Lack Of Preparation Research Articles

Study of Students' Difficulties and Conceptual Understanding of the Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Organic Compound Elements

The study examines the learning difficulties and understanding of concepts faced by 28 chemistry students in organic compound element analysis courses using the RADEC learning model. The results showed a moderate increase in understanding. Still, several factors contributed to the low understanding, such as 28% of students reporting difficulty with Kjeldahl material, 24% with Dumas topics, 5% with Lassaigne destruction topics, 9% with Kjeldahl and Dumas topics, and 5% with digestion, distillation, and titration. Additionally, 24% of students did not understand the meaning of the questions, the lecture material's delivery, and the writing of reaction equations. Lack of preparation, such as reading before lectures, also contributed to low understanding.

Preparing for future public health crises by fostering a conducive environment

Abstract Vaccination is considered one of the most cost-effective public health interventions. Zoonotic diseases, which are transmitted from animals to humans, represent an escalating global health concern. Environmental degradation, wildlife trade, and intensified farming practices have disrupted natural ecosystems. This has not only heightened the risk of pathogens crossing species barriers but exacerbated the migrant crisis and deepened global inequalities, as vulnerable populations disproportionally bear the environmental and health burdens. Despite decades of awareness about these risks, the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted our lack of preparedness. At the same time, vaccination hesitancy has been revealed as an important factor in implementing universal vaccination coverage at the population level. Urgency drove innovation. Within months, new multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches were implemented that enhanced our capacity to understand, treat, and protect against the virus. This led to deploying novel technologies, curbing the crisis, and even opening the door to emerging health technologies across a wide spectrum of innovation, from new medicinal products, including vaccines, to evidence synthesis tools, including for modelling and forecasting. Shifting from emergency measures to long-term management of COVID-19, there lies a critical opportunity to strengthen resilience and to increase preparedness against future health threats. The EUVABECO project seeks to harness this momentum by initiating pilot projects that test innovative vaccination tools in evidence-based selected reference practices. These pilots are planned to use suitable theoretical frameworks and consensus meetings to design and develop comprehensive implementation plans that will be shared with EU MS, thereby enhancing Europe’s preparedness and response capabilities against communicable diseases.

Preparedness, Challenges, and Opportunities for Digital Intervention for Chronic Disease Management: A Qualitative Study in Rural Areas of South Korea

ABSTRACT Motivated by the prevalence of an aging population and the associated increase in chronic diseases, coupled with rising medical expenditure, the Korean government initiated a pilot project in Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, a rural area, to implement a “smart online-to-offline (O2O) digital health care model” aimed at managing and preventing chronic diseases. However, there is limited understanding regarding perspectives and levels of preparedness for digital health among stakeholders at various levels. In-depth focus group interviews were conducted with elderly and non-elderly community members, health care providers, and staff members at Pyeongchang Health and Medical Center. The study found the presence of both positive and negative perceptions and a lack of preparedness across different levels. At the end-user level, it was observed that community members, especially the elderly, have low levels of health and digital literacy, compounded by limited access to social support. At the health care provider level, there was uncertainty about the acceptance of the digital health program. At the area level, the need to bolster health staff members and enhance their capacity was observed. Recommendations include: customizing the design of the online and offline service components by considering end-user factors (such as age, occupation, and household type) that may contribute to disparities in health; establishing a platform for providers to share their experiences to facilitate the effective incorporation of digital health into their practices; and preparing an appropriate provider payment mechanism.

The Development of the Lean Six Sigma Readiness Assessment Model for the Hotel Sector

ABSTRACT Lean Six Sigma (LSS) implementation still shows a high failure rate. Lack of readiness is one of the causes. Readiness assessment requires special exploration of each sector, including the hotel sector, where there is still no development of an LSS readiness assessment model. This study aims to develop a readiness assessment model for LSS implementation in the hotel sector. Data processing in the readiness assessment model uses the fuzzy logic method, is translated again into linguistic terms using Euclidean distance, and is ranked using the TOPSIS approach. The literature review produced 34 Readiness Factors (RF) that were validated by eight credible hotel practitioners and used as guidelines in conducting LSS readiness assessments in the hotel sector. Case studies were conducted on Hotel A and Hotel B, which showed that Hotel A was “Very Ready” and Hotel B was “Ready” to implement LSS. This research is perhaps the first of its kind in the hotel sector. This research also uses the Delphi method to collect data on the importance level, which may not have been done in collecting data on LSS readiness in any sector.

When failure is the option: Unravelling sexual assault outcomes

We investigate the concept of “criminal failure” in sexual crimes and the relevance of various theoretical frameworks for its understanding: individual offender's rational choice, environmental influences and routine activities, victimological characteristics from lifestyle theory, and crime interaction factors. We examined a sample of 1121 “failed” cases (i.e., attempted but not completed) and 1500 “successful” cases (i.e., completed) of sexual assault that occurred in France between 1990 and 2018. We used 32 predictors that mapped on the four theoretical frameworks and conducted bivariate followed by multivariate analyses. Multiple theoretical frameworks are relevant to understand criminal failure, which is a product of perpetrator, environmental, victimological, and interactional factors. Two distinct patterns are specifically associated with failure: lack of preparation and lack of social skills. In addition, failure was best understood not as a unitary concept, but as multifactorial by distinguishing between different types of failure, specifically: offender intentionally released the victim before completion, victim escaped or third party rescue. Finally, patterns of failure were different in sexual crimes against children compared to those against adults. Criminology should pay closer attention to failure in crime. This understudied area can yield important theoretical knowledge and practical implications regarding the prevention of sexual crimes.

Barriers to serious illness conversations in patients with advanced cancer: A mixed methods study.

228 Background: Serious illness conversations (SICs) are discussions between oncology clinicians and patients with cancer about illness understanding and care preferences. SICs are associated with less intensive and more goal-concordant care near the end of life, but many patients die without an SIC. Methods: PATH-SIC is an ongoing, single-center randomized trial (NCT05629065) that enrolls adults without a documented SIC starting a treatment for breast, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, gynecologic, or lung cancers with an expected prognosis of less than one year. The trial examines the effects of clinician- and patient-nudges on SIC documentation within 60 days of patient’s randomization to one of four arms (no nudge, clinician nudge, patient nudge, or both). This embedded mixed methods study recruited patients who still did not have an SIC 60 days from randomization, their caregivers (if present at time of consent) and oncologists. Interviews explored patients’ and caregivers’ 1) experiences with SICs, 2) perceptions about why SICs may not occur, and 3) suggestions to empower others to initiate SICs. Participating oncologists were surveyed by email. We used qualitative content analysis and descriptive statistics to identify themes. Results: The study included 44 participants: 19 patients, 10 caregivers and 15 oncologists. Patients had a median age of 63 years, were 63% female and 58% White and 68% had gastrointestinal cancers. Though no patient had a documented SIC, patients and their oncologists often disagreed about whether an undocumented SIC had occurred previously (Table). Patients’ and caregivers’ reported barriers to SICs included patient factors (lack of readiness, desire to maintain hope, focus on the present), clinician factors (perceived discomfort with prognostic disclosure and SICs), and prognostic uncertainty (current disease control, unpredictable prognosis). Patients’ and caregivers’ reported facilitators to SICs included patient- (self-advocacy, SIC readiness), clinician- (comfortable rapport), disease- (progression, worsening symptoms), and family-related facilitators (advocates for the patient to engage in SICs). To increase SICs, patients and caregivers reported greater acceptance of interventions involving a personal touch (e.g. phone call) over automated processes. Oncologist survey responses were brief. They reported SICs were most frequently triggered by disease progression or treatment intolerance, and recommended longer appointment times and written materials to facilitate SIC. Conclusions: Patient, caregiver and oncologist feedback on barriers and facilitators to SICs provided useful insights to improve interventions to encourage SICs. Patient/oncologist dyad (n=16) concordance of prior SICs. # of dyads Agreed SIC occurred 7 Agreed SIC did not occur 2 Only oncologist reported SIC 6 Only patient reported SIC 1 Total patient/oncologist dyads 16

Community-Led Climate Preparedness and Resilience in Boston: New Evidence from Communities of Color

Communities of color have been historically excluded and marginalized in the ongoing conversations about climate preparedness and resilience at local, national, and global levels. Using focus groups composed of Boston communities of color (Asian American, Black, Latino, and Native American), this study aimed to understand their perspectives on climate change, providing in-depth knowledge of its impact and their views on preparedness and resilience. Research shows that these communities have long been concerned about climate change and emphasize the urgent need to improve climate preparedness. A multi-pronged approach is crucial: listening to communities of color to leverage local knowledge and leadership, engaging in community organizing, advocating for policy change, redirecting attention to institutional resources, and addressing systemic inequalities that exacerbate vulnerabilities. The findings of this study highlight the need for policy changes driven by collaboration and collective action, which can benefit those most negatively impacted by climate change and the lack of preparedness and resilience in Boston and beyond.

Career indecision profile-short version: validity evidence

AbstractThe Career Indecision Profile-65 items (CIP-65) is an instrument with four empirically validated dimensions of career indecision: Neuroticism/Negative Affect (NNA), Choice/Commitment Anxiety (CCA), Lack of Readiness (LR), and Interpersonal Conflicts (IC). The aim of this study is to adapt and validate the CIP-65 for the Portuguese population. On the basis of a sample of students (n = 442), the results demonstrate the presence of the four theoretically proposed factors. Thus, this study evidence suggests that the CIP-65 is a measure of career indecision with cross-cultural validity, and it can be utilized in the assessment of difficulties in the decision-making of young Portuguese people.

The Effect of Supportive Education About Gentle Birth with Audiovisual Media on Readiness to Childbirth in Third Trimester Primigravida

A third trimester primigravida mother's excessive anxiety indicates a lack of preparation that will negatively impact the mother's, the fetus's, and the delivery process's health. Making birth plans might help a mother feel more prepared for giving birth. The purpose of this study is to ascertain how preparedness for labor is affected by supportive education about gentle birth through the use of audiovisual media. Pre-experimental methodology with a single group pre-test–post-test design was employed in this study. Maternal preparation for labor and supportive education about gentle birth through audiovisual media were the research variables. In June 2023, the Pratama Anugrah Clinic in Surabaya recruited 30 participants for the study, of whom 30 were sampled using total sampling. The study group consisted of primigravida mothers in their third trimester. The questionnaire was the instrument, and the Wilcoxon test with α = 0.05 was utilized for analysis. The findings demonstrated that whereas most respondents (60%) felt well-prepared before receiving supportive education, nearly all respondents (93.3%) felt well-prepared for childbirth after receiving such information. The Pratama Anugrah Clinic Surabaya's mothers' preparedness for childbirth is impacted by supportive education, as indicated by the findings of the Wilcoxon test analysis, which yielded a P=0.003 result. The study concludes that maternal preparedness for childbirth can be positively impacted by supportive education about gentle birth through audiovisual media, leading to an increase in knowledge, information, and maternal readiness.

Navigating the artificial intelligence frontier: Strategic imperatives for safeguarding brand integrity

This paper delves into the transformative era of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) in marketing, underscoring the vast potential of AI to revolutionise marketing strategies through enhanced personalisation and efficiency while highlighting the rapid adoption rate among companies and marketing professionals. Despite the enthusiasm, it navigates through the apprehensions surrounding job displacement, misinformation and brand safety, offering a comprehensive guide to the strategic adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) with a view to harnessing its benefits without compromising brand integrity. It identifies common pitfalls in AI adoption, such as lack of preparation, myopic focus on current use cases, and neglect of strategic planning, emphasising the importance of a thoughtful, multi-disciplinary approach to AI integration. This includes viewing AI as an assistive tool rather than an end goal, understanding its implications for media, fostering internal leadership, and establishing stringent brand protection guardrails. The paper concludes with a call to action for marketers to embrace AI with strategic foresight, leveraging its revolutionary potential to drive innovation while steadfastly upholding ethical standards and brand values.

Predictive Influence of Proposed Rural Grazing Area (RUGA) on Communal Security in Ogun West Senatorial District, Nigeria

This study examines the predictive influence of the Nigerian government's Rural Grazing Area (RUGA) policy on communal security in the Ogun West senatorial district. Despite RUGA's aim to mitigate herder-farmer conflicts by establishing designated grazing areas, the policy faces significant opposition due to ethnic tensions, land use conflicts, and concerns about Fulani herder dominance. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from 500 respondents across five local government districts in Ogun West. Quantitative analysis using regression models revealed that RUGA significantly impacts communal security (R = 0.728, R² = 0.530, p < 0.001), social harmony (B = 0.874, t = 25.537, p < 0.001), community engagement (B = 0.862, t = 29.741, p < 0.001), and ethnocentric, religious, and socioeconomic issues (B = 0.869, t = 29.278, p < 0.001). However, the policy does not significantly predict the readiness of nomads to settle (B = 0.032, p = 0.586) or the preparedness of local people to accept the scheme (B = 0.051, p = 0.366). These findings indicate that while RUGA has the potential to enhance social and community engagement outcomes, its success is hindered by the lack of readiness and acceptance among key stakeholders. The study recommends increased engagement and sensitization efforts to enhance nomads' readiness and local acceptance, ensuring the policy's successful implementation and contribution to inclusive economic development.

An Investigation of Teaching-Learning Process and Measurement and Evaluation in Elementary English Course Curriculum with the Communicative Language Approach (Teachers’ Views)

This study aimed to determine how teachers use the communicative language approach in the learning-teaching process and measurement-evaluation dimensions while implementing the 2018 Primary English Course (Grades 2-8) Curriculum. Embedded single case study design, one of the qualitative designs, was used in this study. The study group included 14 primary education English language teachers instructing different grades in public schools in Eskişehir, Turkey. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with teachers and analyzed by content analysis. The findings demonstrated that communicative language approach could not be implemented in the classroom due to physical problems in the teaching-learning process, student reluctance and lack of readiness, teachers' initial failure to analyze the learner goals and styles, the lack of the predominant employment of the target language, partial inclusion of the activities determined by the communicative language approach in the course, preference of grammar instruction, partial utilization of group activities, the lack of using authentic materials, immediate correction of learner mistakes, inability to adopt the communicative language roles such as initialization of communication, providing resources and preference of traditional roles, and inability to measure the four basic language skills due to systemic measurement and evaluation errors.

STUDYING ENGLISH SPEAKING ANXIETY AMONG MALE AND FEMALE STUDENTS OF BAMYAN UNIVERSITY

Anxiety is the condition in which an individual feels unpleasant and it imbeds tension, apprehension, and worries. Speaking anxiety is a type of anxiety that affects the process of speaking or oral performance. Regarding speaking, numerous studies have been conducted to find some anxiety-provoking factors. Afghanistan is a country where English is taught as a foreign language. Similar to other ESL/EFL contexts, Afghanistan EFL learners face various challenges such as being worried, losing self-confidence, communication apprehension, fear of being evaluated by others, etc when they speak in English. The purposes of this study are to find out the speaking anxiety-provoking factors and the differences between male and female speaking anxiety levels. Horwitz, Horwitz and Cope (1986) FLCAS (Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale) and interview questions are used for data collection. The respondents of the study are 15 male and 15 female students who are randomly selected at Bamyan University, Afghanistan. Besides, 4 male and 4 female students were interviewed. As a result, the study found some speaking anxiety factors such as fear of negative evaluation, lack of linguistics capacity, communication apprehension, lack of preparation and some other factors. This study also highlighted that female students have more speaking anxiety than male students at Bamyan University in Afghanistan.

Change readiness in organizations: an affective cognitive process for convergent sensemaking

PurposeThis conceptual paper aims to present a new, integrated model for change readiness that focuses on affective sensemaking among intra-organizational members. Change processes are often hindered by lack of preparedness, which can be justified by organizational members' emotional resistance to change and divergent understandings of its meaning. Our paper proposes a normative model depicting the interactive process between middle-managers and employees until convergence of meaning is achieved and the organization is ready to change.Design/methodology/approachThe authors offer a conceptual process model that describes how employees prepare for organizational change. The model illustrates how emotionally laden narratives enable employees to make sense of organizational change communicated by middle managers.FindingsThe sensemaking process is initiated by the negative emotions employees often experience when organizational change is first presented. Then middle managers must transform the negative felt emotions into positive valence via the strategic use of narratives that contain an affective component. This is done to increase the likelihood that convergent sensemaking takes place. Until this stage, intra-organizational members holding different perspectives about the need to change, engage in discussions in which the conflicting views are supported by the instrumental and systematic use of emotional tools with different valence.Research limitations/implicationsFirst, we contribute to the change readiness literature by offering a detailed process for managers to influence individual readiness for change in their organizations. Our paper proposes a normative model depicting the interactive process between middle-managers and employees until convergence of meaning is achieved and the organization is ready to change. Future work needs to empirically test our model.Practical implicationsWe contribute to the sensemaking literature by integrating positive and negative valence into the process for understanding organizational change. Finally, we contribute to our practical understanding of convergent sensemaking processes through the strategic use of narratives in organizations.Social implicationsOur paper proposes a normative model depicting the interactive process between middle-managers and employees until convergence of meaning is achieved and the organization is ready to organizational and social change.Originality/valueOur main contributions are three-fold. First, we contribute to the change readiness literature by offering a detailed process for managers to influence individual readiness for change in their organizations. Secondly, we contribute to the sensemaking literature by integrating positive and negative valence into the process for understanding organizational change. Finally, we contribute to our understanding of convergent sensemaking processes through the strategic use of narratives.

Integrating Poetry in ELT: Enhancing Linguistic and Aesthetic Appreciation - A Systematic Literature Review

This article aims to review the literature on integrating poetry in English language learning (ELT) and evaluate how this can enhance linguistic and aesthetic appreciation among students. It seeks to identify the benefits, challenges, as well as best practices in the use of poetry as a pedagogical tool in ELT. This review used a systematic literature search method with databases such as Google Scholar, Mendeley, Science Direct, Taylor & Francis Online and other academic journals, using keywords such as “poetry in ELT”, “linguistic appreciation”, and “aesthetic appreciation”. Articles were selected based on strict inclusion and exclusion criteria and then analyzed qualitatively to identify key themes and findings. The findings show that integrating poetry in ELT provides some significant benefits, including increased vocabulary, grammatical understanding, and phonological awareness. In addition, poetry also enriches students' aesthetic experience, enhances cultural appreciation, and promotes emotional engagement and creativity. However, challenges such as teachers' lack of preparedness and limited teaching materials require further attention. The use of poetry in ELT has great potential to enrich students' learning experiences both linguistically and aesthetically. The practical implications for teaching and curriculum development are extensive, and further research is needed to address the existing challenges and explore more effective teaching strategies.

Protective shielding, potential harm: a hermeneutic phenomenological study of the cyberbullying experiences of youth with visual impairment

ABSTRACT Cyberbullying was explored through the ‘lived experiences’ of youth with visual impairment (VI) and their schoolteachers in this study. A hermeneutic phenomenological design was used to reveal the rich details of how the 29 youth and five schoolteachers (n = 34) experienced cyberbullying in their different lifeworlds. Interviews and focus groups were conducted over a period of seven months. Three themes emerged: Sites of Cyberbullying, Coping Mechanisms and Sources of Help and Cybersecurity Awareness. Most youth with VI experienced traditional bullying in their school lifeworlds from school mates and teachers while in their cyber worlds, verbal bullying in the form of insults and body shaming from outsiders was common. Interestingly, most youth with VI participated in playing games on their mobile phones and in multiplayer games with sighted individuals. All 29 Malaysian youth participants demonstrated high anxiety towards cyberbullying and any potential threat, illuminating their lack of preparedness and training towards such threats. Protective policies by schools and parents designed to shield youth with VI may inadvertently yield the opposite results. Hence, this study further develops the theorisation of cyberbullying, and further research could include the perspectives of parents, police and school administrators.

Nurses’ perceptions of the performance of nurse managers and senior hospital management during the COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundThe first waves of the COVID-19 pandemic had a negative impact on health systems and health professionals, due to the high number of cases and a lack of preparation. The aim of this study was to understand how nurses working in hospital units and in intensive care perceived the performance of nurse managers and senior hospital management during the first two waves of the pandemic.MethodsThe phenomenological approach proposed by Giorgi was used to investigate perceptions of the performance of nurse managers and senior hospital management during the first two waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. Fourteen clinical nurses who worked on the front line in inpatient units or intensive care units of the Health Services of Extremadura and Madrid in the first (March–April 2020) and second (October–November 2020) waves of the COVID-19 pandemic participated in this study. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews, following a script of themes, in a theoretical sample of nurses who were worked during the pandemic.ResultsTwo main themes emerged from the analysis of the data: (1) perceptions about the performance of nurse managers and senior hospital managers during the first and second waves of the pandemic (health system failure; belief that senior hospital management professionals could have managed the pandemic better; recognizing the efforts of middle management (nursing supervisors); insufficient institutional support) and (2) strategies employed by nurses to compensate for the weaknesses in pandemic management.ConclusionsThe clinical nurses perceived that the nurse managers demonstrated better management of the pandemic than the hospital’s senior management, which they attribute to their proximity, empathy, accessibility, and ability to mediate between them and the senior management. The nurses also believe that the senior management of the hospitals was to blame for organisational failures and the poor management of the pandemic.

ANALYZING TEACHING SPEAKING METHODS IN DIGITAL ERA

English is an international language used by all elements of world society and creates intense competition for every individual in the world in all aspects. To realize appropriate learning objectives, teaching speaking in English is no exception. The author aims to discover various teaching methods for students in the digital era and the problems encountered when teaching speaking in this digital era. The method used must also be appropriate for the student. This research uses a qualitative literature study design method. The data analysis used in this research reviews some literature related to a problem in this study published in the last five years (2019-2023). The findings from this research are audio-lingual, application of audio-visual, digital storytelling, debate, and using games that are relevant to be used in this digital era so that they are relevant. Then, the problems in teaching speaking are curriculum, lack of preparation in learning, and student anxiety. Every teacher must be able to recognize their students' level of ability, especially in speaking. So, the method chosen can help students to improve their speaking skills.

Challenges in Implementation of Integrated Curriculum-Insights from Faculty’s Perspectives

Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the barriers regarding implementing integrated undergraduate curriculum perceived by medical faculty.Methodology: From October - November 2023, a qualitative exploratory study was carried out at undergraduate medical college that successfully implemented integrated curriculum. We recorded and transcribed a total of twelve semi-structured interviews. Faculty perspectives of the issues preventing a smooth transition to an integrated curriculum were investigated both before and after it was implemented, using a thematic content analysis approach.Results: Faculty who had seen the programme firsthand determined that four initial barriers were genuine: faculty reluctance, a lack of rewards, inadequate resources, and a lack of preparation. Following the event, four more barriers were found, including a lack of administration, a disregard for the concerns of the faculty, a communication breakdown, and challenges in determining suitable assessment.Conclusions: Curriculum integration at undergraduate medical institutions may fail for a number of reasons if they are overlooked. The regulatory agency should establish relevant and adequate policies to guarantee the control over the obstacles.

UK horse owners and veterinary practitioners' experiences of decision-making for critical cases of colic.

The survival of horses diagnosed with critical colic (requiring referral or euthanasia) relies on rapid and effective decision-making by the owner and veterinary practitioner. To explore UK horse owners' and veterinary practitioners' experiences of decision-making for critical cases of equine colic. Qualitative study using a phenomenological approach. Individual, semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with 14 horse owners and 13 veterinary practitioners (vets) who had experienced a critical decision (referral or euthanasia) for a horse with colic. A purposive, convenience sample of participants was recruited. Sessions explored participant's experience of colic, including recognition, help-seeking behaviour, and challenges. Thematic analysis was performed on collected data. Four over-arching themes were identified; 'head', 'heart', 'practicalities' and 'impact'. Owners acknowledged responsibility for their horse's welfare but had different perspectives than vets on the importance of finance ('head'). Both vets and owners described how the horse-human relationship ('heart') often led to conflict during decision-making. The vet-client relationship was influential on decision-making for both owners and vets; involving other people in decision-making was described both positively and negatively by participants ('heart'). 'Practicalities', such as lack of preparedness, transport issues and adverse weather conditions, were identified by both owners and vets as barriers. Owners described a 'rollercoaster' of emotions after a critical decision, with profound impacts on their mental wellbeing, feelings of guilt, and long-term changes in behaviour ('impact'), and a lack of support to manage these feelings. Small sample size. This study describes stakeholder decision-making during critical cases of equine colic. Factors that commonly influenced decisions included an owner's previous knowledge and beliefs, social pressures, logistics and the relationship between the owner and vet. The study highlighted long-term impacts on the owner, including their management and decisions for subsequent horses. These factors should be considered in shared decision-making.