Lack Of Reputation Research Articles

An Online Entropy-Based DDoS Flooding Attack Detection System With Dynamic Threshold

Distributed denial of service attacks are cyber-attacks that target the availability of servers. As a result, legitimate users no longer have access to the service. This can have a negative impact on an organization, such as lack of reputation and economic losses. Therefore, it is important to design defense mechanisms against these attacks. There are systems for detecting distributed denial of service attacks in the literature, which still have various shortcomings. Some of these systems detect the presence of attack traffic without identifying the attack packets or flows. Others use static thresholds and therefore cannot adapt to changes in legitimate traffic. In this paper, we propose an online system that aims to detect flooding attacks in a short timeframe and a client–server environment. The proposed detection system consists of five modules, namely features extraction and connections construction, suspicious activity detection, attack connections detection, alert generation and threshold update. The suspicious activity detection module calculates the normalized Shannon entropy by considering the source Internet Protocol address as a random variable. Suspicious activity is detected when the computed entropy is below a threshold. The threshold calculation is based on Chebyshev’s theorem. We propose a dynamic threshold algorithm to track changes in legitimate traffic. We evaluate the proposed system through simulations and using a publicly available dataset. Compared to other similar works, the proposed detection system has a better performance in terms of detection rate, false positive rate, precision and overall accuracy.

Zero-debt capital structure and the firm life cycle: empirical evidence from privately held SMEs

ABSTRACT Recent research on firms’ capital structure highlights that up to 25% of publicly listed firms are zero-debt firms, a stylized fact that challenges financial theory. In this paper, we study privately held zero-debt small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and identify that approximately 20% of our observations correspond to zero-debt firms. This result is especially surprising in the context of a bank-oriented economy, France. We show that the likelihood of being a zero-debt firm is higher when firms are new-born, which is not surprising, but also when they grow older. In other words, we observe a U-shaped relationship between age and the likelihood of being a zero-debt firm. Our results are consistent with the idea that new-born firms cannot access debt-financing because of a lack of reputation and high informational opacity. When firms grow older, they decide to become debt-free to preserve their financial flexibility and to reduce their dependency toward banks. Overall, this paper suggests that SMEs depend less on bank financing than currently assumed.

What Have Caused the Disorders in China's Market Economy? A Moral and Cultural Analysis Framework in Comparative Perspectives

Although more than thirty years’ development of market economy in China has led to the rapid growth of China’s economy, meanwhile there are nevertheless a lot of illegal phenomenon related to corporations’ infringement on consumers’ rights in the process of economic development, such as the incidents of ‘poisonous milk powder’ (毒奶粉) and ‘illegal cooking oil’ (地沟油). A series of phenomenon related to the economic transaction agents’ lack of reputation in the market economy in recent years have reflected the existence of serious deep-rooted moral crisis in the Chinese market economy. This paper argues that explaining the phenomenon of market economic disorder solely from the perspective of cultural determinism is not persuasive enough. This paper attempts to break through the established assumptions of existing cultural determinism and provides a more analytical and deeper framework to explain the negative phenomenon of Chinese market economy from the perspective of localization characterizing by the continuity in terms of the philosophical foundation and structural aspects between Maoist era and contemporary China after the opening-up policies in 1978. This theoretical framework includes three dimensions: (1) Macro level transformation of state ideology (2) The microscopic explanation of pendulum effect. (3) The transformation from rural society to modern contracting society. It is found that the lack of moral foundation in China’s market economy is the result of the combination of the elements of these three dimensions. .

A Bird’s Eye View on Reputation Risk Measures of Mutual Fund Industry

Reputation risk is not a unique risk, it is a consequence of other risks like operational risk and other poor risk management practices. It also emerges due to lack of good capital as well as human capital management. At the same time, negative news about the organization or negative blogs created by employees leads to more damage to reputation. This paper also aims on risk management in mutual fund organizations, because they are dependent on confidence of investors. Lack of reputation and confidence leads to decline in the component of investor proportion. In this context, this paper is intended to address three issues: i) reputation risk measures, ii) risk analysis for mutual fund industry and iii) how to sustain reputation to reap long term gains.

SMEs Inovation and Growth in EU

Abstract: The focus of this paper is the analysis of the most important factors for SMEs’ performance, survival and growth in EU. The main objective is to consider what determines the potential failure of young companies to innovate and grow. The importance of new, young and thus often still small firms for innovations and growth is commonly claimed. Therefore, factors that would inhibit these small, young companies to achieve their goals can have a huge public impact. The research results show that the age of the firm (which reflects its reputation) is important to the degree to which the firm feels financially constrained. Also, finance barriers can be associated with the market failure. Risk and informational asymmetries create capital market imperfections and a firm’s lack of reputation and collateral become crucial elements. Conclusions reveal that the ability of SMEs to grow depends highly on their potential to invest in restructuring, innovation and qualification. All of these investments require capital and therefore access to finance. Recent policy initiatives aim at improving the financial environment for European entrepreneurial activity and more specifically to support newly-founded innovative firms in order to increase their global competitiveness and spur innovation. Key words: SMEs, financing, innovation, growth.

Not Only Prints: Early Republic-Era Visual Culture Research at the Library Company of Philadelphia

Scholars, the general public, and special collections libraries are increasingly aware of the importance of visual images in examining the past. With the proliferation of sophisticated digitization technologies, researchers now have the opportunity to "see" images in new ways. No longer considered secondary to text and used merely to illustrate the written word, visual materials are taking their rightful place as primary evidence that document the past and influences our understanding of the present. The Library Company of Philadelphia supports this continuing focus on the historical importance of visual culture.

The cure among the Embera indigenous population: a social, cultural and physiological communication process

The article intends to analyse a cure act among embera culture and begin the approach of the comprehension of the therapeutics used by the shamán and to point out that, in the indigenous therapeutics, the dichotomy body - soul, individual-society-cosmos does not appear. The indigenous cure process, differs from the occidental one, it is a socio-cultural and physiological communication process; is an act that surpasses frontiers, since it allows the traditional medicine and the occidental one as well. All trough the article, is implicit that the traditional medicine, spite its lack of reputation and persecution suffered, remains alive among the group embera. key words: Indigenous, Ethomedicine, Jai, Chamán, Abreaction, Communication, Culture

Prudential Regulation of Banks in Less Developed Economies

This article argues that developing countries face inherent obstacles in setting up efficient financial regulation, and building up a sound banking sector: the presence of multiple tasks and multiple principals, poor institutions, lack of economies of scale in the banking sector as well as regulatory supervision, and the lack of reputation. Developing countries need a regulatory framework that rewards prudent risk‐taking, but punishes misconduct. This is likely to involve a combination of input‐based measures impacting on bankers' incentives, with a few direct controls on the output of the sector. The article concludes with a list of policy options whose appropriateness is judged by their ‘friendliness’ with local circumstances.