Lactate Dosage Research Articles

The effects of long-term lactate and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on brain neuroplasticity of aged mice

Extensive research has confirmed numerous advantages of exercise for promoting brain health. More recent studies have proposed the potential benefits of lactate, the by-product of exercise, in various aspects of brain function and disorders. However, there remains a gap in understanding the effects of lactate dosage and its impact on aged rodents. The present study first examined the long-term effects of three different doses of lactate intervention (2000 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, and 500 mg/kg) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on aging mice (20–22 months) as the 1st experiment. Subsequently, in the 2nd experiment, we investigated the long-term effects of 500 mg/kg lactate intervention and HIIT on brain neuroplasticity in aged mice (25–27 months).The results of the 1st experiment demonstrated that both HIIT and different doses of lactate intervention (500 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg) positively impacted the neuroplasticity biomarker VEGF in the hippocampus of aging mice. Subsequently, the 2nd experiment revealed that long-term HIIT significantly improved the performance of mice in open-field, novel object recognition, and passive avoidance tests. However, lactate intervention did not significantly affect these behavioral tests. Moreover, compared to the control group, both HIIT and lactate intervention positively influenced the angiogenesis signaling pathway (p/t-AKT/ENOS/VEGF), mitochondrial biomarker (SDHA), and metabolic protein (p/t-CREB, p/t-HSL, and LDH) in the hippocampus of aged mice. Notably, only lactate intervention significantly elevated the BDNF (PGC-1α, SIRT1, and BDNF) signaling pathway and metabolic content (lactate and pyruvate). In the end, long-term HIIT and lactate intervention failed to change the protein expression of p/t-MTOR, iNOS, nNOS, HIF-1α, SYNAPSIN, SIRT3, NAMPT, CS, FNDC5 and Pan Lactic aid-Lysine in the hippocampus of aged mice.In summary, the present study proved that long-term HIIT and lactate treatment have positive effects on the brain functions of aged mice, suggesting the potential usage of lactate as a therapeutic strategy in neurodegenerative diseases in the elderly population.

Association between blood lactate and heart rate variability in type 2 diabetics during resistance exercise / Associação entre o lactato de sangue e a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca em diabéticos do tipo 2 durante o exercício de resistência

Introduction: During exercise, the branchs sympathetic and parasympathetic, central and peripheral mechanisms interact inducing adjustments on of heart rate (HR) responses according to the intensity, which can be changed in the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Those changes may occur during the time after resistance exercise recovery. Objective: To to compare the method of determining the LA by the blood lactate dosage and HRV, RMSSD and SD1 rates, in individuals with DM2. Results and conclusion: The results of our study show that you have more than 30% of 1RM for the GC as well as for the DM2 group, the latter containing more expressive when compared also with as 40 and 50% loads of 1RM. What is a HRV was observed a significant reduction in relation to the rest in the RMSSD and SD1 indices of CG and soon without a GM2 group, showing in both groups a tendency of stabilization after 30% of 1RM and not being possible to find the LA, determined by HRV, in this specific population submitted to an incremental protocol of resisted lower limb exercise.

Photoinactivation of multispecies cariogenic biofilm mediated by aluminum phthalocyanine chloride encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles.

This study aimed to characterize the aluminum phthalocyanine chloride (AlClPc) encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles (CN) and apply it in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on multispecies biofilm composed of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus casei, and Candida albicans to analyze the antimicrobial activity and lactate production after treatment. Biofilms were formed in 24-well polystyrene plates at 37°C for 48h under microaerophilia. The following groups were evaluated (n = 9): as a positive control, 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX); phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as a negative control; 2.5% CN as release vehicle control; the dark toxicity control of the formulations used (AlClPc and AlClPc + CN) was verified in the absence of light; for aPDT, after 30min incubation time, the photosensitizers at a final concentration of 5.8 × 10-3mg/mL were photoirradiated for 1min by visible light using a LED device (AlClPc + L and AlClPc + CN + L) with 660nm at the energy density of 100J/cm2. An in vitro kit was used to measure lactate. The biofilm composition and morphology were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antimicrobial activity was analyzed by quantifying colony forming units per mL (CFU/mL) of each microorganism. Bacterial load between groups was analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests (α = 0.05). A lower lactate dosage was observed in the aPDT AlClPc + CN + L and CHX groups compared to the CN and AlClPc groups. The aPDT mediated by the nanoconjugate AlClPc + CN + L showed a significant reduction in the viability of S. mutans (3.18 log10 CFU/mL), L. casei (4.91 log10 CFU/mL), and C. albicans (2.09 log10 CFU/mL) compared to the negative control PBS (p < 0.05). aPDT using isolated AlClPc was similar to PBS to the three microorganisms (p > 0.05). The aPDT mediated by the nanoconjugate AlClPc + CN+ L was efficient against the biofilm of S. mutans, L. casei, and C. albicans.

Multi-layer patch with aligned poly (acrylonitrile-co-acrylic acid) nanofibers for lactate detection in human sweat

In this study, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and poly (acrylonitrile-co-acrylic acid) (P(AN-co-AA)) with different copolymer ratios were synthesized. Aligned electrospun nanofibers of the polymers with diameters from 200 to 300 nm have been produced using two parallel positioned copper wires as collector. The change in resistance between two copper wires was studied with the addition of artificial sweat solution (ASS) on the aligned nanofibers. As the response for 9:1 (acrylonitrile:acrylic acid) P(AN-co-AA) nanofibers was better than the other nanofibers, it was electrospun on a cotton-copper fabric (CCF) to develop the sensor patch. The change in electrical conductivity in response to ASS were studied with varying concentrations of lactate in ASS. The developed multi-layered patch showed 0.94 linear correlation coefficient in the range of 27 to 270 ppm of additional lactate dosage.

Prognostic value of serial lactate levels in septic patients with and without shock.

To analyze the prognostic value of lactate levels for day-7 and in-hospital mortality, in septic patients with and without shock. In the period November 2011-December 2016, we enrolled 268 patients, admitted to our High-Dependency Unit with a diagnosis of sepsis. Lactate dosage was performed at ED-HDU admission (T0), after 2h (T2), 6h (T6) and 24h (T24); lactate clearance was calculated at T2 and T6 [T2: ((LAC T0-LAC T2/LAC T0)*100)]; T6: [(LAC T0-LAC T6/LAC T0)*100]. The end-points were day-7 and in-hospital mortality. At every evaluation, the lactate level was higher in patients with shock than in those without (T0 3.8 ± 3.8 vs 2.4 ± 2.1; T6 2.9 ± 3.2 vs 1.6 ± 1.1; T24 3.0 ± 4.4 vs 1.4 ± 0.9meq/L, all p < 0.001). Among patients with shock, an analysis for repeated measures confirmed a more marked lactate level reduction in survivors compared with non-survivors, both by day-7 and in-hospital mortality (p = 0.057 and p = 0.006). A Kaplan-MeIer analysis confirmed a significantly better day-7 survival in patients with T6 (with shock 86% vs 70%; without shock 93% vs 82, all p < 0.05) and T24 (with shock 86% vs 70%; without shock 93% vs 82, all p < 0.05) lactate ≤ 2meq/L, compared with patients with higher levels. A T6 lactate clearance > 10% was more frequent among in-hospital survivors in the whole study population (57% vs 39%) and in patients with shock (74% vs 46%, all p < 0.05). Higher lactate levels and decreased clearance were associated with an increased short-term and intermediate-term mortality regardless of the presence of shock.

USE OF SCORE AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID LACTATE DOSAGE IN DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF BACTERIAL AND ASEPTIC MENINGITIS.

ABSTRACTObjective: To evaluate Bacterial Meningitis Score (BMS) on its own and in association with Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) lactate dosage in order to distinguish bacterial from aseptic meningitis.Methods: Children diagnosed with meningitis at a tertiary hospital between January/2011 and December/2014 were selected. All data were obtained upon admission. BMS was applied and included: CSF Gram staining (2 points); CSF neutrophil count ≥1,000 cells/mm3 (1 point); CSF protein ≥80 mg/dL (1 point); peripheral blood neutrophil count ≥10,000 cells/mm3 (1 point) and seizures upon/before arrival (1 point). Cutoff value for CSF lactate was ≥30 mg/dL. Sensitivity, specificity and negative predictive value of several BMS cutoffs and BMS associated with high CSF lactate were evaluated for prediction of bacterial meningitis.Results: Among 439 eligible patients, 94 did not have all data available to complete the score, and 345 patients were included: 7 in bacterial meningitis group and 338 in aseptic meningitis group. As predictive factors of bacterial meningitis, BMS ≥1 had 100% sensitivity (95%CI 47.3-100), 64.2% specificity (58.8-100) and 100% negative predictive value (97.5-100); BMS ≥2 or BMS ≥1 associated with high CSF lactate also showed 100% sensitivity (47.3-100); but 98.5% specificity (96.6-99.5) and 100% negative predictive value (98.3-100).Conclusions: 2 point BMS in association with CSF lactate dosage had the same sensitivity and negative predictive value, with increased specificity for diagnosis of bacterial meningitis when compared with 1-point BMS.

Lactate determination in pleural and abdominal effusions: a quick diagnostic marker of exudate-a pilot study.

Pleural or abdominal effusions are frequent findings in ICU and Internal Medicine patients. Diagnostic gold standard to distinguish between transudate and exudate is represented by "Light's Criteria," but, unfortunately, the chemical-physical examination for their calculation is not a rapid test. Pursuing an acid-base assessment of the fluid by a blood-gas analyzer, an increase of lactate beyond the normal serum range is reported in the exudative effusions. The advantages of this test are that it is a very fast bed-side test, executable directly by the physician. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether the increase in lactate in pleural and abdominal effusions might be used as a criterion for the differential diagnosis of the nature of the fluid. Sixty-nine patients with pleural or abdominal effusions and clinical indication for thoracentesis or paracentesis were enrolled. Acid-base assessment with lactate, total protein, and LDH dosage on the serum, and acid-base assessment with lactate, total protein, and LDH dosage, cytology, and bacterial culture on the fluid were performed to each patient. Fluid-blood lactate difference (ΔLacFB) and fluid-blood lactate ratio (LacFB ratio) were calculated. A statistical analysis was carried out for fluid lactate (LacF), ΔLacFB, and LacFB ratio, performing ROC curves to find the cut-off values with best sensitivity (Sn) and specificity (Sp) predicting an exudate diagnosis: LacF: cut-off value: 2.4mmol/L; AU-ROC 0.854 95% CI 0.756-0.952; Sn 0.77; Sp 0.84. ΔLacFB: cut-off value: 0.95mmol/L; Au-ROC 0.876 95% CI 0.785-0.966; Sn 0.80; Sp 0.92. LacFB ratio: cut-off value: 2mmol/L; Au-ROC 0.730 95% CI 0.609-0.851; Sn 0.74; Sp 0.65. Lactate dosage by blood-gas analyzer on pleural and abdominal effusions seems to be a promising tool to predict a diagnosis of exudate.

Recognition and treatment of severe sepsis in the emergency department: retrospective study in two French teaching hospitals

BackgroundSepsis management in the Emergency Department remains a daily challenge. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) has released three-hour bundle. The implementation of these bundles in European Emergency Departments remains poorly described.The main objective was to assess the compliance with the Severe Sepsis Campaign 3-h bundle (blood culture, lactate dosage, first dose of antibiotics and 30 ml/kg fluid challenge). Secondary objectives were the analysis of the delay of severe sepsis recognition and description of the population.MethodsIn accordance with STROBE statement, we performed a retrospective study in two French University Hospital Emergency Departments from February to August 2015. Patients admitted during the study period were screened using the electronic files of the hospital databases. Patient’s files were reviewed and included in the study if they met severe sepsis criteria. Demographics, comorbities, treatments were recorded. Delays from admission to severe sepsis diagnosis, fluid loading onset and antibiotics administration were calculated.ResultsOne hundred thirty patients were included (76 men, mean age 71 ± 14 years). Blood culture, lactate dosage, antibiotics and 30 ml/kg fluid loading were performed within 3 hours in % [95% confidence interval] 100% [96–100%], 62% [54–70%], 49% [41–58%] and 19% [13–27%], respectively. 25 patients out of 130 (19% [13–27%]) fulfilled each criteria of the 3-h bundle. The mean fluid loading volume was 18 ± 11 ml/kg. Mean delay between presentation and severe sepsis diagnosis was 200 ± 263 min, from diagnosis to fluid challenge and first antibiotic dose, 10 ± 27 min and 20 ± 55 min, respectively.ConclusionCompliance with SSC 3-h bundle and delay between admission and sepsis recognition have to be improved. If confirmed by other studies, an improvement program might be deployed.

Coagulation/flocculation of lignin aqueous solution in single stage mixing tank system: Modeling and optimization by response surface methodology

Lignin particles contribute to color pollution in river water and treating this type of pollution biologically is difficult. In this study, the treatment of a model solution containing lignin using a single mixing tank system approach with poly-diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride (polyDADMAC) as destabilizer was carried out. The effect of various flocculants i.e., calcium lactate, magnesium hydroxide and anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) were investigated. Calcium lactate performed better than magnesium hydroxide and anionic polyacrylamide as flocculants. The coagulation/flocculation with polyDADMAC–calcium lactate removed lignin through a complex mechanism: the adsorptive-charge neutralization–precipitation–bridging mechanism. Response surface methodology (RSM) study indicated that strong interaction in the coagulation/flocculation of lignin occurred between the initial pH–polyDADMAC dosage, initial pH–calcium lactate dosage and polyDADMAC–calcium lactate dosage. The highest lignin removal achieved was between 50 and 68%. The removal behavior depended on the initial lignin concentration in the solution. The results showed that lignin removal from aqueous solution is possible in a single stage mixing tank by utilizing polyDADMAC–calcium lactate as a dual coagulant. The method mentioned here will potentially be useful for the treatment of lignin containing wastewater from several industrial processes such as palm oil mill, pulp and paper, olive mill etc.

Análise da Gasometria e dos Níveis de Lactato Na Hipertensão Intra-abdominal Associada à Sepse Abdominal: Modelo Experimental em Ratos

RESUMO Introdução A hipertensão intra-abdominal e a sepse são condições clínicas de grande importância e alta prevalência em pacientes criticamente enfermos. O diagnóstico precoce permite um tratamento adequado e a melhora do prognóstico dos doentes. Objetivo O objetivo do estudo foi analisar os níveis de lactato e os componentes da gasometria em ratos submetidos à sepse e à hipertensão intra-abdominal. Método O experimento utilizou 40 ratos da linhagem Wistar divididos em 4 grupos: controle, grupo sepse, grupo hipertensão intra-abdominal e grupo sepse + hipertensão intra-abdominal. A sepse foi induzida pela ligadura e punção do ceco e a hipertensão intra-abdominal foi gerada pela injeção intraperitoneal de gelatina fluída modificada para manutenção de uma pressão de 15 mm Hg durante o tempo de observação de 6 horas. Após esse período, uma dosagem de lactato e gasometria mista foram obtidas por punção intracardíaca e a eutanásia ocorreu por macrodose anestésica. Resultados Os resultados da comparação do grupo controle com o grupo hipertensão intra-abdominal e hipertensão intra-abdominal + sepse mostraram diferença significativa (p &lt; 0,001) nos valores de pH, excesso de base e bicarbonato, definindo acidose metabólica nos dois grupos do experimento. Não houve diferença dos níveis de lactato entre os grupos (p &gt; 0,4). A comparação entre os parâmetros gasométricos do grupo controle e do grupo sepse não foi significativa para demonstrar acidose metabólica. Conclusão A gasometria é um marcador precoce e efetivo para hipoperfusão tecidual em ratos submetidos à hipertensão intra-abdominal.

Dosage of lactate in the cerebrospinal fluid in infectious diseases of the central nervous system.

This paper analyzes the diagnosis aid of the dosage of lactate in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in infectious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). We analyzed prospectively 130 samples of CSF of 116 patients with diagnoses of infectious processes in the CNS. The 130 samples of CSF were divided into five groups: 28 samples of the control group, 40 of bacterial meningitis, 22 of viral meningitis, 16 of fungal meningitis and 24 of patients presenting acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The concentration of lactate in the CSF was elevated in the group of patients with bacterial meningitis (average = 46.2 mg/dL), fungal meningitis (average = 27.3 mg/dL) and in the AIDS group (average = 23.5 mg/dL). In the control group and viral meningitis group the lactate content in the CSF presented the reference rates according to the employed method. The lactate dosage in the CSF presented a negative correlation with glycorrhachia and positive correlation with the cellularity and total proteins of the CSF. We conclude that the lactate dosage in the CSF, although unspecific, helps to distinguish the infectious processes of the CNS.

Preliminary classification of the bovine respiratory complex into different levels of severity

Despite prophylactic measures, mainly including vaccination programs and management measures, respiratory disease remains the major cause of economic losses in the bovine species. Choice of treatment is currently mainly based on the clinicians? personal experience. A theoretical method has been proposed earlier to classify this syndrome into four grades of severity: Grade 1, subclinical disease (no treatment); Grade 2, compensated clinical disease (antibiotics only); Grade 3, noncompensated clinical disease (antibiotics + antiinflammatory drugs); and Grade 4, irreversible clinical disease (no treatment). In order to realize this theoretical classification under field conditions, three techniques, each one evaluating the oxygen transport chain at a different level, have been studied and validated, i.e. pulse oximetry, lactate dosage and the lobeline test. Afterwards, measurements were performed on calves suffering from acute respiratory disease and a preliminary classification was established. This novel approach could orientate and economize therapeutic strategies in bovine respiratory disease.

Off-pump revascularization of multivessel coronary artery disease has a decreased myocardial infarction rate.

The advent of new mechanical stabilization devices allows complete coronary artery revascularization on the beating heart without extracorporeal circulation (ECC). To compare retrospectively the short-term outcomes of 40 patients operated without ECC or cardiopulmonary arrest (group 1) with 40 consecutive patients operated with ECC (group 2) by the same surgeon in the period immediately prior to starting the beating-heart technique. The two groups were similar in terms of age (group 1: 64+/-8 vs. group 2: 62+/-10), male/female ratio (group 1: 31/9 vs. group 2: 32/8), presence of unstable angina prior to surgery (group 1: 72.5% vs. group 2: 77.5%), reoperative surgery (group 1: 1.5% vs. group 2: 7.5%), and perioperative risk factors. Group 1 had an average of 2.8+/-0.7 grafts compared to 3.3+/-0.9 grafts in group 2 (P < 0.01). Postoperative myocardial infarction rate (CK-MB > 50 IU) was 12.5% following ECC and 2.5% with the beating-heart technique (P > 0.001). Maximum perioperative CK-MB level was also decreased in group 1 (group 1: 14+/-17 vs. group 2: 46+/-53, P < 0.001). Postoperative arterial lactate dosage (group 1: 3.1+/-1.2 vs. group 2: 3.9+/-1.6, P = 0.02) and a significant increase in creatinine (>50 mM) (group 1: 5% vs. group 2: 18%, P = 0.06) were also decreased less frequent in patients operated on without ECC. A decrease in transfusion needs was also observed (group 1: 40% vs. group 2: 58%). Similar results were obtained for atrial fibrillation, stroke, postoperative use of intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP), and pulmonary complication rate. We conclude from our experience with a multivessel coronary disease population, that a decrease in perioperative myocardial infarction and renal damage can be achieved by using the beating-heart technique.

New Techniques to Evaluate Functional Impact of Bovine Respiratory Disease

Despite prophylactic measures, mainly including vaccination programs and management measures, respiratory disease remains the major cause of economic losses in bovine species. Therapeutic strategies include three targets: the etiologic agents, the inflammatory reaction and the mechanical disorders. Choice of treatment is currently main based on the clinician's personal experience.&#x0D; A theoretical method has been proposed earlier to classify this syndrome_into four grades of severity: Grade 1, subclinical disease (no treatment); Grade 2, compensated clinical disease (antibiotics only); Grade 3, noncompensated clinical disease (antibiotics + antiinflammatory drugs and Grade 4, irreversible clinical disease (no treatment). However, objective methods to evaluate immediate, in an easy and cheap way, the functional impact of respiratory pathologies and to determine the level of severity are not available.&#x0D; Three techniques, each one evaluating the oxygen transport chain at a different level, have been studied and validated, i.e. pulse oximetry, lactate dosage and the lobeline test.&#x0D; Measurement of arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation is an important means to evaluate effectiveness of the oxygen transport chain. Assessment is usually performed based on an arterial blood sample analyzed by a blood gas analyzer. This technique presents several disadvantages: it's invasive, discontinuous and expensive. Pulse oximetry is a non-invasive, immediate and cheap method of measuring percentage oxygen saturation of arterial hemoglobin, based on differential absorption of red and infrared light. It showed to be useful and accurate in bovines when the probe was fitted to the animal's tail, even with low values of hemoglobin saturation.&#x0D; Blood lactate levels are elevated in case of severe bovine respiratory disease because of diminished tissue oxygenation and because of elevated respiratory muscle effort. Assessment used to be done by a complex laboratory test. Recently a handportable apparatus, named "Accusport" and measuring blood lactate concentration immediately, has been introduced in equine medicine. It proved also to be reliable and useful in the evaluation of severity of bovine respiratory disease.&#x0D; Finally, assessment of ventilatory reserve capacity by administration oflobeline, a respiratory analeptic, revealed to be very sensitive and especially valuable in animals with minor respiratory problems.&#x0D; The theoretical classification into four grades of severity of bovine respiratory disease is worthless without practical means to evaluate functional impact in the field. The three presented tests could help us to realize this objective and finally economize therapeutic strategies in bovine respiratory disease.