on marine mussels are still unclear. In this study, we exposed mussels to tris (2-chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) 100 μg/L (T1), 0.5 mg/L nTiO2 + 100 μg/L TCPP (T2), 1.0 mg/L nTiO2 + 100 μg/L TCPP (T3) and control (0 nTiO2 + 0 μg/L TCPP) treatments, and assessed the combined effects of TCPP with nTiO2 on the thick-shelled mussel Mytilus coruscus by detecting the activities of gill pyruvate kinase (PK), hexokinase (HK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), also gill acetylcholine (Ach) and muscle lactic acid (LD) contents and gut microbiota after 14-d exposure. Compared with the control group, PK activity was increased significantly, but SDH, LDH activities and LD content were decreased significantly in T1, with the addition of nTiO2, there were not significantly different in T3. However, Ach content in T3 was significantly higher than the control and T1. Moreover, KEGG of the gut microbiota via 16 s rRNA sequencing showed that most pathways returned to the control level in T3. The results showed that TCPP affected the respiratory metabolism of mussels, changed the community structure of intestinal microflora in mussels, and nTiO2 alleviated the toxicity of TCPP. Our study provides new insights for ecological risk assessment of TCPP in bivalves in the complex aquatic environment and the novel role of nTiO2 in regulating the toxicity of TCPP.

Anti-Fatigue Peptides from the Enzymatic Hydrolysates of Cervus elaphus Blood.

Red deer (Cervus elaphus) blood is widely used as a health product. Mixed culture fermentation improves the flavor and bioavailability of deer blood (DB), and both DB and its enzymatic hydrolysates exhibit anti-fatigue activities in vivo. To elucidate the bioactive ingredients, enzymatic hydrolysates were fractioned into different peptide groups using reversed phase resin chromatography, and then evaluated using an exhaustive swimming mice model to assess swimming time and biochemical parameters. The structures of the bioactive peptides were elucidated by high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass detection. Thirty-one compounds were identified as glutamine or branched-chain amino acids containing short peptides, of which Val-Ala-Asn, Val-Val-Ser-Ala, Leu(Ile)-Leu(Ile)-Val-Thr, Pro-His-Pro-Thr-Thr, Glu-Val-Ala-Phe and Val-Leu(Ile)-Asp-Ala-Phe are new peptides. The fractions containing glutamine or valine short peptides, Ala-Gln, Val-Gln, Val-Val-Ser-Ala, Val-Leu(Ile)-Ser improved exercise endurance by increasing hepatic glycogen (HG) storage. The peptides group containing Leu(Ile)-Leu(Ile), Asp-Gln, Phe- Leu(Ile), Val-Val-Tyr-Pro contributed to decreased muscle lactic acid (MLA)accumulation and to an increase in HG. The anti-fatigue activities of DB hydrolysates were attributed to the synergistic effects of different types of peptides.

Effects of different chromium sources on growth performance, serum biochemical, hepatopancreas glycometabolism enzymes activities, IR, GLUT2 and SGLT1 gene expression of common carp ( Cyprinus carpio )

A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of different chromium sources on the common carp. Four diets (32.2% crude protein and 6% lipids of dry matter) were formulated to add chromium oxide (Cr2O3), chromium picolinate (CrPic) and chromium methionine (CrMet) with 2 mg/kg Cr3+, respectively, and one basal diet. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 60 juvenile common carp (approximately 40.95 ± 4.80 g). The results indicated that fish fed CrMet diets had significantly higher weight gain, specific growth rate and feed efficiency than other groups (p < 0.05). No significant differences in the whole body compositions except the lipid content significantly increased in CrMet diets (p < 0.05). Fish that were fed chromium diets had significantly higher lactic dehydrogenase and creatine kinase in serum, succinic acid dehydrogenase and lactic acid in muscle, pyruvate kinase and glycogen synthase in hepatopancreas, lower glucose concentration and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activities in hepatopancreas than those given the basal diet (p < 0.05). Insulin receptor (IR) in serum, IR gene expression in hepatopancreas and sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) in intestinal was increased (p < 0.05), while the cortisol decreased significantly in the dietary of CrMet or CrPic (p < 0.05). CrMet supplementation also increased HK activities, up-regulated glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) in hepatopancreas (p < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary addition of CrMet improved growth performance, adjusted glycometabolism enzyme activities, IR, GLUT2 and SGLT1 gene expression and had a significant impact on the carbohydrate utilization of juvenile common carp fed high corn diets compared with CrPic and Cr2O3.

Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Epigallocatechin Gallate on Meat Quality and Muscle Antioxidant Capacity of Broilers Subjected to Acute Heat Stress.

Simple SummaryBroilers are readily affected by acute heat stress (AHS), and the development of intensive and high-density management and the occurrence of high temperatures during the summer exacerbate this problem. AHS has undesirable effects on animal immunity, meat quality, antioxidant capacity, and welfare of broilers, which can be alleviated by nutrition regulation. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has been found to reduce the damage of AHS on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related 2 (Nrf2) in liver and jejunum. However, there are few reports on the effect and mechanism of action of EGCG on meat quality and antioxidant function in broilers under AHS. We demonstrated that EGCG protects against AHS-impaired meat quality by improving muscle antioxidant capacity, which seems to be associated with the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Moreover, these findings suggested that EGCG could be an effective additive to improve meat quality and muscle redox balance by regulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway.This study evaluated epigallocatechin gallate’s (EGCG’s, 400 mg/kg) effect on meat quality and muscle antioxidant status of broilers under acute heat stress (AHS). A total of 144 21-day-old male Huainan partridge chickens were randomly allocated to the EGCG-free group (12 replicates) and the EGCG group (6 replicates). On day 94, the EGCG-free group was divided into the control group (CON) and the AHS group, and then AHS group and EGCG group (identified as AHS + EGCG group) were treated with AHS (33 ± 1 °C for 12 h). AHS increased (p < 0.05) L*24h, drip loss, muscle lactic acid, malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, and kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) mRNA level, and decreased (p < 0.05) eviscerated percentage, pH24h, a*, muscle total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity, the ratio of T-SOD/MDA and glutathione peroxidase /MDA, glycogen content, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related 2 (Nrf2), catalase (CAT), NAD(P)H/quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1) mRNA levels. The AHS + EGCG group exhibited lower (p < 0.05) L*24h, drip loss, muscle lactic acid, MDA contents and Keap1 mRNA level, and greater (p < 0.05) eviscerated percentage, pH24h, a*, muscle T-SOD activity, the ratio of T-SOD/MDA, Nrf2, and NQO1 mRNA levels compared with the AHS group. In conclusion, EGCG protects against AHS-impaired meat quality by improving muscle antioxidant capacity, which seems to be associated with the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Sport Massage Dan Waktu Recovery Asam Laktat Pada Atlit Softball

Various factors causing fatigue in athletes include an increase of lactic acid in muscles. According to the movement patterns of softball athletes, the energy source comes from the Lactaid anaerobic metabolism. Therefore, it is necessary to know the elimination of lactic acid in muscles, reflecting the decrease of lactic acid in the blood. This study aimed to determine the recovery time of lactic acid levels after exercise in 0 minutes, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, and 20 minutes. Accutrend Lactacid measured softball athlete lactic acid levels. The method used in this study was an experimental method with One-Shot Case Study research design, while the research subjects were randomly assigned from the viable softball athlete population in the Student Activity Unit. The samples included 12 athletes. Data analysis employed t-test paired scores with significance p ≤ 0.05 using SPSS V. 20.0 software. The results showed that the lactic acid levels returned to normal, namely the level of 2.79 mMol/L, at 20 minutes of rest. It concludes that that lactic acid levels of softball athletes increased after the start of training, decreased after 5 minutes of rest, and returned to normal in 20 minutes of rest.

A study on methionine-mediated regulation of muscle fiber growth, development and differentiation in the rice field eel (Monopterus albus)

An eight-week feeding trial was performed to determine how methionine regulates muscle growth in the rice field eel Monopterus albus (initial weight 25.08 ± 0.31 g). Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic experimental feeds were formulated, and different levels of methionine (0, 2 g/kg, 4 g/kg, 6 g/kg, 8 g/kg, or 10 g/kg) were added to the basic diet (110 g/kg fish meal, 400 g/kg soy concentrate meal). The weight gain rate (WGR) of M. albus markedly increased as methionine concentrations increased to 6 g/kg (P < 0.05) and gradually decreased as methionine concentrations increased to 10 g/kg. The feed conversion rate of M. albus showed a trend opposite to the WGR. Muscle glycogen markedly increased as methionine concentrations increased to 2 g/kg (P < 0.05), while the creatine kinase, lactic acid and lactate dehydrogenase contents of muscle markedly decreased as dietary methionine concentrations increased to 2 g/kg (P < 0.05). The content of amino acids, total essential amino acids, total nonessential amino acids and total amino acids in muscle was increased by supplementation with 8 g/kg and 10 g/kg methionine. The springiness of muscle markedly increased as methionine supplementation increased to concentrations of 6 g/kg (P < 0.05). The hardness, gumminess and chewiness of muscle markedly increased as methionine concentrations increased to 8 g/kg (P < 0.05). When supplemented with 8 g/kg and 10 g/kg methionine, the density of muscle fibers and the percentage of muscle fibers under 60 μm were remarkably decreased, while the percentage of muscle fibers greater than or equal to 100 μm was remarkably increased (P < 0.05). When 8 g/kg and 10 g/kg methionine were added, gcn2 and mstn mRNA expression was significantly downregulated (P < 0.05), while gh, ghr, TnT, mhc, mlc, myf5, myod2, myog, pax7 and mef2a mRNA expression was remarkably upregulated (P < 0.05). Correlative analysis of muscle-related gene expression showed that myf5, mlc, and myog expression was negatively correlated with gcn2 expression (P < 0.05), and ghr, mef2b, gh, and mhc expression was negatively correlated with gcn2 expression (P < 0.01), while mstn expression was positively correlated with gcn2 expression (P < 0.01). In conclusion, dietary methionine increased the growth performance of M. albus, especially for muscle growth and development, improved muscle texture and main nutritional factors (amino acids, glycogen), and reduced the content of lactic acid in muscle.

Effects of Nanometer Hydroxyapatite Aqueous Solution on Anaerobic Motor Ability of Mice

Nanometer hydroxyapatite is a new biomaterial with development potential. Its main components are very similar to those found in animal teeth. It has good biocompatibility and bioactivity. Can be closely bound to human tissue, repair tissue. With relatively more biosorption sites, it can be used as a protein carrier as an important strategy to fight cancer or promote the efficiency of tissue repair. It is widely used in biomedical fields, such as release carrier and tissue repair. With the development of modern medicine, the performance and application of nanometer hydroxyapatite are required. The purpose of this paper is to observe the effect of nanometer hydroxyapatite hydrosol on the anaerobic exercise ability of mice, and explore the mechanism of nanometer hydroxyapatite hydrosol on the anaerobic exercise ability of mice, which is of great significance for the application of nanometer hydroxyapatite in medicine and competitive sports. In this experiment, mathematical statistics were used to analyze the anaerobic swimming exhaustion time of mice in the nanometer hydroxyapatite injection group, sodium bicarbonate injection group, distilled water injection group and blank control group. The blood lactic acid content and immediate skeletal muscle lactic acid content of mice after anaerobic exercise were determined by statistical method. Finally, big data analysis method was used to fit the data and analyze the myocardial lactic acid value, skeletal muscle glycogen content and myocardial muscle glycogen content of mice injected with nano-hydroxyapatite sol after anaerobic swimming exhaustion. The experimental data showed that after the injection of nanometer hydroxyapatite hydrosol, the movement ability of mice increased. Experimental data showed that the nanometer hydroxyapatite hydrosol could improve the anaerobic exercise ability of mice, by neutralizing the lactic acid produced by the anaerobic exercise blood cells and cardiac muscle cells of mice, and prevent the accumulation of lactic acid, thereby increasing the anaerobic exercise ability by 40%, which is of great significance for athletes' exercise guidance in competitive sports.

Effect Stretching and Recovery on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) After Exercise

DOMS (Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness) is pain that a person feels within 24-72 hours after doing sports activities, and recovery occurs within 4-6 days. Pain is caused by metabolic waste such as lactic acid in muscles and extracellular fluids, irritating the ends of the sensory fibers. An exercise that is not adequately controlled can cause muscle damage, inflammation, and muscle pain. Recovery should be made after each exercise that aims to eliminate lactic acid in muscles. The study aimed to see the effect of stretching and recovery on DOMS after physical activity. This research method is a quasi-experimental research design using a randomized pre and post-test group design. The subjects in this study were students of the Department of Sport Science, Medan State University, who assessed 16 people. The research subjects were randomly divided into two groups. Group P1, namely the physical exercise group without stretching and recovery; Group P2 in the physical exercise group with stretching and recovery. This research will be conducted at the Physiology Laboratory and Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, State University of Medan. The results showed that there was an effect of stretching and recovery on the reduction of DOMS after physical exercise.

Influence of ambient oxygen on respiratory and substrate level metabolism in freshwater fish, Cirrhinus mrigala

In the present study experiments were conducted to find out oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion and ammonia quotient (AQ) in a freshwater fish, Cirrhinus mrigala acclimated sand tested at 28 + 1 oC, subjected to hypoxic condition. The rate of oxygen consumption in Cirrhinus mrigala a normoxia and hypoxia at normoxia was 145.2 mg/kg/hr, which decreased with the duration of experiment and decrease in ambient oxygen consumption from 5.2 to 3.6 mg/l was found to be higher than that of under hypoxic condition. The normoxic rate of ammonia excretion was found to be 26.19 mg/kg/hr and the hypoxic rate of ammonia excretion was observed range of 4.82 to 5.3 mg/kg/hr. Lactic acid in muscle, gill and liver tissues were found to be 122.61, 23.20 and 26.81 m. mole/g respectively, whereas the hypoxic lactic acid content in muscle, gill and liver tissues were found to be 226.72, 30.94 and 50.90 m.mole/g respectively.

Ergo-innovative design of cow slaughter tool

Rough handling in the slaughtering operation can cause animal’s stress resulting in the poor quality of meat because of the depleting muscle reserves to the lowest level. This condition will reduce the muscle lactic acid and increase the potential hydrogen on the meat above the normal level allowing a higher possibility for bacterial growth. Moreover, the rough slaughtering operation using the conventional technique may lead to slaughterer’s accident because of the cow’s mutiny. Thus, it is crucial to use the slaughtering tool that is safer and more comfortable to operate. This study aims to design the innovative slaughtering tool ergonomically and satisfying the user requirement. A survey was conducted to identify user criteria of the design. Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) was implemented as a fundamental basis to determine the inventive principle of the design, and the Quality Function Deployment was applied to develop the design specification. Non-parametric statistical analysis was done to test the hypothesis. This study reveals some identified inventive principles including dynamic quality, parameter changes, combination, and equipotentiality. Thus, the proposed design is valid to satisfy user need at 5% of significance level as it is proven to be safer, stronger, more practical, and more durable.

Effectiveness of Gyejibongnyeong-Hwan for shoulder pain: study protocol for a randomised, wait-list controlled pilot trial

BackgroundShoulder pain is an uncomfortable feeling in the muscle around the shoulder. The cause of myalgia is the accumulation of lactic acid in muscles and impaired blood circulation, which is called blood stasis in traditional East Asian medicine. This study aimed to explore the therapeutic effect of Gyejibongnyeong-Hwan (GBH) for shoulder discomfort related to blood stasis before and after treatment.Methods/designThis study will be a double-centre, randomised, wait-list controlled pilot trial. Participants with shoulder pain and with a visual analogue scale score of 4 or higher out of 10, blood stasis score of 9 or higher, and triglyceride level of ≥150 mg/dl or total cholesterol level of ≥200 mg/dl will be recruited from two university hospitals. A total of 40 participants will be assigned to the immediate and waiting treatment groups. The immediate treatment group will receive GBH for 8 weeks on enrolment while the waiting treatment group will receive GBH for 8–16 weeks after 8 weeks of controlled waiting. The primary outcome is shoulder pain, and the secondary outcomes are the blood stasis score, blood pressure, ankle–brachial pressure index, brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity, body mass index, waist circumference, indexes of oximetry, and levels of blood lipid, blood sugar, resistin, C-reactive protein, serum amyloid P, and D-dimer.DiscussionThe results of this pilot trial will be the bases for a full-scale clinical trial of GBH.Trial registrationClinical Research Information Service, KCT0003837. Registered on 23 April 2019. https://cris.nih.go.kr/cris/en/search/search_result_st01.jsp?seq=14258

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN JUS SEMANGKA KUNING (Citrullus lanatus) TERHADAP KELELAHAN OTOT ANAEROBIK PADA ATLET SEPAKBOLA

Background: Muscle fatigue in anaerobic activity occured, when athletes have high intensity activities. The accumulation of lactic acid in muscle and blood could inhibit muscle contraction caused low concentration and performance. Sitrulin in yellow watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) juice can delay muscle fatigue in anaerobic activity.Objective: To know the effect of Yellow Watermelon Juice (Citrullus lanatus) To Anaerobic Muscle Fatigue Index Athletes.Methods: This study used quasi experimental design with a pre-post test design group control design. The fourteen athletes who were randomly divided into control groups and treatment groups. The control group was given a placebo and the treatment group was given a 500 ml watermelon juice with a dose of 1,8gr of sitrulin during seven days. Yellow watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) juice are given 60 minutes before the test done. Anaerobic muscle fatigue in soccer athletes were measured using a RAST (Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test) by calculating the Muscle Fatigue Index. Data were analyzed by Independent t-test.Results: In this study there was an increase category of muscle fatigue index from good category (0.21-3.31) to very good category (0.21), although both control and treatment group not significant different statistically (p = 0,532). The mean initial muscle fatigue index of the treatment and control group respectively (0.1157 ± 0.05) and (0.1486 ± 0.65). The mean final muscle fatigue index of the treatment and control group respectively (0.1229 ± 0.04) and (0.1371 ± 0.03).Conclusion:The adduction of yellow watermelon juice (citrullus lanatus) during seven days did not affect the reduction of anaerobic muscle fatigue (p = 0,532).

Effect of Laser Diode 820Nm on the Levels of Lactate Dehydrogenase, Creatin Phosphokinase, and Lactic Acid in Muscles of Students

Effect of Laser Diode 820Nm on the Levels of Lactate Dehydrogenase, Creatin Phosphokinase, and Lactic Acid in Muscles of Students

Antioxidant and anti‐fatigue activities of egg white peptides prepared by pepsin digestion

Some hydrolyzed peptides derived from food proteins possess antioxidant and anti-fatigue activities. In this study, egg white protein powder (EWPP) was hydrolyzed with pepsin for various times, and four peptide fractions were separated from the hydrolysates by ultrafiltration. The antioxidant activity of the four peptide fractions was determined. The peptide fraction with the strongest antioxidant activity was used to evaluate its anti-fatigue effect and probable mechanisms. The egg white peptides (EWPs) fraction with molecular weight 2-5 kDa (named EWPs2) showed stronger antioxidant activity than the other peptide fractions (P < 0.05). The swimming time to exhaustion of mice administered EWPs2 was longer (P < 0.05) than that of the control group. EWPs2 increased the levels of blood glucose (by 28.4-42.2%), muscle glycogen (by 6.4-10.6%) and liver glycogen (by 10.7-23.8%) and significantly decreased the levels of lactic acid in muscle and urea nitrogen in blood (P < 0.05). Among the four peptide fractions, EWPs2 possessed the strongest antioxidant activity and exhibited an anti-fatigue effect. The experimental data could clarify partially the anti-fatigue mechanisms of EWPs and provide an important basis for developing EWPs as safe and natural antioxidants and anti-fatigue agents for wide use.

Atypical localized hydatid cyst: case report

Summary Hydatid cyst is a parasitic disease caused frequently by Echinoccus granulosis and rarely by Echinococcus alveolaris which detected commonly in our country. Cystic lesions in involved organs are typical for the disease. Although found in all organs, the liver and lung are the most commonly affected organs. Hydatid cyst disease in the skeletal muscle is quite rare, as the lactic acid in muscles and increased blood flow hinders the de velopment of the parasite. Diagnosis is difficult due to lack of typical clinic. The diagnosis of hydatid cyst is mainly based on serological and radiological methods. Primary treatment of the disease is surgical removal of the cyst. In our case, we present a female patient diagnosed with hydatid cyst that was located in the left musculus vastus medialis.

Anti-Fatigue Effects of Methazolamide in High- Altitude Hypoxic Mice

Purpose : To investigate the anti-fatigue property of methazolamide (MTZ) in high-altitude anoxic mice. Methods: Mice fatigued by high-altitude hypoxia were housed in a hypobaric chamber (equivalent to a low pressure chamber of 5000 m altitude) for 10 consecutive days. The anti-fatigue property of MTZ was evaluated by exhaustive swimming test, determination of blood concentration of lactic acid and sugar as well as blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and liver glycogen. Results: Our findings indicate that the administration of MTZ can prolong swimming capacity time and improve exercise tolerance as well as increase the content of liver glycogen, reduce the level of lactic acid in muscles, when compared with anoxic control group. MTZ also delayed the accumulation of BUN, compared with anoxic control. Conclusion: The results show that MTZ has anti-fatigue effects in mice, and further suggest that it is a potential novel remedy for fatigue due to high-altitude hypoxia.

Effects of a Chinese traditional formula Kai Xin San (KXS) on chronic fatigue syndrome mice induced by forced wheel running

Ethnopharmacological relevanceIn traditional medicine, Kai Xin San (KXS), composed of ginseng (Panax ginseng), hoelen (Wolfiporia cocos), polygala (Polygala tenuifolia) and Acorus gramineus, is famous for the treatment of emotion-thought disease, such as settling fright, quieting the spirit and nourishing the heart. Aim of the studyThe present study investigated the effect of KXS on chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) mice induced by forced wheel running. Materials and methodsSeventy two healthy adult male Kunming mice were randomly divided into six groups: home cage control group, CFS group, CFS group with Modafinil treatment at 13mg/kg/d doge, KXS treatment at 175mg/kg/d, 350mg/kg/d and 700mg/kg/d doge. CFS mice were induced by forced wheel running with higher speed for 4 weeks and then taken an exhausted exercise. The biochemical parameters including serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), serum urea nitrogen (SUN), serum testosterone (T), liver glycogen (LG), muscle glycogen (MG) and muscle lactic acid (MLA) were determined by using commercially available kits. The splenocytes proliferation from mice was examined by MTT method. The levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) secreted by splenocytes were determined by ELISA. ResultsCFS mice with KXS administration exhibited less electric shock time when compared with CFS group without drug treatment. The effect of KXS has after demonstrated reduction in SUN, LDH and MLA levels and an increase in T, LG and MG levels. CFS mice with KXS could improve the proliferation of splenocytes compared with CFS group without drug treatment. The cultured splenocytes from CFS mice without KXS supplementation produced more interleukin-2 (IL-2) but less interleukin-4 (IL-4) when compared with home cage control mice. The cultured splenocytes of CFS mice with KXS supplementation produced more interleukin-2 (IL-2) but less interleukin-4 (IL-4) when compared with CFS group without drug treatment. ConclusionsThe results of this preliminary study provide evidence that KXS could ameliorate CFS by affecting the physiological markers for fatigue. This study also supported the use of KXS against CFS by improving the proliferation of splenocytes from CFS mice and modulating the disturbance of cytokines induced by CFS.