Lacquer Industry Research Articles

HPLC and ToF‒SIMS Analyses of Toxicodendron vernicifluum Tree Sap Mixed with Other Natural Lacquers

Lacquer sap has been used by humans from antiquitywhen it was treated as a luxury item because of its desirable physical properties. In modern times, although access barriers are lower, lacquer is still considered to be rare and valuable. Thus, low quality, inexpensive Vietnamese and Myanmarese lacquers and cashew nutshell liquid are frequently added to the costly Toxicodendron vernicifluum lacquer sap from Korea, China, and Japan. However, these blended lacquers can diminish the quality of artisan works. The Toxicodendron vernicifluum lacquer saps mixed with other natural lacquers were characterized using time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (ToF−SIMS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). ToF-SIMS provided the chemical structure of the lacquer monomer, copolymerized dimers, trimers, etc. HPLC provided quantitative analysis of the components of a randomly mixed lacquer. These techniques can be used to control the quality of commercial lacquer sap for the Asian lacquer industry and the traditional conservation of ancient objects.

THE CURREN STATUS OF EXPLOITATION AND UTILIZATION OF ABALONE RESOURCE IN CU LAO CHAM ISLANDS, HOI AN, QUANG NAM

Abalone is the seafood with high nutritional value, which is well known as nutritious food. In addition, abalone shell with colorful iridescent nacre layer is used as jewelry, pearl inlay in the lacquer industry. Abalone is mostly distributed along the coast of Cu Lao Cham islands, is tourists’s favorite specialty, but has been being overexploited. The paper indicated the exploiting status and proposed solutions for reasonable exploitation and utilization of abalone resource as well as mentioned species composition and its ecological distribution in Cu Lao Cham islands.

Selective acetalization of ethylene glycol with methyl 2-napthyl ketone over solid acids: Efficacy of acidic clay supported Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40

Catalytic conversion of biomass to value added products is relevant with regard to several industries. Biomass derived ethylene glycol has many applications. Acetalization is used to synthesize valuable chemicals and also occasionally to protect carbonyl groups of aromatic molecules in organic transformations. Acetalization of ethylene glycol to cyclic dioxolane has many applications in fragrance, cosmetics, food and beverage additives, pharmaceuticals, detergents, and lacquer industries. The current work reports synthesis of 2-methyl-2-napthyl-1,3-dioxolane by acetalization of ethylene glycol with methyl 2-napthyl ketone using several heterogeneous solid acid catalysts including 20% (w/w) Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40/K-10 (Cs-DTP/K-10), UDCaT-4, UDCaT-5 and K-10 clay. Among them, 20% (w/w) Cs-DTP/K-10 catalyst was found to be the most efficient catalyst giving 87% conversion of methyl 2-napthyl ketone with 100% selectivity toward 2-methyl-2-napthyl-1,3-dioxolane. Effects of several reaction parameters were studied and optimized. The optimum reaction conditions were: 110°C, molar ratio of methyl 2-naphthyl ketone to ethylene glycol 1:2, catalyst loading 0.02g/cm3, speed of agitation 800rpm, and time 3h. Reaction mechanism and kinetic model were developed. The methodology was extended to different substrates, and catalyst reusability was also studied. The catalyst was well characterized by various techniques such as XRD, BET, FTIR, TPD and SEM. It is robust and recyclable.

Synthesis of Petroleum Polymer Resin by Catalytic Polymerization of Pyrocondensate and Its Fractions

Aims: The main aim of the present paper is the application of bimetallic complexes synthesized based on aluminium, 1.2-dichloroethane and transition metals in the refining of pyrocondensate. Place and Duration of Study: Institute of Petrochemical Processes, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, between January 2011 and September 2012. Methodology: Oligomerization process was carried out in a three-necked flask equipped with mechanical stirrer, reflux condenser and a thermometer. Results: On the basis of the results obtained from the study the optimal conditions of polymerization process of pyrocondensate in the presence of bimetallic catalytic complexes were: concentration of catalyst for oligomerization process of pyrocondencate and its fractions – 0,5% wt., temperature for pyrocondensate and C6-C8 fraction – 70oC, temperature for C5 fraction – 60oC, reaction time for pyrocondensate – 1 hour., C5 and C6C8 fractions 40 min. Increasing the molecular weight of petroleum polymer resins synthesized in the presence of bimetallic catalytic complexes from 700 to 1200 resulted in Original Research Article American Chemical Science Journal, 4(1): 82-96, 2014 83 film formation. Conclusion: The best activity of bimetallic catalysts in the oligomerization process of pyrocondensate and its fractions was observed at a ratio Al:Me=8:1, so in that time the concentration of catalyst decreased from 1 % wt. to 0,5 % wt. It was noticed that bimetallic catalysts oligomerized the unsaturated hydrocarbons of pyrocondensate and its fractions and separated benzene-toluene-xylenes fraction and C5 fraction which can used as benzene component with high purity. Also the bimetallic catalytic complex made possible the synthesis of PPR, which can be used as film forming material in lacquer industry as well as modifier for bitumen in road-coating industry.

Nanoparticles in paints: A new strategy to protect façades and surfaces?

The paint and lacquer industries consider the use of nanosilver, photocatalytic active nanotitanium dioxide or nanosilica dioxide as additives for the protection of surfaces, against microbial, physical and chemical deterioration, as alternative to conventional organic based additives. Nowadays it is not clear, if nanoparticles in paints will achieve the proposed effects, since there are no long time studies available. Another fact is that the potential risks of nanoparticles for the environment and the human health is still controversial discussed.The most sensitive entry port for nanomaterials is the lung. However other human organs/systems may also be affected by nanoparticles. Therefore the aim of the study was to assess the potential hazard effects of the three most interesting particles for paints on the gastro-intestinal tract and the immune system in vitro.In our study we could show that:i) Nanosilver (TEM size 25 nm) was far less toxic than silver ions of comparable concentrations tested with cells representing the gastro-intestinal tract (CaCo-2) and immune cells (Jurkat, T-lymphocytes). A significant amount of necrotic cells could be observed after exposure of CaCo-2 cells to 27 μg/ml nanosilver for 48 h.ii) Nanotitanium dioxide can adsorb UV-light and in the presence of water hydroxyl radicals are generated photocatalytically. The exposure of CaCo-2 cells and Jurkat cells to photocatalytically active nanotitanium dioxide (Hombikat UV 100, TEM-size 15 nm) under dark conditions, didn't affected the cells significantly. However, the cells were able to incorporate nanotitanium dioxide, especially when cells were exposed to higher concentrations.iii) Nanosilica dioxide improves the properties of the paints by increasing the water repellence. When cells were exposed to 243 μg/ml nanosilica dioxide (TEM-size 19 nm) for up to 48 h no cytotoxic effect could be observed.

Developing a process for producing ethylacetate via the dehydrogenation of ethanol

This work is devoted to developing a domestic process for the catalytic dehydrogenation of ethanol into ethylacetate, a product that is widely used as a solvent in the production of paint-and-lacquer materials, medicinal substances, and printing ink dyes for the food industry. The process is an alternative to the conventional method for producing of ethylacetate via the esterification of acetic acid with ethanol. In our process, ethanol (bioethanol) is the only raw material. Compared to the traditional technique, our process is nearly wasteless with respect to the raw material despite its reversibility and produces no harsh media or waste water. Ethanol is dehydrogenated into ethylacetate on NTK industrial catalysts (OOO Dorogobuzh, Russia) with different chemical composition. The catalysts are tested in a flow unit within a range of temperatures of 230–300°C and pressures of 0.1–2.0 MPa. The NTK-4 catalyst yields the best results: it allows the single-pass conversion of ethanol from 40 to 63% at a process selectivity of 86–94%. The NTK-4 catalyst exhibits stable operation and reproducibility of results under the conditions of laboratory tests, and the process is intended for tests in a pilot unit. The process could be of interest to low-capacity enterprises that are not equipped to operate with sulfuric acid using the conventional method and are engaged in the fields of solvents, the paint and lacquer industry, and packing materials.

Molecular weights of cellulose nitrates by osmotic pressure measurements

It is well-known that nitro celluloses are employed for a variety of purposes. Broadly nitrocellulose with relatively high nitrogen content are used in propellant and explosive manufacture nitrocelluloses with lower nitrogen content find application in celluloid, in the lacquer industry, in cellulose paints, etc.

Rapid Melamine-Formaldehyde Resin Characterization by Means of Quantitative 13C NMR with Polarization Transfer

Etherified melamine resins are well known from the lacquer and paint industry. Up to now, important characterization in terms of composition and structure has been a time-consuming procedure. Now, fast analysis can also be achieved by use of 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A special polarization transfer technique was applied to overcome the inherent low signal/noise ratio of 13C NMR spectra. The melamine content of the resin was determined by combustion analysis. This combination of methods allows for fast resin analysis with accuracy as yet unmatched and shows good correlation with established techniques.

Chemical Burns and Multiorgan Failure following Acute Ingestion of White Spirit: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Organic solvents are chemically different compounds with one common feature: they dissolve fats, oils and resins, which makes them widely used in industry. Organic solvents are used in paint and lacquer industries, in the production of pesticides, plastics, explosives and in the pharmaceutical industry. The most common household solvent is white spirit, used as a paint remover. We report a case of acute white spirit ingestion causing multiorgan failure and a prolonged intensive care unit admission. Such a case has not been documented previously and highlights a number of diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. The patient also represents the first reported case of chemical burns from erosive diarrhoea secondary to white spirit ingestion.

Production and Management of the Lacquer Industry during the Warring States, Qin and Han Periods

Production and Management of the Lacquer Industry during the Warring States, Qin and Han Periods

Styrene and ethylene glycol have a synergetic effect on lipid peroxidation that is better protected than repaired by CoQ 10

Previous study of a group of 22 workers occupationally exposed to styrene, ethylene glycol and their mixture at a paint and lacquer industry indicated significantly elevated concentration of malondialdehyde with 4-hydroxynonenal (MDA + 4-HNE) in the blood plasma, successfully decreased with coenzyme Q 10 (CoQ 10) supplementation. The aim of present study is to evaluate whether the exposure to styrene or/and ethylene glycol could be responsible for the increase in MDA level. The mechanism of a single solvent action and the mixture was examined, specially whether it is connected with hydroxyl radical ( OH) generation. It was also investigated whether coenzyme Q 10 could be considered as a protective (given before the solvents) or repairing (given after the solvents) agent in oxidative stress caused by the solvents. The results indicate that ethylene glycol nor styrene increase MDA and OH, but as a mixture give synergetic interaction, elevating MDA and OH concentration to a statistically significant extent. Coenzyme Q 10 at a dose of 3.0 μg/ml only protects, but does not repair increased lipid peroxidation caused by ethylene glycol with styrene. In order to obtain both a protective and repairing effect, a concentration of 12.0 μg/ml CoQ is needed.

Exacerbation of noise-induced hearing loss by co-exposure to workplace chemicals

Background: Numerous organic solvents applied in industry, like toluene, styrene, xylene and n-hexane have been demonstrated to impair hearing in animals. However, the effects of exposure to a given organic solvent and the interaction of noise and solvents on hearing in humans are still not fully recognized. Study design: The study was aimed to assess the effects of occupational exposure to solvents alone or in combination with noise on hearing in 1117 employees of yacht, ship, plastic, shoe, and paint and lacquer industry. These persons were exposed either to the mixture of organic solvents with xylene as the main component, or predominantly to styrene, or to the mixture of n-hexane and toluene. Detailed questionnaire data and pure-tone audiometry were compared with data of the reference group that included white collar workers, exposed neither to solvents nor noise and metal factory workers exposed to noise only. In all statistics, the confounding factors were recognized as gender, age, exposure to noise, and other variables occurring at a different rate in study and reference group. Results: Odds ratio (OR) of hearing loss related with the particular exposure to chemicals was 2.4 (95%CI 1.59–3.74) in case of solvent mixture, 3.9 (95%CI 2.4–6.2) in case of styrene and 5.3 (95%CI 2.6–10.9) in case of n-hexane and toluene exposure. The odds of developing hearing loss substantially increased in the case of combined exposure to organic solvents and noise as compared to isolated exposure to each of these hazards. The highest OR (over 20-fold) was demonstrated in subgroups of subjects exposed simultaneously to noise and two ototoxic solvents (i.e. styrene and toluene or n-hexane and toluene). The mean hearing thresholds were significantly higher in the solvent-exposed groups than in the reference group. The differences in thresholds were observed at high frequencies in the solvent mixture- and n-hexane + toluene-exposed groups and at all frequencies in the styrene-exposed group. A positive linear relationship existed between exposure to solvents and hearing thresholds at high frequencies. Conclusions: The results of the study provide the epidemiological evidence that exposure to organic solvents in humans is associated with an increased risk of hearing loss. The simultaneous exposure to organic solvents and noise seems to enhance the hearing deficit if compared with isolated exposures.

Neurotoxic effects of organic solvents among workers in paint and lacquer manufacturing industry

Organic solvents are chemically different compounds with one common feature: they dissolve fats, oils, resins, cellulose acetate and cellulose nitrate, which makes them widely used in industry. Most often organic solvents are used in paint and lacquer industries, in production of pesticides, plastics, explosives, rubber, cellulose, air conditioners, in pharmaceutical industry and in leather industry. The aim of this research was to analyze the working environment and professional hazards in paint and lacquer manufacturing industry and evaluate effects of chronic exposure to mixture of organic solvents on nervous system of exposed workers. The exposed group consisted of 50 workers professionally exposed to these noxae, while the control group consisted of 30 workers who have never been exposed to these noxae. Examination of working environment in departments of paint and lacquer manufacturing revealed presence of white spirit and toluene above allowed levels. Exposed workers more frequently complained of fatigue, hand numbness, enhanced excitation, and concentration difficulties, forgetfulness and headaches, than workers from the control group. Electroneurographic examination of n. medianus showed reduced motor and sensitive conduction velocity among exposed in comparison to workers from the control group. Reduced motor and sensitive conduction velocity was correlated with duration of exposure to these noxae. Terminal latency of n. medianus was statistically, significantly longer in the exposed group than in the control group. Workers in the exposed group have statistically significantly longer reaction time in response to acoustic and visual stimuli. Segmental demyelination and axonal degeneration, as forms of damage to peripheral nerves, were identified as responsible for peripheral neuropathy associated with occupational exposure to organic solvents. Results of this study show possible neurotoxic effects of noxae detected in the phase of analysis of working conditions and working environment of examined workers.

Lipid peroxidation stimulated by Solvesso, Bawanol and methanol, and its counteraction by antioxidants in human placental mitochondria

The influence of some solvents used in the paint and lacquer industry, Solvesso 100, 150 and Bawanol, on the process of lipid peroxidation was evaluated. The interactions of the solvents with methanol and the antioxidative effect of coenzyme Q 10 (CoQ 10) and vitamin E were also examined. The mitochondria isolated from human placenta were used as a model for investigation. The level of peroxidation was evaluated by malonodialdehyde (MDA) measurement. It was observed that Solvesso 150, Bawanol and methanol caused a statistically significant increase of MDA concentration and that the examined solvents had an antagonistic interaction with methanol. Solvesso 100 does not influence on MDA concentration but gives the same type of interaction with methanol as Solvesso 150. CoQ 10 and vitamin E proved to be effective antioxidants to counteract oxidative stress caused by the studied solvents, lowering lipid peroxidation expressed by MDA concentration.

International Cooperation and Information Technology innovation on the Lacquer Industry in Narakawa Village, Nagano

International Cooperation and Information Technology innovation on the Lacquer Industry in Narakawa Village, Nagano

A new method for the microdistillation of liquids using quasi-isothermal quasi-isobaric thermogravimetry

A method is described for the microdistillation of liquids using quasi-isothermal quasi-isobaric thermogravimetry. The liquidus curve determined under quasi-equilibrium conditions gives useful information about the composition and some thermal properties of the sample. The method could be attractive for the mineral oil, lacquer, biological and organochemical industry.

Testing of a waste generation prediction model in the paint and lacquer industry

A framework of a coating production and waste generation in COLOR - Paint, Lacquer and Resin Industry is outlined. A mathematical model of indus- trial production and waste generation system is presented. Parameters of the system are precisely defined. Data collection, organization and eva- luation of the model testing are shown. A waste generation prediction model is applied in COLOR, and cost analysis of coating production generating waste is determined.

Possibilities of reprocessing of home-made linseed post-refinement acids into a fully valuable raw material for paint and lacquer industries

Possibilities of reprocessing of home-made linseed post-refinement acids into a fully valuable raw material for paint and lacquer industries

Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether, a New Fixative for Histological Work

WHILE studying the guinea pig mast cell1, we have discovered a new chemical family of histological fixatives, namely, the glycol ethers. These alcohol derivatives, possessing both an ether and an alcohol group, are miscible with most liquids and are excellent solvents for a variety of substances completely insoluble in water. Marketed under the trade names of ‘Cellosolves’ and ‘Carbitals’, they have found wide use as solvents for cellulose esters in the lacquer industry. Conversely, they do coagulate and precipitate proteins as well as mucopolysaccharides.

For the Paint, Varnish, and Lacquer industry

for the Paint, Varnish, and Lacquer industry