Lactarius Rufus Research Articles

Radioactive Contamination of Wild Mushrooms from Ukraine under Conditions of Contrasting Radiation Loads: 36 Years after the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Catastrophe.

It has been 36 years since the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant catastrophe, but the consumption of wild mushrooms in Ukrainian Polissya is still dangerous since its territory is heavily contaminated by radionuclides. The aim of this study was to estimate 137Cs and 90Sr uptake in wild mushrooms from locations with contrast radioactive loads (Zhytomyr Polissya, Ukraine). In mushroom samples collected from Drevlyanskyi Nature Reserve since 2013 (average levels of soil surface contamination with 137Cs are 555-1480 kBq m-2), the highest levels of 137Cs were observed in symbiotroph species - Imleria badia (≤ 2680 kBq kg-1 dry mass [dm]), Tricholoma equestre (≤ 1420 kBq kg-1 dm), Lactarius rufus (≤ 602 kBq kg-1 dm), Sarcodon imbricatus (≤ 464 kBq kg-1 dm), Leccinum scabrum (≤ 117 kBq kg-1 dm), Suillus bovinus (≤ 118 kBq kg-1 dm), and Boletus edulis (≤ 96 kBq kg-1 dm). 90Sr activity was significantly lower, with the highest levels detected in Russula emetica (193 Bq kg-1 dm), Daedaleopsis confragosa (145 Bq kg-1 dm), and Hypholoma fasciculare (141 Bq kg-1 dm). The 137Cs/90Sr ratio in fruiting bodies in samples ranged from 6.1 (Bovistella utriformis) to 28,979 (T. equestre). Activity concentrations in mushrooms from locations with relatively low contamination with 137Cs (18.5-27.75 kBq m-2) also reached the highest values in symbiotroph species I. badia (7698 Bq kg-1 dm), Lactarius vellereus (6072 Bq kg-1 dm), and S. luteus (1448 Bq kg-1 dm). Potential calculated annual effective doses due to mushroom consumption by adults, considering only the effect of 137Cs, reached 0.311 and 8.71 mSv in B. edulis and I. badia from highly contaminated locations, respectively, and 0.0014 and 0.009 mSv in these species from low contaminated ones.

Productivity of edible fungi in taiga communities

The authors studied edible macrofungi in natural forest communities of middle taiga in Kirov region, Russia. Out of more than 400 macrofungi species known within the area, 5 are rare and being protected, over 20 are used as medicinal, 149 species are considered edible, of which 46 are legally allowed for collection. Local population mostly collects 10-15 species. The largest species variety of economically important macrofungi is found in cowberry and maianthemum-cowberry forest types in which Boletus edulis, B. piniphilus, Leccinum scabrum, L. aurantiacum, L. versipelle, Suillus variegates, Xerocomus subtomentosus, Lactarius rufus, Cantharellus cibarius dominate. Maximum long-term average annual productivity of fruit bodies is marked in young pine lichen forests (127.1 kg/ha), minimum - in mature and overmature bilberry and maianthemum-bilberry spruce forests (24.0 kg/ha). In years of good yield basic dominating species of edible fungi in middle taiga are Suillus granulatus and S. luteus (productivity up to 28-57 kg/ha), Cantharellus cibarius (11-17 kg/ha) and red-cap bolete (up to 21 kg/ha).

Virus population structure in the ectomycorrhizal fungi Lactarius rufus and L. tabidus at two forest sites in Southern Finland

Lactarius fungi belong to the Russulaceae family and have an important ecological role as ectomycorrhizal symbionts of coniferous and deciduous trees. Two Lactarius species, L. tabidus and L. rufus have been shown to harbor bisegmented dsRNA viruses belonging to an unclassified virus group including the mutualistic Curvularia thermal tolerance virus (CThTV). In this study, we characterized the first complete genome sequences of these viruses designated as Lactarius tabidus RNA virus 1 (LtRV1) and Lactarius rufus RNA virus 1 (LrRV1), both of which included two genome segments of 2241 and 2049 bp. We also analyzed spatial distribution and sequence diversity of the viruses in sixty host strains at two forest sites, and showed that the viruses are species-specific at sites where both host species co-occur. We also found that single virus isolates inhabited several different conspecific host strains, and were involved in persistent infections during up to eight years.

Fertilization alters nitrogen isotopes and concentrations in ectomycorrhizal fungi and soil in pine forests

Abstract To assess how nitrogen (N) availability affected ectomycorrhizal functioning and to test a theoretical model of ectomycorrhizal 15N partitioning, we measured C/N and δ15N in soils and nine fungal taxa in two Swedish N addition experiments. Sporocarp C/N and soil C/N decreased with fertilization, implying that N uptake per unit fungal growth increased. The S horizon was more responsive than the F and H horizons to changes in N addition, with N turnover for these horizons of 24, 57, and 57 y, respectively. Fungal and soil δ15N patterns identified fungal N sources, with N acquisition primarily from the S, F, or H horizon for two, five, and two taxa, respectively. With increasing N availability, sporocarp 15N enrichment increased in five taxa, in agreement with our model of fungal-plant N partitioning. However, it decreased in Lactarius rufus and Russula aeruginea, perhaps indicating shifts towards greater inorganic N uptake in these two taxa. This may relate to the generally lower sensitivity of these taxa to N deposition compared to the Cortinarius and Suillus taxa that fit our model of 15N partitioning.

Element distribution in Lactarius rufus in comparison to the underlying substrate along a transect in southern Norway

Lactarius rufus, the rufous milkcap, is one of the most widespread fungi in northern Europe. 40 samples of Lactarius rufus were collected along a 100 km transect in an almost pristine area of southern Norway. Along the transect two mineral deposits occur (a) the Nordli porphyry molybdenum deposit and (b) the Snertingdal Pb occurrence. 53 chemical elements were analysed in Lactarius rufus and its substrate, the soil O and C horizon. Of these, 32 elements (Ag, Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, S, Sb, Sc, Se, Sn, Sr, Ti, Tl, V and Zn) returned values above the respective detection limits for the majority of samples.Compared to the soil C-horizon Lactarius rufus is strongly enriched (factor >2 to 72) in K, Rb, Ag, P, S, Na, Cd, Hg, Cu, Zn and Cs. Compared to the soil O horizon Rb, K, P, Cs, Cu, S and Na are the most enriched (factor >2 to 50) elements in Lactarius rufus. Compared to the median of in total 15 plant materials collected along the same transect Lactarius rufus is most strongly enriched in Ag (195 times), more than 10 times in Cs, Rb, Na, Cd and 10 to 2 times in K, Hg, P, Cu, Ti, As, S and Zn. Compared to other plants the uptake of Ba, Ca, Mn, Sr, Al and Mo by Lactarius rufus is very low. Element correlations between Lactarius rufus and the substrate are generally poor. Within Lactarius rufus only the major nutrients (K, P, S, Mg) correlate well. Part of the study was to investigate Lactarius rufus suitability for biogeochemical exploration; although this mushroom species enriches many elements, it does not provide a good indication of the presence of the mineral occurrences.

Biofuel ash addition increases ectomycorrhizal fungal exudation in pure culture

Environmental contextSpreading recycled wood ash in forests may counteract acidification and nutrient losses, but the process may also affect symbiotic fungi in these eco-systems. We show how fungal species react when exposed to ash solutions; for example, by an increased release of organic acids and other compounds. These effects can influence pH and metal availability in forest soils treated with ash. AbstractRecycling of wood ash may counteract acidification and losses of base cations resulting from whole-tree harvesting in boreal forest ecosystems. The effects of ash treatment on growth and exudation of eight ectomycorrhizal fungal species were investigated in this study. Six basidiomycetes and two ascomycetes were grown in liquid pure culture with different levels of ash amendments. Biomass production, pH and the exudation of 17 low-molecular-mass organic acids (LMMOAs), 23 amino acids (AAs) and 9 hydroxamate siderophores (HSs) were recorded after 1, 2 and 4 weeks of incubation. Ash did not affect fungal growth, but resulted in higher exudation of the investigated compounds, in particular LMMOAs. Ash also influenced the composition of the exudates. We measured exudation of LMMOAs and AAs up to millimolar and micromolar concentrations respectively. For example, Rhizopogon roseolus mainly produced oxalic acid, whereas Lactarius rufus and Tomentellopsis submollis produced the highest concentrations of AAs. Ferricrocin, the only HS detected, was exuded at the nanomolar level. Exudation responses were also highly species-dependent, e.g. the ascomycetous isolates that produced the largest biomass released low amounts of exudates compared with the basidiomycetes, and were the only ones producing siderophores. This growth–exudation response to ash is likely a trade-off in carbon allocation whereby the mycorrhizal fungal species invest carbon in either higher biomass production or higher exudation.

Macrofungi from Apuseni Mountains, Transylvania, Romania

The Apuseni Mountains are one of the oldest mountains in the Carpathian Basin with medium-height character, but also with high plateau and peaks. However, from the mycological point of view it is less well studied. Present work’s aim was to start a systematic mycological investigation, as well as to raise the mycologist’s interest to this territory. The documented taxa were collected in August 2017 during a four day field trip by 30 participants. The investigated forest stands belong to mixed deciduousconiferous and spruce associations. A total number of 131 macrofungi taxa were documented during the 4 days. The functional distribution shows 69 (52,67%) ectomycorrhizal, 32 (24,43%) wood inhabiting saprotrophic, 18 (13,74%) soil saprotrophic, 7 (5,34%) necrotrophic parasite, 2 (1,53%) moss-associated, 2 (1,53%) coprotrophic and 1 (0,76%) herbaceous saprotrophic species. Ascomycetes were represented by only two species, respectively Elaphomyces granulatus and Peziza badia. The richest genus was Russula with 16 species. Several common species were found, which are characteristic to the examined habitats, such as Amanita fulva, Amanita muscaria, Calocera viscosa, Cantharellus cibarius, Gloeophyllum sepiarium, Laccaria amethystina, Lactarius deterrimus, Lactarius turpis. Others, like Cortinarius caperatus and Lactarius rufus were the species characteristic to mountainous coniferous forests, while Cantharellus amethysteus, Climacocystis borealis, Pholiota flammans and Pseudohydnum gelatinosum were characteristic to mountainous spruce stands. Interesting species fructifying in the spruce stands were the saprotrophic Pleurocybella porrigens living on spruce trunks, and Xeromphalina campanella living on mossy conifer trunks. Among rare species Amanita submembranacea can be mentioned, which was fructifying in mountainous conifer stands with acidic soil, more rarely in acidic beech forests; Amanita battarrae was living in acidic deciduous and coniferous forests in the high mountains, as well as a species with typical colour, Gliophorus psittacinus, characteristic to grassy and mossy forest edges and clear forests. The Romanian Red List of Macrofungi contains the vulnerable (VU) Volvariella murinella and Phylloporus pelletieri, and the near threatened (NT) Amanita regalis and Lactarius picinus. Besides, it should be mentioned that Lactarius helvus, Russula decolorans and Russula paludosa are becoming rare because of their habitat retraction. Some species with indicative value were also documented, like Ischnoderma resinosum and Mucidula mucida in deciduous, Pluteus atromarginatus in coniferous stands, all of them indicating old, undisturbed forests. Besides, species indicating human disturbance were also collected, like Macrolepiota procera, Bovista plumbea and Inocybe rimosa. Further investigation of this territory is recommended, because the occurrence of several other interesting macrofungi is expected. That is why we plan to continue this investigation in close future.

Complete nucleotide sequences of dsRNA2 and dsRNA7 detected in the phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotium hydrophilum and their close phylogenetic relationship to a group of unclassified viruses.

Ten dsRNA segments were extracted from Sclerotium hydrophilum isolate (HZ11). The isolation of virus-like particles contained 10 dsRNA segments with the same number and migration as those extracted directly from the fungal mycelia. Two of these dsRNA segments, dsRNA2 and dsRNA7, were cloned and sequenced. They were 2121 and 1953bp, respectively. The dsRNA2 encodes a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The dsRNA7 contains two open reading frames that encode putative proteins of unknown functions. Phylogenetic analysis of the putative proteins indicated that they are closely related to protein encoded by unclassified viruses, such as Cryphonectria parasitica bipartite mycovirus 1, Lactarius rufus RNA virus 1, Penicillium aurantiogriseum bipartite virus 1, and Curvularia thermal tolerance virus. The 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions of the two dsRNAs share significant sequence identity and contain conserved sequence stretches. It suggested that dsRNA2 and dsRNA7 have a common origin and a close phylogenetic relationship to a group of unclassified viruses.

Comparative pathobiology of Heterobasidion annosum during challenge on Pinus sylvestris and Arabidopsis roots: an analysis of defensin gene expression in two pathosystems

Heterobasidion annosum is widely known as a major root and butt rot pathogen of conifer trees, but little information is available on its interaction with the roots of herbaceous angiosperm plants. We investigated the infection biology of H. annosum during challenge with the angiosperm model Arabidopsis and monitored the host response after exposure to different hormone elicitors, chemicals (chitin, glucan and chitosan) and fungal species that represent diverse basidiomycete life strategies [e.g., pathogen (H. annosum), saprotroph (Stereum sanguinolentum) and mutualist (Lactarius rufus)]. The results revealed that the tree pathogen (H. annosum) and the saprotroph (S. sanguinolentum) could infect the Col-8 (Columbia) ecotype of Arabidopsis in laboratory inoculation experiments. Germinated H. annosum spores had appressorium-like penetration structures attached to the surface of the Arabidopsis roots. Subsequent invasive fungal growth led to the disintegration of the vascular region of the root tissues. Progression of root rot symptoms in Arabidopsis was similar to the infection development that was previously documented in Scots pine seedlings. Scots pine PsDef1 and Arabidopsis DEFLs (AT5G44973.1) and PDF1.2 were induced at the initial stage of the infection. However, differences in the expression patterns of the defensin gene homologs from the two plant groups were observed under various conditions, suggesting functional differences in their regulation. The potential use of the H. annosum-Arabidopsis pathosystem as a model for studying forest tree diseases is discussed.

Cytotoxic effect of Agaricus bisporus and Lactarius rufus β-d-glucans on HepG2 cells

The cytotoxic activity of β-d-glucans isolated from Agaricus bisporus and Lactarius rufus fruiting bodies was evaluated on human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2). NMR and methylation analysis suggest that these β-d-glucans were composed of a linear (1→6)-linked and a branched (1→3), (1→6)-linked backbone, respectively. They both decreased cell viability at concentrations of up to 100μgmL−1, as shown by MTT assay. The amount of LDH released and the analysis of cell morphology corroborated these values and also showed that the β-d-glucan of L. rufus was more cytotoxic to HepG2 cells than that of A. bisporus. The treatment of HepG2 cells with L. rufus and A. bisporus β-d-glucans at a dose of 200μgmL−1 for 24h promoted an increase of cytochrome c release and a decrease of ATP content, suggesting that these polysaccharides could promote cell death by apoptosis. Both β-d-glucans were tested against murine primary hepatocytes at a dose of 200μgmL−1. The results suggest that the L. rufus β-d-glucan was as cytotoxic for hepatocytes as for HepG2 cells, whereas the A. bisporus β-d-glucan, under the same conditions, was cytotoxic only for HepG2 cells, suggesting cell selectivity. These results open new possibilities for use of mushroom β-d-glucans in cancer therapy.

Increased hyphal branching and growth of ectomycorrhizal fungus Lactarius rufus by the helper bacterium Paenibacillus sp

Paenibacillus sp. EJP73 has been previously demonstrated as a mycorrhization helper bacterium (MHB) for the Lactarius rufus-Pinus sylvestris symbiosis in both laboratory and glasshouse experiments. In the present study, the effect of Paenibacillus sp. EJP73 metabolites on L. rufus EO3 pre-symbiotic growth was tested in two agar plate-based systems. Specifically, volatile metabolites were investigated using a dual plate system, in which the presence of strain EJP73 resulted in a significant negative effect on L. rufus EO3 hyphal radial growth but enhanced hyphal branching and reduced internode distance. Soluble metabolites produced by strain EJP73 were tested on L. rufus EO3 growth in single-agar plate assays by incorporating bacterial cell-free whole or molecular weight fraction spent broth into the agar. Whole spent broth had a negative effect on hyphal growth, whereas a low molecular weight fraction (100-1,000) promoted colony radial growth. Headspace and spent broth analysis of strain EJP73 cultures revealed 2,5-diisopropylpyrazine to be the most significant component. Synthesised 2,5-diisopropylpyrazine and elevated CO2 (2,000 ppm) were tested as specific volatile metabolites in the dual plate system, but neither produced the response shown when strain EJP73 was present. Increased pre-symbiotic hyphal branching leading to increased likelihood of plant infection may be an important MHB mechanism for strain EJP73. Although the precise signal molecules could not be identified, the work suggests a number of metabolites may work synergistically to increase L. rufus root colonisation.

Lactarius rufus (1→3),(1→6)-β-d-glucans: Structure, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects

Medicinal health benefits uses of edible as well as non-edible mushrooms have been long recognized. The pharmacological potential of mushrooms, especially antitumor, immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory activities has been documented. Wild ectomycorrhizal mushroom, Lactarius rufus had the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive potential of their polysaccharides evaluated using the formalin model. Two structurally different (1→3),(1→6)-linked β-d-glucans were isolated from fruiting bodies. Soluble (FSHW) β-d-glucan 1–30mgkg−1 produced potent inhibition of inflammatory pain caused by formalin when compared with the insoluble one (IHW), suggesting that solubility and/or branching degree could alter the activity of β-glucans. Their structures were determined using mono- and bi-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, methylation analysis, and controlled Smith degradation. They were β-d-glucans, with a main chain of (1→3)-linked Glcp residues, substituted at O-6 by single-unit Glcp side chains (IHW), on average to every fourth residue of the backbone, or by mono- and few oligosaccharide side chains for soluble β-glucan.

95% of basidiospores fall within 1 m of the cap: a field-and modeling-based study

Plant establishment patterns suggest that ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) inoculant is not found ubiquitously. The role of animal vectors dispersing viable EMF spores is well documented. Here we investigate the role of wind in basidiospore dispersal for six EMF species, Inocybe lacera, Laccaria laccata, Lactarius rufus, Suillus brevipes, Suillus tomentosus and Thelephora americana. Basidiospores adhered to microscope slides placed on three 60 cm transects radiating from sporocarps. Morphological characteristics of species as well as average basidiospore volume were recorded. Number of basidiospores was quantified at specific distances to produce actual dispersal gradients. We found a negative exponential decay model using characteristics for each species fit the field data well. The 95% modeled downwind dispersal distance of basidiospores was calculated for each species. The 95% modeled downwind dispersal distance increased with increasing cap height and decreasing basidiospore volume for the species sampled, with 95% of basidiospores predicted to fall within 58 cm of the cap. Differences in anatomical characteristics of EMF species influence how far basidiospores are dispersed by wind. We discuss the role of wind dispersal leading to patterns of EMF establishment during primary succession.

Structural characterization and protective effect against murine sepsis of fucogalactans from Agaricus bisporus and Lactarius rufus

a b s t r a c t Fucogalactans from edible Agaricus bisporus (RFP-Ab) and wild Lactarius rufus (RFP-Lr) mushrooms were obtained on aqueous extraction followed by purification. RFP-Ab had Mw 43.8 × 10 4 g mol −1 and RFP- Lr Mw 1.4 × 10 4 g mol −1 . RFP-Lr had a (1 → 6)-linked -d-Galp main-chain partially substituted at O-2 by nonreducing end-units of -l-Fucp (29%). While RFP-Ab had a similar main chain, it was partially substituted at O-2 by nonreducing end-units of -l-Fucp (2.8%) and -d-Galp (14.5%), and partially methy- lated at HO-3. Both RFP-Lr and RFP-Ab were tested in mice against polymicrobial sepsis. Lethality rate, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and cytokine levels were determined. It was observed a reduction in late mortality rate by 62.5% and 50%, respectively, prevention of neutrophil accumulation in ileum and decreasing in TNF- and IL-1 serum levels. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.

Long-term effects of single potassium fertilization on 137Cs levels in plants and fungi in a boreal forest ecosystem

We examined the long-term effects of a single application of potassium (K) fertilizer (100 kg K ha −1) in 1992 on 137Cs uptake in a forest ecosystem in central Sweden. 137Cs activity concentrations were determined in three low-growing perennial shrubs, heather ( Calluna vulgaris), lingonberry ( Vaccinium vitis-idaea) and bilberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus), and in four wild fungal species ( Cortinarius semisanguineus, Lactarius rufus, Rozites caperata and Suillus variegatus). Uptake of 137Cs by plants and fungi growing on K-fertilized plots 17 years after application of the K fertilizer was significantly lower than in corresponding species growing in a non-fertilized control area. The 137Cs activity concentration was 21–58% lower in fungal sporocarps and 40–61% lower in plants in the K-fertilized area compared with the control. Over the study period, this decrease in 137Cs activity concentration was more consistent in plants than in fungi, although the effect was statistically significant and strongly pronounced in all species. The effect of K fertilization in reducing 137Cs activity concentration in fungi and plants decreased over time but was still significant in 2009, 17 years after fertilization. This suggests that application of K fertilizer to forests is an appropriate and effective long-term measure to decrease radiocaesium accumulation in plants and fungi.

Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities on seedlings and conspecific trees of Pinus mugo grown on the coastal dunes of the Curonian Spit in Lithuania

Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) communities of mature trees and regenerating seedlings of a non-native tree species Pinus mugo grown in a harsh environment of the coastal region of the Curonian Spit National Park in Lithuania were assessed. We established three study sites (S1, S2, and S3) that were separated from each other by 15 km. The ECM species richness was rather low in particular for mature, 100-year-old trees: 12 ectomycorrhizal taxa were identified by molecular analysis from 11 distinguished morphotypes. All 12 taxa were present on seedlings and on mature trees, with between 8–11 and 9–11 taxa present on seedlings and mature trees, respectively. Cenococcum geophilum dominated all ECM communities, but the relative abundance of C. geophilum mycorrhizas was nearly two times higher on seedlings than on mature trees. Mycorrhizal associations formed by Wilcoxina sp., Lactarius rufus, and Russula paludosa were also abundant. Several fungal taxa were only occasionally detected, including Cortinarius sp., Cortinarius obtusus, Cortinarius croceus, and Meliniomyces sp. Shannon’s diversity indices for the ECM assemblages of P. mugo ranged from 0.98 to 1.09 for seedling and from 1.05 to 1.31 for mature trees. According to analysis of similarity, the mycorrhizal communities were similar between the sites (R = 0.085; P = 0.06) and only slightly separated between seedlings and mature trees (R = 0.24; P < 0.0001). An incidental fruiting body survey that was conducted weakly reflected the below-ground assessment of the ECM fungal community and once again showed that ECM and fruiting body studies commonly supply different partial accounts of the true ECM fungal diversity. Our results show that P. mugo has moved into quite distinct habitats and is able to adapt a suite of ECM symbionts that sufficiently support growth and development of this tree and allow for natural seedling regeneration.

Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Higher Fungi in China

China is extraordinarily rich in higher fungi. To date about 10,000 species of fungi have been reported from the vast territory of China. Among them, nearly 6000 species, belonging to about 1200 genera, are higher fungi. Higher fungi in bio-resources belong to the very productive biologically sources which produce a large and diverse variety of secondary metabolites. We have been interested in the biologically active substances present in untapped and diverse source of higher fungi from China. In order to search for naturally occurring bioactive metabolites from higher fungi we have investigated the chemical constituents of more than 100 higher fungi in China since last 10 years. More than 400 novel terpenoids, phenolics and nitrogen-containing compounds were isolated from basidiomycetes and ascomycetes (Albatrellus confluens, Albatrellus dispansus, Boletus edulis, Boletopsis grisea, Boreostereum vibrans, Cortinarius tenuipes, Cortinarius vibratilis, Craterellus odoratus, Daldinia concentrica, Engleromyces gotzii, Hexagonia speciosa, Hydnum repandum, Hygrophorus eburnesus, Lactarius deliciosus, Lactarius hirtipes, Lactarius mitissimus, Lactarius rufus, Polyporus ellisii, Russula cyanoxantha, Russula foetens, Russula lepida, Russula nigricans, Sarcodon leavagatum, Sarcodon scabrosus, Shiraia bambusicola, Suillus granulatus, Thelephora aurantiotincta, Thelephora ganbajun, Tremella aurantilba, Tricholomopsis rutilans, Trogia sp., Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceus, Xylaria euglossa etc.). Some of them showed very interesting pharmacological activities. The isolation, structural elucidation and biologically activity of the new compounds are discussed.

광교산 일대의 고등균류의 자연자원

Many higher fungi were collected at Mt. Gwanggyo in Kyunggi-Do from 1, September to 30, September. They were identified. As the result, they were 2 divisions, 4 classes, 6 orders, 21 families, 51 genera and 70 species. Dominant family is Tricholomataceae, Russulaceae and Corticiaceae. Dominant genus is Russula and dominant species is Merulius tremellosus. Unrecorded species are Lactarius rufus, Russula albida, Fibulomyces mutabilis, Hypochinicium geogenium, Skeletocutis carneogrisea, Xenasma purinosum, Xenasmatella tulasnelloidea, Porpomyces mucidus, and Tomentella terrestis. Resources species are 16 edible fungi, 2 cultural, 9 toxine fungi, 5 anti-cancer fungi, 12 pharmacial fungi, 9 mycorrhezal fungi and 39 rotten wood fungi.

Aromatic weapons: truffles attack plants by the production of volatiles

Aromatic weapons: truffles attack plants by the production of volatiles

Ectomycorrhizal Fungi and Associated Bacteria Provide Protection Against Heavy Metals in Inoculated Pine (Pinus Sylvestris L.) Seedlings

The roles of ectomycorrhizal fungi and bacteria associated with corresponding fungal species in distribution of heavy metals within roots and shoots of inoculated pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings were determined in this study. The mycorrhizal fungi forming different morphotypes were identified by PCR-RFLP using respective primers for an internal spacer transcribed region (ITS) of fungal rDNA. Amongst five fungal species detected, three were identified as Scleroderma citrinum, Amanita muscaria and Lactarius rufus. These fungi used for inoculation of pine seedlings significantly reduced translocation of Zn(II), Cd(II) or Pb(II) from roots to shoots, and the pattern of metal-accumulation was dependent on the fungal species. Ectomycorrhizae-associated bacteria identified as Pseudomonas were used as an additional component of the pine inoculation. These dual root inoculations resulted in higher accumulation of the metals, especially Zn(II), in the roots compared to the inoculation with fungal species alone. Consequently, dual inoculation of pine seedlings could be a suitable approach for plant protection against heavy metals and successful planting of metal-polluted soils.