Lack Of Stimulation Research Articles

Pemberdayaan Ibu Hamil dan Kader Kesehatan dalam Penerapan Program Stimulasi Pralahir

Delays in a child's growth and development can be caused by a lack of stimulation. Some pregnant women do not know, do not realize and have a bad attitude in providing prenatal stimulation. Not all health service facilities provide classes for pregnant women that are equipped with prenatal stimulation programs. Even though parents play an important role in providing stimulation since the fetus is in the womb. Providing prenatal stimulation supports the child's growth and development after birth. Based on this urgency, there is a need for training for pregnant women and health cadres. The aim of this community service is to increase knowledge, awareness and ability of pregnant women in providing prenatal stimulation, as well as increasing community participation in supporting the implementation of prenatal stimulation programs. The results showed an increase in the knowledge aspect of 27.28 points, with an average pre-test score of 64.54 (fair category), post- test 91.82 (good category). The average ability to perform prenatal stimulation was in the good category (94.55). These results show that this training can increase participants' knowledge and abilities in carrying out prenatal stimulation programs.

Prediction of Stunting in Toddlers Using Bagging and Random Forest Algorithms

Stunting is a condition of failure to thrive in toddlers. This is caused by lack of nutrition over a long period of time, exposure to repeated infections, and lack of stimulation. This malnutrition condition is influenced by the mother's health during pregnancy, the health status of adolescents, as well as the economy and culture and the environment, such as sanitation and access to health services. To find out predictions of stunting, currently we still use a common method, namely Secondary Data Analysis, namely by conducting surveys and research to collect data regarding stunting. This data includes risk factors related to stunting, such as maternal nutritional status, child nutritional intake, access to health services, sanitation, and other socioeconomic factors. This secondary data analysis can provide an overview of the prevalence of stunting and the contributing factors. To overcome this, the right solution is needed, one solution that can be used is data mining techniques, where data mining can be used to carry out analysis and predictions for the future, and provide useful information for business or health needs. Based on this analysis, this research will use the Bagging method and Random Forest Algorithm to obtain the accuracy level of stunting predictions in toddlers. Bagging or Bootstrap Aggregation is an ensemble method that can improve classification by randomly combining classifications on the training dataset which can reduce variation and avoid overfitting. Random Forest is a powerful algorithm in machine learning that combines decisions from many independent decision trees to improve prediction performance and model stability. By combining the Bagging method and the Random Forest algorithm, it is hoped that it will be able to provide better stunting prediction results in toddlers. This research uses a dataset with a total of 10,001 data records, 7 attributes and 1 attribute class. Based on the test results using the Bagging method and the Random Forest algorithm in this research, the results obtained were class precision yes 91.72%, class recall yes 98.84%, class precision no 93.55%, class recall no 65.28%, and accuracy of 91.98%.

Knowledge, attitudes, practices and barriers of medical research among undergraduate medical students in Jordan: a cross-sectional survey

BackgroundIntegrating medical students in research at an early stage of their program is a crucial step to enhance the ability of future physicians to employ critical thinking and problem-solving processes, which in turn improves patients’ health outcomes.MethodsA cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was administered to medical school students at Al-Balqa Applied University. This study aims to analyze the attitudes, practices, and barriers faced by medical students in regard to engaging in medical research.ResultsA total of 333 students participated in the study with a mean age of 21.2 ± 1.5 years. A total of 60.1% were females. Female students had significantly higher knowledge scores (µ = 3.97, SD ± 1.81, P = 0.009) than males (µ = 3.44, SD ± 1.69). As students progress to higher academic years of their clinical program, their knowledge in research significantly increases in comparison to their knowledge in basic medical years (P < 0.001). Student age and academic year significantly correlated with the knowledge scores; each additional year of study increased the knowledge score by 0.25 (β = 0.25, P < 0.001, R2 = 0.63). The percentage of students who correctly answered each question on the knowledge scale was 37.5% (SD ± 12.5%). The most reported barriers to research participation were insufficient training in medical research, lack of sufficient research opportunities, and lack of stimulation and support from faculty.ConclusionsMedical students demonstrated a positive attitude toward research starting from their second year of study, despite having limited knowledge on the topic. They identified barriers that could be utilized to promote greater involvement of students in research. The implications for clinical practice suggest that policymakers and educators should consider the outcomes of this study and implement improvements in medical education, specifically by encouraging the early participation of students in the research process.

Road Hypnosis Detection using Lane Detection

The study "Road Hypnosis Detection Using Lane Detection" focuses on the phenomenon known as "road hypnosis" or "highway hypnosis," a mental state in which a person can operate a vehicle for extended distances while reacting to outside events as expected, all without recalling that they did so consciously. Long stretches of time spent driving on smooth, featureless highways can cause this syndrome, which lowers awareness and causes a lack of stimulation. The study suggests a novel approach that makes use of lane identification algorithms to identify road hypnosis. It keeps track of the car's location in the lane and the driver's steering movements using sophisticated image processing and machine learning algorithms. Unusualities in these patterns, which could signal the start of road hypnosis, can be detected by the system. This system attempts to improve road safety and avoid accidents caused by decreased driver alertness due to road hypnosis by giving the driver real-time feedback or initiating automatic safety measures. The suggested approach is thoroughly tested and validated throughout the study in a variety of driving situations and conditions, proving its efficacy and suitability for incorporation into contemporary car safety systems. This study addresses a prevalent but frequently disregarded problem that might result in catastrophic accidents, making a substantial contribution to the field of driver safety systems. It also creates new opportunities for utilizing technology to raise driver awareness and enhance general traffic safety.

EFFECTS OF COMPANION ROBOTS ON DEPRESSION AND SOCIAL ISOLATION AMONG KOREAN AMERICAN OLDER ADULTS

Abstract Objectives During the COVID-19, older immigrants in low resource areas who are already excluded from much of social life, had to distance themselves even further, deepening their social isolation. Lack of stimulation can be particularly detrimental, as it influences mood and increases loneliness. Selected for cost-effectiveness and interactive features, we introduced the Companion Robot (CR) system. Preliminary studies conducted in South Korea found statistically significant improvement in quality of sleep and cognition among low-income older patients living alone with multiple chronic conditions and cognitive impairment. Method. Thirty CRs were deployed to solo-living Korean American older adults. We followed up with them after 3 months. In this Stage 1A clinical trial, we tested feasibility, usability and acceptability of CRs, investigating which features of CRs will help improve health behaviors such as medication adherence and daily exercises. Robotic Social Attitude (RoSAS) are assessed with a generic 18-items questionnaire (Krägeloh et al., 2019). Results The primary clinical outcomes measured at pre-and post-intervention were medication adherence and reduction of depression, social isolation and disabilities. The user-friendly doll-shaped design of CRs helped participants feel comfortable interacting with the CR on their own. Exposure to individualized CR-delivered content, including quizzes for brain training and inspirational messages, combined with consistent interaction with CR appeared to be beneficial for cognitive function. Discussion Since very few participants had reported diagnosis of dementia, we need to screen for undetected dementia using the Modified Mini-Mental Status Exam. The next stage is to implement further cultural adaptation for the U.S. participants.

Maternal stimulation and early child development in sub-saharan Africa: evidence from Kenya and Zambia

BackgroundDespite major improvements in child survival over the past decade, many children in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) remain at risk of not reaching their developmental potential due to malnutrition, poor health, and a lack of stimulation. Maternal engagement and stimulation have been identified as some of the most critical inputs for healthy development of children. However, relatively little evidence exists on the links between maternal stimulation and child development exists in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This current paper aims to identify the associations between maternal stimulation and child development in Kenya and Zambia, as well as the activities that are most predictive of developmental outcomes in these settings.MethodsWe conducted a descriptive study using data from a prospective study in Kenya and Zambia. The study included three rounds of data collection. Children were on average 10 months old in round one, 25 months old in round two, and 36 months old in round three. The primary exposure variable of interest was maternal stimulation activities, which we grouped into cognitive, language, motor, and socio-emotional activities. The outcome of interest was child development measured through the Third Edition of the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ-3). Linear regression models were used to estimate the associations between overall maternal stimulation and domain-specific maternal stimulation and child development across the three rounds of the survey.ResultsHigher maternal stimulation scores were associated with higher ASQ scores (effect size = 0.25; 95% CI: 0.19, 0.31) after adjusting for other confounders. For domain specific and child development (ASQ scores), the largest effect size (ES) was found for language stimulation (ES = 0.15) while weakest associations were found for socio-emotional domain activities (ES= -0.05). Overall maternal stimulation was most strongly associated with gross motor development (ES = 0.21) and the least associated with problem-solving (ES = 0.16).ConclusionOur study findings suggest a strong positive link between maternal stimulation activities and children’s developmental outcomes among communities in poor rural settings.Trial registrationNA (not a clinical trial).

Pengaruh Stimulasi Assisted Crawling Terhadap Kemampuan Merangkak Bayi di Puskesmas BP Nauli Kec. Siantar Marihat Kota Pematangsiantar Tahun 2023

Growth and development disorders are a problem that is often found in society, so it is very important that all components involved in children's growth and development, namely parents, teachers and the community, can work together in early monitoring. The determining factors for the quality of a child's growth and development are constitutional genetic-heredo potential (intrinsic) and the role of the environment (extrinsic). Child growth and development disorders occur when there are genetic factors and/or environmental factors that are unable to meet the child's basic growth and development needs. Factors that influence a child's growth and development are genetic factors, and are more influenced by environmental factors and the diseases experienced by the child. Appropriate detection and intervention can optimize the quality of the child's subsequent growth and development. Babies who experience delays in development will make the baby's parents feel anxious and worried, which will affect how parents meet their baby's needs, such as mothers who do not encourage their babies to talk and mothers who do not exercise their hands and feet regularly at certain times. So that the baby has difficulty walking and lacks language, the lack of stimulation given to the baby will worsen the baby's developmental delays (Hurlock, 2002).Based on a preliminary survey conducted at the BP Nauli Community Health Center on 10 mothers who had babies, there were 5 mothers who did not provide stimulation to their children when their children were not going through the crawling phase and did not know the effect on the child's development, so based on these problems the researchers wanted to conduct research with the title "The Effect of Assisted Crawling Stimulation on the Crawling Ability of Babies at the BP Nauli Community Health Center, Kec. Siantar Let's See Pematang Siantar City in 2023 .

Effectiveness of the Sensitive Nutrition Intervention Program in Accelerating Stunting Reduction in Baubau City

Stunting is a condition of failure to thrive in toddlers due to long-term malnutrition, exposure to repeated infections, and lack of stimulation. Not all short toddlers are stunted, so pediatricians need to differentiate them, but stunted children are scarce. Responding to this problem, the government issued Presidential Regulation (Perpres) Number 72 of 2021 concerning the Acceleration of Reducing Stunting. This regulation is a form of the government's commitment to accelerating the achievement of the stunting reduction target to 14 percent by 2024. This research aims to describe the effectiveness of a sensitive nutrition intervention program to accelerate stunting reduction in Baubau City, focusing on the accuracy of program targets and program outreach. The research used a qualitative design with a phenomenological approach. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with six informants, while secondary data came from related regional government organization (OPD) data. The data was then analyzed in several stages: data collection, reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. The research results show that based on indicators of the accuracy of program targets and program outreach in sensitive nutrition intervention programs, the acceleration of stunting reduction in Baubau City has been running effectively even though it has not significantly contributed to reducing the stunting prevalence rate. The decline in the stunting prevalence rate of only 1% shows that the accuracy of program targets still needs to be improved. Access to drinking water and sanitation, community recipients of PKH benefits, and the formation of farming community groups in the future must be several things that need to be maximized to achieve an accelerated reduction in stunting in Baubau City. In conclusion, the consistency of policy implementers must be bound by a shared commitment and shared goals and understanding in efforts to reduce the prevalence of stunting.

The Effect of Early Numerical Literacy on Early Childhood Cognitive Development

The development of the times with increasingly advanced technology requires today’s people to be able to be literate in numeracy and master it. The low numeracy literacy activity in adults indicates a lack of stimulation given early on. This study aims to determine the effect of numeracy literacy on the cognitive development of children aged 5-6 years in Kindergartens throughout Jambi City. The subjects of this study were 31 teachers in kindergarten. Data collection techniques using a questionnaire. This research uses quantitative methods and data acquisition is analyzed using simple linear regression. Data analysis in this study used SPSS version 29. The research findings showed that there was an effect of numeracy literacy on the cognitive development of children aged 5-6 years with a calculated F value of 29.713 with a significance level of 0.

Dual Neural Network Control of a Hybrid Functional Electrical Stimulation Cycling System

Abstract Hybrid functional electrical stimulation (FES) cycling is a method to rehabilitate people with neurological conditions when they are not in and of themselves capable of fully controlling their extremities. To ensure smooth cycling and adequate stimulation to accomplish the rehabilitation task, admittance control is applied between the human and the robotic cycle. The cycle motor is actuated by a dual neural network control structure with an additional robust element tracking the admittance trajectory, while muscles are stimulated with a simple saturated robust controller. The dual neural network structure allows adaptation to separable functions of the dynamic system, in addition to shared adaptation through the admittance filter. A Lyapunov analysis shows that the admittance tracking controller is globally exponentially stable. A passivity analysis shows that the admittance system and cadence tracking error are output strictly passive. A combined analysis shows that the total system is passive. Experiments are performed on eight participants without neurological conditions, on 12 differing protocols including a robust controller for comparison, the addition of noise, and the addition or lack of stimulation. One participant with a neurological condition was evaluated on three different protocols, including a robust controller, a neural network controller, and a game-like mode where the participant was asked to track the trajectory as it appeared on a screen. Statistical analysis of the experiments show that the standard deviation of the tracking error is significantly improved with the adaptive dual neural network control addition when compared to the robust controller, in some instances reducing the magnitude by half.

The multifaceted impact of COVID‐19 on dementia caregivers

AbstractBackgroundThe COVID‐19 pandemic and consequent protective measures, including quarantines reduced or eliminated access to supports for dementia CGs. Dementia CGs have also reported increases in behavioral problems and decreases in cognition for the person with dementia (PWD) during the pandemic. We collected data on the impact of COVID‐19 on dementia CGs.MethodCGs of PWD enrolled in a telehealth intervention were interviewed via video. At baseline, CGs completed The Caregiver COVID‐19 Limitations Scale. During interviews, CGs responses to questions about COVID‐19 related concerns and spontaneous discussion of concerns were recorded in field notes.ResultMost CGs had a low level of concern that they would contract COVID‐19, but a slightly higher level of concern about the PWD. Several CGs reported at least a moderate impact of COVID‐19 related limitations on getting respite care (37.5%), leaving the house (50%), having outside visitors (25%), and gaining access to healthcare (25%). A quarter of CGs noticed at least a moderate change in the PWDs behavior. CGs also noticed cognitive decline. CGs felt changes were due to isolation, boredom, and depressive‐like symptoms. Caregivers also noted the loss of pleasurable activities they could engage in both alone and together with the PWD. A quarter of CGs also reported a great deal of difficulty explaining COVID‐19 related restrictions to the PWD. Specifically, memory loss experienced by the PWD necessitated frequent reminders about COVID‐19 and related limitationConclusionOur results are consistent with literature demonstrating reduction in CG access to respite care and other supportive services during the pandemic. CGs noted declines in cognition and increases in neuropsychiatric symptoms in the PWD perceived to be due to isolation and lack of stimulation. CGs lacked access to previously enjoyable activities outside the home. CG noted the additional burden of lack of a shared pandemic experience due to memory loss that necessitated reminders about the pandemic and associated safety measures. In conclusion, dementia caregivers grapple with lost supports that increase burden, with simultaneously increases in perceived cognitive and behavioral problems in the PWD along with new pandemic‐specific burdens. Our findings underscore the necessity for increased dementia CG programming.

Associations Between Early Life Adversity and Youth Psychobiological Outcomes: Dimensional and Person-Centered Approaches.

Exposure to early life adversity (ELA) is associated with increased externalizing symptoms (e.g., aggression and oppositionality), internalizing symptoms (e.g., withdrawal and anxiety), and biological indicators of accelerated aging (e.g., telomere length) in childhood. However, little is known about how distinct dimensions of ELA, such as threat and deprivation, impact youth psychobiological outcomes. The present study includes data from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS), a large population-based, birth cohort study of majority (approximately 75%) racial and ethnic minority youth born between 1998 and 2000 across 20 large cities in the United States. The present study includes a subset of the original sample (N = 2,483, 51.6% male) who provided genetic data at age 9. First, confirmatory factor analyses were conducted, which revealed four distinct dimensions of ELA (home threat, community threat, neglect, and lack of stimulation) when children were age 3. Second, latent profile analyses identified an eight-profile solution based on unique patterns of the four ELA dimensions. Lastly, latent profiles were used to predict associations with child psychological and biological outcomes at age 9. Results suggest that exposure to specific combinations of ELA is differentially associated with internalizing and externalizing behaviors in childhood, but not with telomere length. Findings have implications for personalized early intervention and prevention efforts aimed at reducing ELA exposure to protect against downstream negative mental health outcomes for diverse youth.

An enriched maternal environment and stereotypies of sows differentially affect the neuro-epigenome of brain regions related to emotionality in their piglets

ABSTRACT Epigenetic mechanisms are important modulators of neurodevelopmental outcomes in the offspring of animals challenged during pregnancy. Pregnant sows living in a confined environment are challenged with stress and lack of stimulation which may result in the expression of stereotypies (repetitive behaviours without an apparent function). Little attention has been devoted to the postnatal effects of maternal stereotypies in the offspring. We investigated how the environment and stereotypies of pregnant sows affected the neuro-epigenome of their piglets. We focused on the amygdala, frontal cortex, and hippocampus, brain regions related to emotionality, learning, memory, and stress response. Differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were investigated in these brain regions of male piglets born from sows kept in an enriched vs a barren environment. Within the latter group of piglets, we compared the brain methylomes of piglets born from sows expressing stereotypies vs sows not expressing stereotypies. DMRs emerged in each comparison. While the epigenome of the hippocampus and frontal cortex of piglets is mainly affected by the maternal environment, the epigenome of the amygdala is mainly affected by maternal stereotypies. The molecular pathways and mechanisms triggered in the brains of piglets by maternal environment or stereotypies are different, which is reflected on the differential gene function associated to the DMRs found in each piglets’ brain region . The present study is the first to investigate the neuro-epigenomic effects of maternal enrichment in pigs’ offspring and the first to investigate the neuro-epigenomic effects of maternal stereotypies in the offspring of a mammal.

The Effect of Family Income, Education and Mother's First Marriage Age on The Incidence of Stunting in Abang Sub-District

Stunting is a condition of failure to thrive in toddlers due to long-term malnutrition, exposure to repeated infections, and lack of stimulation. Stunting is influenced by the health status of adolescents, pregnant women, toddler's diet, as well as economic, cultural, and environmental factors such as sanitation and access to health services. Abang District is the subdistrict with the highest number of stunted children under five in Bali Province in 2022 with 17,523 children under five. The aims of this study were 1) to analyze the partial effect of family income, education and age of mother's first marriage on the chances of a child born with stunting in Abang District. 2) To analyze whether the mother's education reduces the influence of the mother's first marriage age on the chances of a child born with stunting in Abang District. The sample in this study were 99 toddlers and the sample was taken using a non-probability sampling method, namely purposive sampling. The data analysis technique used was Logistic Regression and Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) using the STATA tool. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that 1) Family income, education and age of mother's first marriage have a significant negative effect on the chances of a child born with stunting in Abang District. 2) Mother's education reduces the effect of mother's first marriage age on the chance of a child born with stunting in Abang District.

The Influence Of Gemu Famire Gymnastics On Early Childrhoods's Rhythmic Movement Ability In Kampong Bharu Guidance Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Rhythmic movement ability is an essential component in the motor development of early childhood. It contains elements of flexibility, rhythm, movement accuracy, and continuous movement. The lack of stimulation and the lack of focus on developing motor skills, especially rhythmic movements, makes it difficult for some children to move according to the rhythm and coordinate the movements of their hands and feet. One effort that can be done is to use rhythmic gymnastics. This study aimed to determine the effect of Gemu Famire Gymnastics on the ability of early childhood rhythmic movements in the Kampong Bharu Guidance Center. The type of research used was experimental research with a pretest–posttest control group design. Samples were taken from pre-GC children with an age range of 5 - 7 years with 20 children (10 children in the experimentclass and 10 children in the control class). Data were collected using observation and then processed and analyzed using the t-test. Based on the analysis results, the data results are normally distributed with the same variance value. Then, based on the results of testing the hypothesis with the t-test, the t count score = 2.653 and t table 2.100 were obtained. If the two were compared, it can be concluded that t count t table, which means that Gemu Famire gymnastics affected the ability of early childhood rhythmic movements at the Kampong Bharu Guidance Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

How to dose follitropin delta for the first insemination cycle according to the ESHRE and ASRM guidelines; a retrospective cohort study

BackgroundFollitropin Delta (FD) is indicated exclusively for in-vitro fertilization however, being a gonadotropin it could be used for other purposes. A dosing algorithm exists for FD and IVF but is needed for intrauterine insemination (IUI) cycles. The objective of this study is to determine dosing for FD for the first controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) cycle according to current stimulation guidelines.ResultsA retrospective study of 157 subjects from a single university fertility center from January 2017 to March 2020, was performed. All patients stimulated with FD for IUI were included. The number of failed, normal, or overstimulation cycles was determined based on stimulating not more than 2 mature follicles. We then stratified the group based on the AFC, AMH, and body weight. Of 157 subjects, 49% stimulated correctly, 5.6% failed and 45.4% overstimulated. An analysis of the COH IUI cycles based on stratification and over or lack of stimulation per published guidelines found that women with a bodyweight < 80 kg or AMH ≥ 1.5 ng/ml or AFC ≥ 10 initially stimulate with FD 2.0 to 3.0mcg daily. For women with an AFC of 6–9 stimulate with Follitropin Delta 3.0mcg daily. For women with an AFC < 6 or serum AMH < 1.5 ng/ml stimulate with FD 3.0–4.0mcg daily. For women with body weight > 80 kg stimulate initially with daily with 4.0–6.0mcg FD.ConclusionsFollitropin Delta can be used safely for controlled ovarian stimulation and insemination at doses easily dispensed by the current methods of delivery, within the current published guidelines for follicle development.

EFEKTIVITAS KOMBINASI SENAM OTAK DAN ALAT PERMAINAN EDUKATIF MAZE PAPAN ALUR TERHADAP PENINGKATAN MOTORIK HALUS PADA ANAK TAMAN KANAK-KANAK AISYIYAH BUSTANUL ATHFAL RANTING MALIMONGAN TUA KOTA MAKASSAR

Background: Preschool age is a golden age for the child's development process where at that age the cognitive, physical, motor and psychosocial aspects of a child develop optimally, but a lack of stimulation in the form of physical activity and media can cause children's fine motor skills to fail. perfectly developed.Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental study with a pre test – post test with control group design, aiming to determine the difference in effectiveness between the combination of brain gymnastics and groove board maze educational games, brain gymnastics alone, and placebo (without intervention) on improving fine motor skills in Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal Kindergarten, Malimongan Tua branch, Makassar city, carried out at Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal Kindergarten, Malimongan Tua Branch, Makassar City, with a sample of 30 children who experienced delays in fine motor development according to inclusion criteria, divided according to randomized into 3 groups: the treatment group was given brain gymnastics and educational maze board game tools, the control group was given brain exercises, and the placebo group (without intervention).Results: Based on the Wilcoxon test analysis, p &lt;0.05 was obtained in 3 sample groups, which means that the three sample groups produced a significant increase in fine motor skills. Based on the results of the One Away Anova test, a p value &lt;0.05 was obtained, which means that there was a significant difference between the combination of brain gymnastics and the groove board maze educational game tool, brain exercise alone, and without intervention on improving fine motor skills in kindergarten children.Conclusion: the combination of brain gymnastics and the groove board maze educational game tool is most effective than brain gymnastics alone and without intervention in improving fine motor skills in Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal Ranting Malimongan Tua Kindergarten children.Keywords: Brain gym, educational game tool maze groove board, fine motor skills, preschool age children

Stimulation Group as an Effort to Increase the Stimulation of Growth and Development of Toddlers in Baratan Jember

Infants and children also need sufficient stimulation in quantity and quality from the beginning for their psychosocial mental development. Children who get a lot of stimulation will develop faster than children who get less or even no stimulation. Delays in child development can also be caused by the child's lack of stimulation, caregivers, and parents. Partner problems at this time are health problems. This problem arises because no social institutions have been formed or helped prevent delays in the growth and development of toddlers and the low participation of the community. This low coverage impacts health problems that result in toddlers not fulfilling their growth and development tasks. After discussions with partners and the proposing team, a solution was found to overcome these problems: the stimulation of growth and development through women's empowerment formed through a stimulation group. The counseling results showed that partners' knowledge about growth and development stimulation was in a good category (86%). The training results showed that partners' knowledge about KPSP was in a good category (82%). Stimulation of growth and development should be carried out continuously and appropriately so that it can improve children's abilities in terms of language, social, gross and fine motor skills.

HUBUNGAN PROBLEM SOLVING APPRAISAL TERHADAP PENYESUAIAN DIRI NARAPIDANA ANAK DI LEMBAGA PEMASYARAKATAN KELAS II B RANGKASBITUNG

Prison is a place of punishment for criminals who violate criminal law. Prisons are places where people are locked up and restricted in various ways. Jail for this child is something that will make everything lose. children will lose their families, lose the opportunity to play with their peers, lose the opportunity to learn at school, lack of stimulation, and can make child prisoners experience psychological disorders. This problem will make it difficult for children to accept the reality when they are in prison. When entering prison, child prisoners must be able to adapt to the prison environment, both with the prison, even other child prisoners, rules and regulations, as well as habits carried out in prison. To adapt to these problems and situations, child prisoners need a Problem Solving Appraisal to support the resolution of the problems they face. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between Problem Solving Appraisal and adjustment to child prisoners. The method used in this research is the correlation method with a quantitative approach. The results showed that there was a relationship between Problem Solving Appraisal and adjustment to prisoners in Class II B Rangkasbitung Correctional Institution with a correlation level of +0.473. Based on the results of the study, it can be interpreted that child prisoners who believe themselves to be Effective Problem Solvers are able to adjust well in Class II B Rangkasbitung Penitentiary

Analysis of parents’ factors in providing developmental stimulation among pre-school age children in Pakis Sub-District, Malang, East Java

Background and purpose: Lack of stimulation can cause deviations in child development and even permanent disturbances. The purpose of the study is to determine parenting factors in providing developmental stimulation in pre-school age children in Pakis Sub-District, Malang City, East Java.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 120 mothers who have pre-school age children in Curah Ampel Village, Pakis Sub-District, Malang, conducted from September-November 2018. Data were collected with self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of mothers’ demographic characteristics (age, education, and employment), father’s involvement, knowledge about development stimulation, parenting style, and parental stimulation. Data analysis were including univariable, bivariable, and multivariable analysis conducted with STATA. Results: On average, mother’s age was 30 years old, 70.0% with low education, and 83.3% were unemployed. This study found that 55% of parents provide stimulation development that falls in the poor categories. From the result of multivariable analysis with logistic regression, it was found that mother’s education associated with parental stimulation to pre-school age children (OR=0.322, 95%CI: 0.121-0.858, p=0.023). Conclusions: This study highlights that mother’s educational background has an important role in providing parental stimulation. Poor parental stimulation can cause developmental delays. A parenting program is needed to develop the knowledge and the ability of parents in accompanying every phase of their child development.