Lack Of Water Sources Research Articles

Studying the Environmental Changes Using Remote Sensing and GIS

The research aims to monitor environmental changes and study the state of desertification in the northeastern part of the Al-Najaf province, Iraq. The study area suffers from desertification and drought phenomena. Remote sensing systems "RS" and geographic information systems "GIS" are essential for monitoring environmental changes because they provide Earth observation satellites that contribute to detecting environmental changes. Two Sentinel 2 images were acquired on December 26, 2015, and November 29, 2021. The images were combined and used for indices calculations. Normalized vegetation difference index "NDVI,” Normalized difference index "NDWI," soil exposure index "BSI," and Normalized difference index "NDBI." The results showed that the extent of desertification in the study area began to increase during the study period. Also, the results of change detection showed that the study area became very dry, especially in the western part, suffering from dunes, barren land, and a lack of water sources, especially in the western part of the study area.

Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites among Immunocompromised Patients, Children, and Adults in Sana'a, Yemen.

Intestinal parasite infection (IPI) is still a very important public health issue. The severity of the parasitic disease has been reported as a high infection in immunocompromised patients and children. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of intestinal parasites among immunocompromised patients and children with various gastrointestinal system complications in Sana'a city, Yemen, with different variables, including genus and age, and explore the risk factors associated with parasitic intestinal infections. The study socioeconomic data and certain behavioral and environmental risk factors and stool samples were collected from immunocompromised adult and children's patients, including children (one to eight years old), pregnant women, diabetes mellitus patients, cancer patients, HIV patients, and older adults. Out of 436 fecal samples, the overall prevalence rate of IPIs among immunocompromised patients and children in Sana'a was 51.8%. In contrast, the rate of infection in children (26.1%) was higher than that in old patients (25.7%) and in females (38.5%) and higher than that in males (13.3%). The protozoa (44.5%) have been shown more than intestinal helminths (7.3%) in samples, and the most common intestinal protozoan was Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica (13.8% and 12.8%), respectively. The most common intestinal helminthiasis was Hymenolepis nana with 1.8%. Concluding that the rate of infection was high for several reasons, including lack of commitment to hygiene as not handwashing after using the toilet (88.9%), eating uncovered food (56.3%), poor sanitation as lack of water sources (59.5%), reduced health education, and presence of other family members infected by parasites (61.3%). Interventions are required to reduce intestinal parasites, including health education on personal hygiene for patients, increasing awareness, and improving the environment and healthcare system.

ANALISIS KEPUASAN PELANGGAN PADA PELAYANAN AIR BERSIH DI PDAM TIRTA BENING KABUPATEN PATI

<p><em>The purpose of this study is to determine: (1) Customer satisfaction with clean water services (2) Obstacles faced in the implementation of clean water services, (3) Efforts performed by PDAM Tirta Bening, Pati Regency in solving obstacles of clean water services.</em></p><p><em>This type of research is descriptive qualitative with a case study approach. Sources of data in this study came from informants, events, and documents. The sampling technique used was purposive and snowball sampling. Data collection techniques were done through interviews, observation, and documentation. </em></p><p><em>The results of this study indicate that: (1) Customer satisfaction on water services related to tangible; assurance; responsiveness; and empathy dimensions</em><em> </em><em>are great. Nevertheless, the customer satisfaction related to reliability dimension is low and it needs some improvements, (2) Constraints faced in the implementation of clean water services are: (a) Lack of water sources, (b) Old piping networks, (c) Power outage by PLN, and (3) Efforts made in facing obstacles related to clean water services are: (a) Finding and opening sources of raw water, (b) Changing pipes gradually, (c) Increasing the number of generators.</em></p>

COMMUNITY RESPONSES OF NORTH BANDUNG SUBURBS TO LAND CONVERSION

The northern suburbs of Bandung City are an expansion area of the development of Bandung City. The regional development in suburban areas can cause land conversion problems. The objective of the present study was to identify the community's response and the factors of land conversion in the northern suburbs of Bandung City. A descriptive quantitative method was employed through the presentation of percentages and the results of interviews with 108 respondents. Findings reveal that the people’s responses to land conversion exhibited positive and negative responses. Among the positive responses were that land conversion was perceived appropriate for regional development; road construction could increase citizen mobility and create job opportunities. Meanwhile, among the negative responses were that land conversion could result in hot temperatures, barren fields, humidity, lack of water sources, and the loss of agricultural land. The factors affecting land use conversion included population growth, the development of the Bandung City area, construction of residential and tourist areas, increased land prices, and socio-cultural factors of the Sundanese people.Keywords: community response, land function conversion factors, suburbs of the north of Bandung, land function conversion

Influence of Calcination Temperature and Operational Parameters on Fe-ZSM-5 Catalyst performance in Sonocatalytic Degradation of Phenol from wastewater

Nowadays, not only the lack of water sources but also water pollution by industrial wastewater has become a major challenge. One of the pollutants of water resources, which threatens water resources, is phenol that enters the environment through wastewater from various industries such as petrochemicals, refineries, pharmaceuticals, etc. This compound, due to its toxicity, high stability and solubility in water caused many problems and it is very important to remove it from industrial wastewater. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to remove phenol from wastewater by using catalytic oxidation. Fe-ZSM-5 catalyst was synthesized by precipitation method and its characteristics were determined by XRD, FTIR, SEM and BET analyses. The results of XRD analysis showed that the iron ions are in the MFI structure and the catalyst has a good crystallinity phase, so that it retains its MFI structure. BET analysis showed the specific surface area of the synthesized catalyst is 293g/m2. The catalytic activity of Fe-ZSM-5 was investigated in degradation of phenol and the results showed that the mentioned catalyst had the highest removal percentage (85.82%) in 90 min at pH = 4.25 and T= 70 °C. The effect of various parameters such as ultraviolet radiation, initial pollutant concentration, catalyst loading and H2O2 concentration on the catalytic activity were also investigated.

Study on the coupling calculation model of dump flooding in Hala-hatang fracture-cavity reservoir

Abstract The dump flooding technology comes from offshore oil fields. It is necessary to increase the production of oil by water injection when fracture-cavity reservoirs in Xinjiang enter their middle and later stages. Lack of water sources in the desert area and the presence of heavy upper water layers encourage further research into the application of this technology. The dump flooding technology can eliminate the need for specialized injection wells and reduce the consumption of oil fields in the surface water sources, which may significantly aid in the development of the local economy and environment. In China, the research on dump flooding is still in its preliminary phase. Hence, there is no complete flow model for gravity flow and no optimization design software to optimize the development effect. This article sets up a flow model of a water layer-well-fracture unit by key local nodes. The key nodes, such as some perforating water layer, the bullet hole or the water valve, were simulated using the COMSOL software. The flow equations of each node were coupled together for the system-wide flow coupling model to verify the whole system by the numerical simulation, which needs Eclipse to run. The results of the research can be used to predict the water injection rates and formation pressures, and also provide a reference and a basis for the optimal design of water injection.

Central Europe, 1531–1540 CE: The driest summer decade of the past five centuries?

Abstract. Based on three drought indices (SPI, SPEI, Z-index) reconstructed from documentary evidence and instrumental records, the summers of 1531–1540 were identified as the driest summer decade during the 1501–2015 period in the Czech Lands. Based on documentary data, extended from the Czech scale to central Europe, dry patterns of various intensities (represented, for example, by dry spells, low numbers of precipitation days, very low rivers, and drying-out of water sources) occurred in 1532, 1534–1536, 1538, and particularly 1540, broken by wetter or normal patterns in 1531, 1533, 1537, and 1539. Information relevant to summer droughts extracted from documentary data in central Europe was confirmed in summer precipitation totals from a multi-proxy reconstruction for Europe by Pauling et al. (2006) and further by self-calibrated summer Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) reconstruction from tree ring widths in Old World Drought Atlas (OWDA) by Cook et al. (2015). The summer patterns described are consistent with the distribution of sea level pressure deviations from a modern reference period. Summer droughts were responsible for numerous negative impacts, such as bad harvests of certain crops, reduction and lack of water sources, and frequent forest fires, while in the wetter summers central Europe was affected by floods. However, there are no indications of severe impacts of a multi-country or multi-year effect. Reconstructions based on documentary data indicate that the summers of 1531–1540 constitute the driest summer decade in central Europe for the past five centuries between 1501 and 2010 CE.

Gray Water Measurement and Feasibility of Retrieval Using Innovative Technology and Application in Water Resources Management in Isfahan-Iran

Reuse of wastewater for agriculture and green spaces purposes is significant. A mean yearly precipitation in Esfahan is 150 mm. The drinking water and agriculture usually used underground resources in the city. Gray water recycling is known as a suitable option today. Delivering all the water requirements of a home from refined water rises the cost of water. Whereas the essential water quality for garden, toilet and irrigation is less than drinking water. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the evaluation of gray water and estimate the amount of recycle gray water which can use for drinking water with innovation method in Esfahan region in Iran. Previous studies did not measure the value of recycling gray water with new method of waste water treatment that can use for drinking purpose. In this study,gray water in Esfahan city is measured and technical aspects of its recycling is examined. Because of the lack of referable guidelines and official technical reports, studies from other similar countries applied in this study and on the basis of which the amount of recoverable gray water was calculated.Evaluations indicates that the overall recovery of gray water in Esfahan saves nine million cubic meters of water. The price of the rial of this value established on water is 190 billion Rials. Given the lack of water sources in Esfahan, the recycle of gray water seems to be a good option, however more research is required to select a recovery strategy.

Land Resources Usage Constraints and Their Temporal Change in Bale Eco-Region, Southeast Ethiopia

Usage of land resources to meet the demands of human being has an impact on the land resources. The purpose of the study was to investigate the land resource usage constraints and their temporal change in Bale Eco Region, Southeast Ethiopia. Both qualitative and quantitative cross sectional study designs were employed. Data was collected using HH survey, in depth interview, focus group discussion and field observation. Data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics were implemented by using SPSS software version 20. Chi-Square test, frequencies and percentage were used to compare differences among variables with respect to the three agro-ecologies and statistical significance was decreased at P ≤ 0.05. Qualitative data was first transcribed to texts in local language then retranslated to English for writing the report. Data analysis was done after categorizing the transcripts. The information obtained from quantitative and qualitative sources were triangulated to ensure the relevance of the results of the study. Based on the finding of the study trends of land holding probability (p=0.00) and land productivities= (0.00), were significantly difference. Physical, technological and extension services were among the constraints that are identified to influence land and other natural resources utilization in the three agro-ecologies of BER. Lack of technology and lack of science based knowledge were among of the critical constraints that reported by majority of the respondents that limit them from utilizing their land resources. Almost in all agro-ecologies, low and erratic rainfall, climate variability, drought, inaccessibility, lack of water sources was the common constraints of. It is recommended that concerned bodies should minimize constraints of responsible land resource utilizations and temporal natural resources degradation in BER.

Farmers’ risk perception, vulnerability, and adaptation to climate change in rural Pakistan

Pakistan is the world’s most susceptible country to extreme climatic events, such as floods and droughts. This study aims to investigate the risks related to climate variability and the adaptation measures utilized by farm households in their farms to cope with the adverse shocks of climatic disasters. A dataset of 600 respondents was collected using structured questionnaire from four districts namely Charsadda, Mardan, Nowshera and Peshawar of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Findings of the research showed that soil fertility loss, water scarcity, changes in crop yields and crop diseases were the main determinants of climate variability. Further study participants were also utilizing several adaptation techniques such as change in crop type and variety, change fertilizer, seed quality, pesticide, plant shade trees; water storage and farm diversification. Results of our study further showed that in the study area, study participants were facing various constraints in adoption of certain adaptation measures to deal with climate variability, such as shortage of labor, insecure land tenure system, lack of market access, poverty, land of governmental support, lack of access to assets, lack of water sources, lack of credit sources and lack of knowledge and information were the main constraints faced by the farm households. Findings of this research provide useful insights to the responsible authorities for policy implementation. Our study further suggests that the government should provide proper support to the farmers in the shape of access to farm inputs, access to information and extension services on climate variability and adaptation.

A Study on Korea`s Fire Administration Development

In the modern technological industrial society, utilization of fire is indispensable to the daily life nowadays. However, features of the industrialised society impose a big threat to the safety of human life, and thus require a more advanced means of fire-fighting administration. In regard to the characteristics of the fire-fighting, prevention and extinguishment of fires, major tasks for each have been outlined as: fire safety management, hazardous materials safety management, and advertising for the former; deployment of fire-fighting apparatus to the scene of the fire in a quick and safe manner. Current problems involved in such tasks have been made clear as the lack of devices or capabilities of scientific cause-finding laboratory work, and resultant chance of false assumptions. In addition to worn-out equipments, such things as follow have been added to the present problems: insufficient manpower; lack of water sources; obstacles to handle emergency calls; absence of tactics and instructions; and lack of self-extinguishing activities. Considering such defects in current administration, recommendations have been made as follow; 1) reorganization of the Ministry of Home Affairs and local governments so that professional personnels may more efficiently contribute to the fire-fighting today; 2) enlargement and enforcement of research and education function; 3) establishment of more efficient allotment of manpower far the mission; 4) securing proper water systems; 5) developing tactics for response in emergency; 6) securing of co-ordination of fire-fighters and civilians. In sum, ways of improving the attitudes of personnels engaged in fire-fighting; equipments, adequate training; and nation-wide telecommunication systems, have to be contrived for the future.