Lack Of Temperature Control Research Articles

Resources recovery from domestic wastewater by a combined process: anaerobic digestion and membrane photobioreactor

Anaerobic and membrane technologies are a promising combination to decrease the energy consumption associated with wastewater treatment, allowing the recovery of resources: organic matter as biomethane, nutrient assimilation by microalgae and reclaimed water. In this study, domestic wastewater was treated using a combination of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket sludge reactor (UASB) and a membrane photobioreactor (MPBR). The outdoor facilities were operated continuously for three months under unfavourable environmental conditions such as lack of temperature control, winter season with lower solar irradiation and lower daylight hours which was a challenge for the present work, not previously described. The energetic valorisation of the organic matter present in the wastewater by biomethane produced in the UASB would contribute to reducing overall facilities’ energy requirements. The ultrafiltration (UF) membrane facilitated the harvesting of biomass, operating at 10 L·h−1·m−2 during the experimental period. Although the main contribution to fouling was irreversible, chemical cleanings were not necessary due to effective fouling control, which prevented the final TMP from exceeding 25 kPa. In addition, microalgae-bacterial consortium developed without prior inoculation were harvested from the MPBR using membrane assistance. The obtained biomass was also successfully tested as a biostimulant for corn germination/growth, as well as a biopesticide against Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum.Graphical abstract

Is it the people or the place? The remarkable 30-year period of integrative physiology research in the Carlson Gymnasium at the University of Colorado Boulder.

Historically, programs of physical education and sport were housed in gymnasium buildings on academic campuses. As physical education evolved to the more scientifically focused successor departments of exercise science and kinesiology, faculty specialization developed in the physiology of exercise. With time, some faculty broadened their research to study the integrative physiology of other biological states and stressors. Through this series of events, a small group of integrative physiologists was formed in the Carlson Gymnasium at the University of Colorado Boulder during the 1990s with the goal of conducting novel biomedical research. The challenges were daunting: no contemporary core laboratory facilities, lack of temperature control, piercing external noise, pests, regular flooding, electrical power outages, and lack of funds for renovation. Despite these obstacles, the group established an innovative program of translational physiological research ranging from high-throughput molecular analyses to cell models to rodent studies to clinical trials in humans. These investigators supported their work with grant awards from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Defense, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), American Heart Association, and private research foundations totaling ∼$80 M in direct costs from the late 1980s to 2020. Collectively, the faculty and their laboratory personnel published ∼950 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals. Over that period, 379 undergraduate students, 340 graduate students, 84 postdoctoral fellows, and dozens of junior research faculty received scientific training in Carlson, supported by >$21 M in extramural funding. What was accomplished by this handful of integrative physiologists speaks to the importance of the qualities of the investigators rather than their research facilities in determining scientific success.

Pengembangan Kewirausahaan Ecoprint Berbasis Smart Steamer Machine Guna Meningkatkan Kualitas Produk dan Efisiensi

Ecoprint, a fabric printing and dyeing technique utilizing natural dyes with leaves, is currently experiencing a surge in demand and becoming a trend among fashion entrepreneurs and textile craftsmen. The unique patterns created from leaves distinguish ecoprint from traditional batik designs in the market, making it highly appealing. Apietz Craft, a Small and Medium Enterprise (SME), was established at the beginning of 2020 during the Covid-19 pandemic. Mostly operated by residents of Jl. Hasyim Ashari II, Sepanjang Village, Gondanglegi District, Malang Regency, the business faced challenges during the ecoprint fabric steaming process. The issues stemmed from the small size of the steaming pot and the lack of temperature control, leading to a decline in fabric quality. These obstacles hindered the ecoprint production process, resulting in suboptimal outcomes. In response to these challenges, this PKM program proposes a solution by introducing a technology transfer initiative. A smart steamer machine will be implemented, designed to accommodate a larger capacity and capable of monitoring temperature within the machine. This advancement aims to enhance production quality and improve production efficiency. The initiative is expected to address the current issues faced by our partner, enabling them to achieve optimal ecoprint fabric production.
 Keywords: Smart Steamer Machine, Ecoprint, Development Entrepreneurship

Rancang Bangun Otomasi Mesin Sangrai Berbasis Arduino Uno Guna Meningkatkan Kualitas Fisik dan Cita Rasa Mutu Kopi di PDP Kahyangan Jember

Jember Regency is one of the largest coffee producing regions in East Java with productivity reaching 11,859 kg/ha in 2020. One of the robusta coffee producers in Jember Regency is Perumda Perkebunan Kahyangan. Coffee production produced by Perumda Perkebunan Kahyangan is still at grade three. One of the causes of less than optimal production results is the lack of temperature control in the roasting process. The roasting process determines the taste of coffee. This is due to the chemical changes that occur in the coffee bean. Chemical changes occur due to loss of dry weight, especially CO2 gas and pyrolysis process occurs. Therefore this study aims to design a roasting temperature control device using the Arduino Promini microcontroller and a thermocouple sensor as a temperature sensor. There are four stages carried out in the design of automation on the roaster machine, namely: the design stage is carried out with four stages, namely hardware and software design, the implementation stage of the automated device system on the roaster machine, the data collection stage, and the data collection stage.

Clarifying Optimum Setting Temperatures for In-Flight Personal Air Conditioning System Considering Individual Thermal Sensitivity Characteristics

The number of people who use airplanes has increased year by year. However, most passengers have a feeling of discomfort during a long-distance flight. One of the factors is the lack of temperature control in the cabin. If air conditioning control can be adjusted to each passenger’s thermal sensation, the whole comfort in the cabin would be improved. Therefore, a personal air conditioning control method is required for airplanes. In order to implement personal air conditioning adapted to individual thermal sensation, this study proposes a seat-type air conditioning system that adjusts the temperature to each part of the body and aims to clarify the appropriate temperature setting in consideration of individual thermal sensation. As a result, the appropriate degree of temperature setting change was clarified based on the thermal sensation index. It was found that changing the temperature setting by 2.5 °C per scale of the thermal sensation improved the passenger’s comfort. Furthermore, people who tend to feel cold were found to be more sensitive to temperature changes. It is concluded that personalized air conditioning is possible based on individual thermal sensitivity characteristics. For prospects, it is desirable to study a system that automatically predicts the thermal sensation taking into account individual thermal sensitivity characteristics.

Effect of Dissolved Salts on Steady-State Heat Transfer Using Excessive Cooling by Water-Air Mists

This work reports a new finding on the effect of dissolved salts, in water-air mists, on spray heat removal efficiencies from a metallic surface under steady state conditions. The experimental system is based on a calorimeter that measures heat flux removed by water-air mist sprays from 8 mm diameter × 2.5 mm thickness platinum samples heated by electromagnetic induction. During steady-state experiments, a solid-state controller equilibrates automatically the rate of heat generation with the rate of heat removal to reach a constant temperature. Equilibrium temperatures for stepwise T rising include 200 to 1200 °C in steps of 100 °C and then stepwise T that is lowered to 200 °C. The new finding is that, when using soft water-air mist and a high-water impingement density, a lack of temperature control during stepwise T increases was observed when stepping from 200 to 300 °C. This lack of temperature control is associated with a high heat flux and is attributed to the stabilization of the single-phase convection regime when T rising from 200 to 300 °C. Temperature stabilization was again possible only at wall temperatures Tw≥600 °C, at which single-phase convection was not stable. In contrast, when using a hard water-air mist under the same fluid flow conditions, all temperatures were readily reached. This is attributed to the transition from single-phase convection to nucleate boiling regime when T increased from 200 to 300 °C. This transition leads to a decrease in heat flux due to a reduction in the contact area between liquid and the wall surface. Finally, the corresponding boiling curves at high wall temperatures show the importance of heat radiation from the wall to understand the effect of salts during the stable vapor film regime.

Microbiological quality and safety of minimally processed parsley (Petroselinum crispum) sold in food markets, southeastern Brazil.

This study evaluated the microbiological quality and safety of minimally processed parsley sold in southeastern Brazilian food markets. One hundred samples were submitted to the enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae by plating on MacConkey agar. Colonies of Enterobacteriaceae were randomly selected and identified by MALDI-TOF MS. Samples were also tested for Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella sp. The mean count of Enterobacteriaceae was 6·0±1·0 log CFU per gram, while 18 genera (including 30 species) of bacteria belonging to this family were identified. Salmonella and L. monocytogenes were not detected, while L. innocua was found in two samples and L. fleischmannii was found in one sample. Moreover generic Escherichia coli was found in three samples, all from different brands of minimally processed parsley. Even though microbial pathogens were not isolated, a variety of indicator micro-organisms were identified, including vegetable spoilers and species capable of causing human opportunistic infections. These results suggest hygienic failures and/or lack of temperature control during processing and storage of these ready-to-eat products. This study highlights the need for control measures during the production chain of minimally processed parsley in order to reduce microbial contamination and the risks of foodborne diseases.

Combination treatments with therapeutic hypothermia for hypoxic‐ischemic neuroprotection

Therapeutic hypothermia is now proven to reduce death or disability in term and near-term born infants with moderate to severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Nevertheless, many infants still survive with disability, despite treatment with hypothermia. Recent preclinical and clinical studies suggest that current protocols for therapeutic hypothermia are near-optimal. The obvious strategy, in addition to improving early initiation of therapeutic hypothermia after birth, is to combine hypothermia with other neuroprotective agents. We review evidence that the mechanisms of action of many promising agents overlap with the anti-excitotoxic, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of hypothermia, leading to a lack of benefit from combination treatment. Moreover, even apparently beneficial combinations have failed to translate in clinical trials. These considerations highlight the need for preclinical studies to test clinically realistic protocols of timing and duration of treatment, before committing to large randomized controlled trials.

An Exploration of Contemporary Issues of Supply Chain Management: A Case on Pharmaceuticals Manufacturing Industry in Sri Lanka

Supply Chain Management (SCM) has a crucial role in facilitating the production, marketing, logistics and purchasing processes of an organization since it may focus on the management’s attempts to maintain or build competitiveness in changing environment. This study was carried out as qualitative cross-sectional multiple case studies using semi-structured interviews to collect data. Case studies were chosen on the judgmental non-probability sampling method to explore contemporary issues and the reasons for SCM in the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry of Sri Lanka. It further tried to recommend solutions to mitigate those issues to increase the effectiveness of the pharmaceutical supply chains. Interviews were conducted with the employees who are responsible for SCM from each case study. A thematic analysis was carried out to achieve the purpose of the study using Nvivo 12. Unpredictable lead time, no proper guideline or standards in custom for pharmaceutical product regulations, lack of temperature control in warehouses at custom, underutilization of human resources consuming, delaying duty waiver and other regulatory approval from the National Medicines Regulatory Authority (NMRA), frequent changes of the NMRA guidelines without any grace period, technical knowledge gap of employees for R&D, and challenge from generic competitor products from other countries were identified as the major drawbacks in SCM process of pharmaceutical supply chains in Sri Lanka. Further, failure to identify correct raw materials suppliers, issue of Minimum Order Quantity (MOQ), buffer stock maintenance issues, no proper reverse logistics management procedures, shortage of approved vehicles for transportation, finding of trustworthy local packing materials suppliers, forecasting errors, and communication gap or language barrier of employees also slower the effectiveness of supply chains.

Thermal Evaluation of a Hybrid Dryer with Solar and Geothermal Energy for Agroindustry Application

The process of drying at the agroindustry level is considered the most important stage for the storage and conservation of food, but an inadequate sizing of the systems can generate an excessive consumption of fuel and energy. In the case of the agricultural sector, especially in small and medium producers in Ecuador, they tend to dry cereals outdoors, spreading the product over black plastics, asphalt floors, or cements called “tendal”. This process depends on the weather conditions of the area and can take between one or four days of drying, tending to damage the product by fungi. On the other hand, certain producers build dryers empirically, using as the main fuel gas for domestic use, diesel, or firewood. Among the problems presented for these types of dryers are heat losses in the drying chamber as it is not thermally insolated, a lack of temperature control (above 60 °C) and drying speed, excessive fuel use, and 10% burned product, which are essential to control to obtain a quality product and savings in the energy consumption of the dryer. With regard to the problem raised above, the design and construction of a hybrid dryer that worked with 80% of thermal solar and low enthalpy aerogeothermal energy and 20% with electric power was conducted to optimize the drying process and ensure a quality dry product. The work proposes the dimensioning of each component of the dryer. As a result, it was found that the efficiency of the equipment was around 60%, reaching a maximum operating temperature of 52 °C, with a stabilization time of the system in the first hour within 40 min. It should be noted that the design of the prototype is easy to adapt and replicate.

Thermal kinetic analysis of exothermic nature and cupric ion catalysis of electronic-grade etching solutions by using calorimetry

Wet etching is a fundamental process in the electronic industry, particularly in the production of liquid crystal display panels, integrated circuit wafers, and printed circuit boards. Various electronic-grade etchants, such as Cu-etchant, Al-etchant, and sodium persulfate (SPS)-etchant, have been used for etching process. Furthermore, the Cu-etchant, which contains hydrogen peroxide and concentrated acids, are widely used in panel etching nowadays owing to its high etching rate and ease of regeneration. Nonetheless, high-tech industries that use etchants should consider their hazardous properties, such as explosiveness, flammability, and corrodibility. This study evaluated the exothermic nature and incompatibility of the Cu-etchant in the storage tanks and etching tools. Understanding the exothermic and runaway hazards of the Cu-etchant and its reaction with cupric ion catalyst is necessary in case the etching process fails due to mixing, contamination, or lack of temperature control. Data of thermal dynamic scanning on various etchants can ascertain the exothermic onset temperature (T0), peak power, and exothermic enthalpy (ΔH). Reaction kinetic data were evaluated after comparison with various etchants' exothermic behaviors. Moreover, various self-heating models (dT/dt) of thermal decompositions for the Cu-etchant and its cupric-ion catalysis were proposed using thermokinetic analysis methods for improving the safety of operation while conducting etching process.

Energy–exergy–ANN analyses of solar-assisted fluidized bed dryer

ABSTRACTIn this study, a temperature-controlled solar air collector was designed and tested for drying. Solar drying systems have two disadvantages. First one is the lack of ability to store energy and the second one is the lack of temperature control. This study presents the experimental analysis of an air collector that is able to keep the drying air temperature at 40°C even in cases where the level of solar radiation received by the collectors changes. Most of the tests were performed at a solar radiation level ranging from 500 to 900 W/m2 and at an air flow of 3 to 5 m/s. The system tested for drying three different crops separately performed 21 h of a total of 27-h drying period at or above the temperature set of 40°C. The thermodynamic analysis of the relationship between solar radiation, air temperature, flow, and the produced energy was performed. The relationship between productivity, energy produced, and set temperature was analyzed using distribution charts. Moreover, an artificial neural network model was used to estimate outlet air temperature from the solar collectors based on air flow, solar radiation, and outside air temperature.

More than Thousand Quantitative Wasteless Syntheses in 25 Reaction Types all Across Molecular Chemistry

Wasteless preparative molecular and ionic solid-state reactions (gas-solid and solid-solid) proceed rapidly, with definite completion, at decreased activation energy omitting catalysis and waste-producing chromatographic workup, when properly executed. They are unbeatably specific, scalable up to industrial production, and obtain otherwise not available compounds also directly pure. The already available more than thousand 100% yield reactions in 25 reaction types (not counting subdivisions) across molecular chemistry are unfortunately mostly not cited, discussed, or compared in the inferior publications that depart from the solid-state and discredit the field by extremely long milling times, unnecessary catalysis, incomplete reactions, low selectivity, chromatographic workup, etc. Thus, the lack of temperature control and/or the retrogressive adding of “a little solvent” for synthetic milling leads to melt reactions at rapidly increasing temperature (most severe with planetary mills), losing all the benefits of the molecular solid-state. It is recapitulated how the solid-state can be retained with simple means, how Schmidt’s topochemical hypothesis (“forbidding” these unbeatable solid-state syntheses) is overcome, and what the physical reasons are for long range anisotropic molecular migrations along crystallographic channels, cleavage planes, or to voids. It is again shown that local melting is not required. Staying below the lowest eutectic temperature is essential. The basic reasons and technical requirement for the wealth of thermodynamic controlled solid-state reactions (as opposed to counter-thermodynamic mechanochemistry) are summarized in this mini review with a short selection from the striking synthetic advancements to remind the mostly disregarded top of sustainability also against some habits with the 12 commandments of “green chemistry”. These do not require avoiding unnecessary catalysis (on the contrary) or solvents (“green solvents” are also deactivating), or to completely avoid (instead of “decrease”) dangerous wastes by solvent consuming chromatographic workup, etc. This holds for particularly easy gas-solid productions and to solid-solid reactions, where mills are presently often misused heating/melting devices.

Microbiological quality and safety of raw and pasteurized milk marketed in and around Nairobi region

The microbiological quality of raw and pasteurized milk marketed in Nairobi and its environs was determined. Milk samples were collected randomly at milk selling points from three market areas: rural (Kiambu/Ngong), urban (East/West of Tom Mboya street) and slum (Kibera/Mathare). Samples were analysed for titratable acidity, total viable count (TVC), Staphylococcus aureus, coliforms and Enterobacteriaceae. Titratable acidity was determined using titration method, while TVC, S. aureus and Enterobacteriaceae were determined by the spread plate methods and coliforms were determined by most probable number. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance using Genstat statistical package. The mean acidity was 0.20% lactic acid (LA), while mean counts for TVC, S. aureus , coliforms and Enterobacteriaceae were 6.05, 3.46, 2.30, and 3.93 log10cfu/ml, respectively. The ercentage of milk samples with acidity values greater than 0.18% LA, the upper limit set by Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS), was 52.8 %. Total viable count (TVC) greater than 106 cfu/ml, was detected in 95.2% and 21.4% of raw and pasteurized milk, respectively. Coliform counts greater than 4.70 and 1.0 log10cfu/ml for raw and pasteurized milk were detected in 77.8% and 4.8%, respectively of raw and pasteurized milk samples collected. Enterobacteriaceae and S. aureus were detected with mean counts ranging from 6.08-6.86 and 5.82-6.32 log10/ml, respectively. Highest mean acidity and counts were recorded from slum areas of Nairobi and there were significant differences between raw and pasteurized milk (P<0.05). The poor bacterial quality coupled with high acidity of raw milk, indicates poor hygienic practices and lack of temperature control during marketing. The incidence of high acidity and bacterial counts in pasteurized milk could indicate post process contamination and/or inappropriate storage of the milk. Most vendors of pasteurized milk were observed selling directly from the distributor crates without refrigerated storage. The rapid deterioration of raw and pasteurized milk marketed in Nairobi, at the time of this study, may be largely due to poor hygienic standards and non-adherence to temperature controls during handling, distribution and marketing. This requires urgent attention by the appropriate authorities, because the poor microbiological quality of raw milk and pasteurized milk may expose consumers to health risks associated with the consumption of contaminated milk. Key words : Marketed milk, quality, acidity, total viable count, coliforms, enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus aureus

Biogas biological desulphurisation under extremely acidic conditions for energetic valorisation in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Abstract The most harmful biogas contaminant for energy conversion equipment such as fuel cells is hydrogen sulphide (H 2 S); thus efficient and cost-effective treatment systems for this compound should be designed and developed. A pilot-scale biotrickling filter (BTF) working in acidic media (pH = 1.5–2) was operated for raw sewage biogas desulphurisation. Its operational performance as a function of two key important process parameters (temperature and retention time) was evaluated through short-term experimentation; showing that H 2 S removal efficiencies greater than 90% can be obtained at temperatures of 30 °C, retention times of 80–85 s and H 2 S Loading Rates of 210 gH 2 S/(m 3 bed h). The system was afterwards operated for 924 h and showed an average elimination capacity of 169 gH 2 S/(m 3 bed h) at an average removal efficiency of 84%. The unit proved to be reversible to the effect of operation disruptions (lack of temperature control, limitations on oxygen supply), which were introduced to simulate possible system miss functioning or operational failures. Nevertheless, partial oxidation to elemental sulphur (S (s) ) accounted for 70% of H 2 S removal progressively increasing the pressure drop over the column; reducing the availability of the treatment line and eventually leading to fuel cell shutdowns. More efficient systems for oxygen supply and solids removal are the key factors to be addressed for a sustainable deployment of BTF technology in waste water treatment plants (WWTP).

Bonding surgical incisions using a temperature-controlled laser system based on a single infrared fiber

ABSTRACT. Although there has been great interest in laser heating for bonding of surgical incisions in tissues, it has not gained wide acceptance by surgeons. We argue that the main obstacle has been the lack of temperature control, which may lead to a weak bonding. We previously developed a laser bonding system based on two infrared transmitting AgBrCl fibers, one for laser heating and one for temperature control. In view of the inherent limitations of such systems observed in many animal experiments, we developed an improved system based on a single infrared fiber. Besides the decreased dimensions, this system offers many advantages over the two-fiber system. It is less sensitive to accuracy of height and tilt of the fiber distal tip above the tissue, ensuring more accurate heating that can potentially lead to stronger bonding with minimal thermal damage. The system is successfully tested in the soldering of 15 corneal incisions, ex vivo. Histopathology shows little thermal damage and good wound apposition. The average burst pressure is 100±30 mm Hg. These findings indicate the usefulness of the system for ophthalmic surgery as well as other surgical procedures, including endoscopic and robotic surgery.

Use of Libraries in Open and Distance Learning System: Barriers to the Use of AIOU Libraries by Tutors and Students.

This study explores; the library needs of students and tutors of Allama Iqbal Open University (AIOU), utilization level of the library facilities and resources, the problems in the use of library, and suggestions for improvement of library facilities for students and tutors. Data collected from 4080 students and 526 tutors belonging to 15 different regional offices showed that students and tutors needed library for various educational purposes, the regional libraries were not being used much, and both tutors and students were facing various problems such as unsuitable library timing, long distance between library and their residence, non availability of latest journals, non availability of required material, lack of temperature control in the library, insufficient study area, lack of latest books, and inadequate staff. For improving library facility at regional level, the students and tutors suggested to; provide more books and journals, expand library timings, arrange library facility at workshop venues, make arrangements to advertise the resources and services at the library to the students, provide computers and internet service, provide trained staff, and arrange partnership with other academic libraries.

An investigation of peak‐broadening effects arising when combining CE with MS

In this study, peak-broadening effects caused by nebulizing gas flow and lack of temperature control have been investigated for separation capillaries with three different inner diameters. The study was performed with serial UV/ESI-MS detection in an effort to distinguish between peak broadening arising in the separation and peak broadening arising in the ion source. The nebulizing gas was found to significantly affect both migration time and separation efficiency when using capillaries with 50 and 75 microm id. If the nebulizing gas is on during injection, the injection volume increases to such an extent that significant peak broadening is induced. Reducing the id to 25 microm minimizes the parabolic flow induced by the nebulizing gas. Results indicate that the nebulizing gas pressure can be optimized to minimize peak broadening in the ion source. A decrease in detection sensitivity, possibly related to the orthogonal design of the interface, was observed when the nebulizing gas pressure was increased. A tapered capillary tip was found to provide superior separation efficiency as well as sensitivity.

Chinese-style Barbecued Meats: A Public Health Challenge

The custom of displaying Chinese-style barbecued meats at room temperature has been a controversial food safety issue in North America. This article is intended to facilitate development of a risk-based food safety policy for this unique food by providing a brief overview of the recent study findings and Canadian disease surveillance data. Despite the lack of temperature control after cooking, Chinese barbecued meats were rarely implicated in foodborne incidents in Canada between 1975 and 1993. This might be due to the food's ability to delay pathogen growth during the first 5 hours immediately after cooking, and the conventional trade practices of separating the retail area from the main kitchen (i.e., reducing risk of cross-contamination). However, recent studies also pointed out the high potential for cross-contamination during the retail stage (i.e., chopping and packaging the food) as a result of lack of proper hand-washing and equipment sanitation. A risk-based food safety policy is proposed.

Chinese-style barbecued meats: a public health challenge.

The custom of displaying Chinese-style barbecued meats at room temperature has been a controversial food safety issue in North America. This article is intended to facilitate development of a risk-based food safety policy for this unique food by providing a brief overview of the recent study findings and Canadian disease surveillance data. Despite the lack of temperature control after cooking, Chinese barbecued meats were rarely implicated in foodborne incidents in Canada between 1975 and 1993. This might be due to the food's ability to delay pathogen growth during the first 5 hours immediately after cooking, and the conventional trade practices of separating the retail area from the main kitchen (i.e., reducing risk of cross-contamination). However, recent studies also pointed out the high potential for cross-contamination during the retail stage (i.e., chopping and packaging the food) as a result of lack of proper hand-washing and equipment sanitation. A risk-based food safety policy is proposed.