Lack Of Rain Research Articles

Impact of Enso on Indian Monsoon and Food Production

El Nino is a big ocean-atmosphere climate interaction It happens when Sea Temperatures (SST) warm up in central and eastern parts of the Equatorial Pacific. Whereas La Nina is the opposite event of it, when ocean SST cools down in those same areas. Together, El Nino and La Nina are known as the El Nino Southern Oscillation Index (O). Usually, El Nino brings warm and dry weather to southern & eastern inland regions of India, Australia, Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, and the central Pacific islands. The variations of Indian summer monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) are linked to changes in sea surface temperatures over the equatorial Pacific & Indian Oceans. ENSO events really affect summer rainfall in India and major droughts have faced during El Nino events. When El Nino kicks in, it often leads to weak monsoons & higher temperatures in India. This raises the chances of droughts, which could upset crop production & water supply in India. The lack of rain because of El Nino causes crop production to drop, especially short-duration Kharif crops. This situation can lead to higher inflation rates & slower GDP growth, since agriculture is such a huge part of India’s economy. Therefore, this paper provide information about how El Nino affects climate throughout various regions of India, especially regarding monsoons and growing food.

Effect of Different Tillage Operations on Soil Water Storage, Water Use Efficiency and Productivity of Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) in Semi-arid Region

Background: The low amount of rainfall and high loss of soil water through evaporation during spring; there are the dominant factors affecting crop production in semi-arid region. Methods: A field study was conducted during two cropping seasons of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) to compare the effect three tillage operations viz., no-tillage, minimum tillage and conventional tillage. Result: There was variation in precipitation between the experimental years (dry and rainfall seasons). All the parameters registered significant differences between the cropping seasons. Soil water storage to a depth of 0.4 m was higher under no tillage (NT) and minimum tillage (MT) in the first year as compared to conventional tillage (CT) in the first year. During the second year, the soil water content was same under different tillages. The thousand-kernel weight registered significant differences among the tillage operations viz., no till (36.09-50.36 g), minimum tillage (30.93-46.81 g) and conventional tillage (28.31-45.05 g) in the two seasons, respectively. Under no till treatment water use efficiency was high from grain production. The no till also recorded high grain yield of 1.07 t/ha and 4.7 t/ha during first and second year, respectively. The lack of rain was more detrimental in conventional tillage system as compared to no till and minimum tillage.

The effect of dust storms on air quality and public health in the city of Hillah

Dust storms, which have become frequent events, pose great risks to health and the environment. There are three factors responsible for generating them: strong winds, lack of rain, and lack of vegetation cover. AirQ+ software developed by the World Health Organization, was used to assess the health risks resulting from short-term exposure to PM2.5 measured using Continuous Particulate Monitor BAM-1020 for a period of two years from Jan 2021 to Jan 2023. The frequency and intensity of dust storms were recorded during the summer and spring of 2022, with high concentrations. The concentrations of the pollutant PM2.5 range during storm days (213.89 - 674.48 μg/m3), where short-term exposure causes an increase in the risk of respiratory illnesses and cardiovascular diseases. The most severe dust storms (674.48 μg/m3) caused a rise in the risk relative to 3.395 for respiratory diseases and 1.801 for cardiovascular disease. The great danger of dust storms is evident by comparing them with corresponding days for the year 2021, where the relative risk did not exceed 1.03for respiratory diseases and 1.01) for cardiovascular diseases. In general, air quality was classified using the concentrations obtained, where the concentrations of PM2.5 increased strongly, especially during the dry months, and the sand and dust storms that happened in 2022 caused the air quality to become dangerous by 2%, very unhealthy by 6%, and unhealthy by 8%. As for the other pollutants (SO2, NO2, and CO), they did not rise much beyond the allowable limit, and it has no direct relationship with dust storms, i.e. they did not increase with their increase. Several health and safety precautions and environmental control techniques can be used to lessen the effects of sand and dust storms. Although it is unreasonable to take action to stop or prevent widespread sand and dust storms from occurring, management measures can be taken to lessen their effects.

Potato Leaf Disease Prediction: A Machine Learning Perspective

Potato leaf disease has mostly two categories; early blight and late blight disease. The disease may be more prevalent in certain weather patterns and have a catastrophic effect on potato crops. In summary, warm, humid weather with frequent rain or heavy dew, temperatures between 15°C and 20°C, and a lack of sunshine are the weather conditions that can cause potato late blight. Drier weather conditions favour early blight, unlike late blight. Warm and dry weather with a lack of rain or irrigation, temperatures between 21°C and 29°C, and high humidity in the morning are the weather conditions that can cause potato early blight. A modified dataset is used for climate-influenced prediction, and the testing accuracy using random forest models is 97%. Analysis of experimental results shows that the suggested potato-leaf disease prediction based on the weather data framework outperforms the outcome of frameworks.

Water Crisis in Mexico.Reflections on Its Shortage and Management

Mexico is experiencing a water crisis particularly in the central and northern regions of the country due to increasing droughts. Millions of liters of water are used by the processed food industry or soft drink or beer companies, the agricultural and livestock industry among others, these are the economic activities that consume the most water. Therefore, it is important that the water crisis experienced in Mexico should not be addressed based on the lack of rain, the implementation of effective public policies for the supply of water that respond to the expectations of the population should also be considered. Another aspect that must be taken into account is that the Mexican legislation that regulates the exploitation or use of national waters, as well as their distribution, control and preservation of their quantity and quality, has to be reviewed, renewed and adapted to the current needs of the country to guarantee the human right to water. In this context and using an inductive-deductive methodology, a documentary review of national and international legislation was carried out, as well as literature related to the water crisis affecting Mexico. In short, it is important to state that the management of water resources must be based on principles of solidarity, collective access and equity, which are by definition incompatible with any commercial approach motivated by private benefit and public benefit. Definitely, the implementation of public policies that effectively combat water scarcity in Mexico must be linked to the management, protection and infrastructure for the distribution and storage of water. This includes regulating water extraction and promoting sustainable practices in all sectors of the economy.

Toxic Algal Bloom Recurrence in the Era of Global Change: Lessons from the Chilean Patagonian Fjords.

Toxic and harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a global problem affecting human health, marine ecosystems, and coastal economies, the latter through their impact on aquaculture, fisheries, and tourism. As our knowledge and the techniques to study HABs advance, so do international monitoring efforts, which have led to a large increase in the total number of reported cases. However, in addition to increased detections, environmental factors associated with global change, mainly high nutrient levels and warming temperatures, are responsible for the increased occurrence, persistence, and geographical expansion of HABs. The Chilean Patagonian fjords provide an "open-air laboratory" for the study of climate change, including its impact on the blooms of several toxic microalgal species, which, in recent years, have undergone increases in their geographical range as well as their virulence and recurrence (the species Alexandrium catenella, Pseudochattonella verruculosa, and Heterosigma akashiwo, and others of the genera Dinophysis and Pseudo-nitzschia). Here, we review the evolution of HABs in the Chilean Patagonian fjords, with a focus on the established connections between key features of HABs (expansion, recurrence, and persistence) and their interaction with current and predicted global climate-change-related factors. We conclude that large-scale climatic anomalies such as the lack of rain and heat waves, events intensified by climate change, promote the massive proliferation of these species by creating ideal conditions for their growth and persistence, as they affect water-column stratification, nutrient inputs, and reproductive rates.

Effects of meteorological conditions on brood care in cooperatively breeding carrion crow and consequences on reproductive success

Meteorological stressors (e.g., temperature and rain shortage) constrain brood provisioning in some bird species, but the consequences on reproductive success have been rarely quantified. Here we show, in a cooperatively breeding population of carrion crow Corvus corone in Spain, that individual feeding rates decreased significantly with rising air temperatures both in breeders and helpers, while lack of rain was associated with a significant reduction in the effort of the male helpers as compared to the other social categories. Group coordination, measured as the degree of alternation of nest visits by carers, was also negatively affected by rising temperature. Furthermore, we found that the body condition of the nestlings worsened when temperatures were high during the rearing period. Interestingly, the analysis of a long-term data set on crow reproduction showed that nestling body condition steadily deteriorated over the last 26-years. Although many factors may concur in causing population changes, our data suggest a possible causal link between global warming, brood caring behaviour and the decline of carrion crow population in the Mediterranean climatic region of Spain.

Adaptation of orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) to climatic conditions in Cusco as a response to climate change

The Cusco Region, due to its geographical and climatic peculiarities, is prone to extreme climatic events, such as the increase in average temperature, intense rainfall, agronomic and meteorological droughts. Citrus fruits, like oranges, adapt to different climates; however, its growth, flowering phenology and fruit set are affected by changes in temperatures and lack of rain; therefore, these abiotic factors are detrimental to citrus production in usual scenarios and in tropical climates. The objective of the research was to develop an experiment to propose a mechanism of adaptation to climate change of the orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) in climatic conditions and altitude of Cusco, located at 3,302 m.a.s.l. evaluating the phenology and the characteristics of the fruit and production. The experiment constitutes a quantitative investigation, of a descriptive and correlational type, using non-probabilistic sampling called consecutive sampling. Management consisted of pruning, removing thorns and applying soil conditioner; the evaluation of the phenology consisted of the observation of the phases of sprouting, flowering, relative rest, fruiting and harvest period; for the conditions in Cusco, the phenological parameters presented two sprouting flows, first between January-May and second, between August-September; two flowering flows, the first between April-June and the second between September-November; the average production was: 229 fruits/tree/year; fruit diameter of 06,44 cm and a production of 26,44 kg/tree/year. The production of oranges at high altitudes shows an adaptation to climate change, constituting an action of economic interest, contributing to the Peruvian proposal, which is committed to the global response to climate change and considers it a priority to update its national contributions to incorporate the objectives adaptation to climate change.

Seasonal Level Change and Overdraft of Water Wells

In the simplest terms, overdraft can be expressed as a condition in which the water drawn from an underground water aquifer by pumping method is more than the water entering it. Groundwater aquifers are fed by rivers. There are some negative effects on the nutrition of groundwater. Rising temperatures, lack of rain and snow, pollution of aquifers are some of them. In addition to such negative factors, unprofessional agricultural irrigation also increases the effect of overdrafting. For such reasons, it is important to protect the waters with the understanding of sustainable management. In this study, seasonal water heights in observation wells operated at the same water elevation in two different resorts located on the borders of the Uluova basin were examined and water level changes were examined. The periodic (seasonal) water heights of the observation wells in 2011 and 2018 were studied. The effect of overdrafting was clearly seen when the height changes in the observation wells that were the focus were examined.

Why Healthy Pine Seedlings Die after They Leave the Nursery

Artificial regeneration is successful when high-performing seedlings are transported with care to the planting site, stored for a short period in an environment without desiccation or fungal growth, and planted in a deep hole, so roots are in contact with moist soil. One of the requirements for success is the ability to avoid common planting mistakes. Due, in part, to the use of container stock plus an increase in rainfall, the average first-year survival of pine seedlings (89%) in the southern United States is about 15% greater now than 45 years ago. However, when survival is less than 50% six months after planting, some landowners seek reimbursement for their loss. Some assume poor seedling quality was the cause without realizing that anaerobic soils or sudden freeze events, shallow planting holes, pruning roots, a lack of rain or underground insects can kill pines. With a focus on pines planted in the southern United States, we list non-nursery factors that have killed seedlings in North America, Africa and Europe.

Effect of organic mulches and foliar spray of kaolin on NPK uptake in enhancing yield and economics of dry land maize (Zea mays L.)

The hot and semi-arid region is prone to meteorological droughts; the lack of rain is frequently accompanied by hot temperatures, strong winds, and low humidity, which has the impact of limiting nutrient uptake and agricultural yields. To overcome this problem a field study conducted during June, 2020 kharif season at farmers field, Chinna Dudyala village, Muddanur, Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh aimed to determine the effect of organic mulches and foliar spray of kaolin on NPK uptake in enhancing yield and economics of dry land maize (Zea mays). One of the most important techniques for preserving soil moisture was mulching, which also reduces evapotranspiration when anti-transpirants are used. The experiment comprised nine treatments (T1 to T9) with four types of organic mulches viz., Paddy straw, Ground-nut haulm, Coir-pith, and Sugarcane trash, with foliar spray of kaolin intervals on 40 DAS, 20 & 40 DAS and farmers practice to minimize water stress and improve the nutrient uptake by plant. Among the application of the treatments, coir-pith mulch + foliar spray of kaolin @ 3.0% (T6) on 20 DAS & 40 DAS had significant effect on NPK uptake with N (187.15 kg ha-1), P (69.60 kg ha-1) and K (156.22 kg ha-1) and enhanced grain yield (6976 kg ha-1) and stover yield (10980 kg ha-1), highest gross returns (138034 ₹. ha-1) and BCR (2.63) and was superior to all the other treatments. The present study would help to effectively utilise the available resources, enhance growth and productivity in maize crop and to make economically viable to the farmers of semi-arid regions.

Assessment of the Potential for Reuse of Water in the Supply of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo

The phenomenon of water scarcity has become a global problem, which among its main causes is the growth of the population that brings as a consequence an increasing demand for potable water, which is an admittedly limited resource. São Paulo, the greatest example of inequality in water distribution in Brazil with 22% of the population and only 1.6% of the country’s surface water, faced between 2014 and 2016 one of the biggest supply crises in its history, characterized mainly by the lack of rains. The work evaluated the current situation of reuse water use in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP) and interviews were carried out with specialists in the water resources sector, forming a representative tripod that involves the concessionaire of public water and sewage services, teaching institutions that study and research the topic and civil society entities responsible for managing the water resources that supply the city of São Paulo and 17 other municipalities in its surroundings. The study identified that much still needs to be done, necessarily counting on the active participation of the public power that has the largest structure to manage and encourage the practice of water reuse, that actions will be necessary to improve the legislation, so it is important that there is a permanent dialogue around the theme so that an alternative for water supply is available that meets the needs of society and collaborates with the sustainability of the planet.

Assessments and Historical Changes the Water Quality of Sawa Lake, Southern Iraq for the Period 1977-2020

This investigation pertains to the evaluation of water quality in SAWA Lake, located in the Al-Muthanna province of Southern Iraq, from 1977 to 2020. Understanding the water quality and assessments of this Lake is of great importance. The Lake is home to small, transparent, blind fish measuring approximately 10 cm and is often referred to as the "wonderful" or "strange" Lake due to its many unique features. The study focuses on several elements to represent water quality, including total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, and temperature (T), which were measured directly in the field. Additionally, scientific concepts such as K+, Ca2+, Cl-, HCO3, and KSO4 were used in each sample. Scientists have analyzed the density and salinity of the lake water and found that its water density exceeds that of seawater, and its salinity exceeds that of the Gulf of Arabia by about 1.5 times. The water is salty, surrounded by natural lime, and is automatically renewed by nature when it is broken. Its hardness also characterizes it, and its water volume fluctuates depending on the wet and dry seasons. The Lake is roughly 4.74 km in length, and all the elements under study showed an increase in concentration during the periods of 1977, 1983, and 2003 with NaSO4, which later changed to MgCl between 2007 and 2011. The study found that Sawa Lake water was unsuitable for drinking or irrigation purposes between 2016 and 2020 due to the increased concentration of certain elements. This increase in concentration is attributed to the Lake's location, nutrition, and the lack of rain, which means it relies solely on groundwater.

Cœur du Sahel Djaïli Amadou Amal

Reviewed by: Cœur du Sahel Djaïli Amadou Amal Edward Ousselin DJAÏLI AMADOU AMAL Cœur du Sahel Paris. Éditions Emmanuelle Collas. 2022. 364 pages. THE CAMEROONIAN NOVELIST Djaïli Amadou Amal (b. 1975) is best known for Les Impatientes (2020), which illustrates, from the contrasting perspectives of three main characters, the consequences of polygamy and arranged marriages on young women. While gender is the principal dividing line in Les Impatientes, the focus of Cœur du Sahel, Amal's most recent novel, is the apparently unbridgeable divide between social classes [End Page 64] (including the vestiges of Cameroon's caste system). In Les Impatientes, the recurring word is paradoxically "patience," repeated by the elders to each young woman who was coerced into an unwanted marriage. In Cœur du Sahel, the oft-repeated phrase is "nous ne sommes pas du même monde" (you and I come from different worlds). What this novel reflects is found in many of the countries on the African continent: the stark economic and cultural contrasts between a growing, relatively prosperous urban middle class and the less-educated rural villagers who are still trying to survive on subsistence agriculture. Faydé, the central character, has grown up in a farming village that is now being hard hit by both lack of rain and periodic attacks by the jihadi terrorist group Boko Haram. Faydé's father disappeared during one of those attacks, and her mother is left trying to work the land while raising Faydé's younger siblings. Faydé decides to do what other teenagers in her village have done: go find work as a domestic servant in Maroua, the biggest city in the area. This will allow her to send some money to her struggling mother. Faydé thus transitions from a remote village without electricity or running water to a regional center of commerce, a bustling metropolis with a university and other impressive buildings. Thanks to her extended family, she is hired by a wealthy household that includes—in an echo of Les Impatientes—one husband and three wives. The intelligent but initially naïve Faydé will quickly learn that she is, in terms of class, gender, as well as religion, at the very bottom of a rigid social hierarchy. Perhaps predictably, she will fall in love with an educated young man who is part of the local elite, but this will not be a typical Cinderella story. Amal writes about what she knows. Much of her own background—a Fulani Muslim woman from northern Cameroon who went through an arranged marriage at the age of seventeen—is present in her fictional work. She also clearly wants her readers from outside of Cameroon to learn more about her world. The narrative is preceded by a map of northern Cameroon, showing the main cities and the neighboring countries. The is also a map of the Sahel, the vast swath of semiarid land that separates the Sahara Desert from the lush coastal regions of West Africa. Throughout the novel, the author incorporates brief explanations about the socioeconomic and religious realities of the northern regions of Cameroon, a very diverse country with over 250 languages. The ultimate destruction of Faydé's village by the Boko Haram terrorist group, for instance, is an all-too-realistic pivotal event in the novel's plot. Also mentioned are global trends and events, from the foreign telenovelas that city-dwellers watch on their television sets to the disastrous effects of climate change on local farmers. In a country with a rich literary tradition, Amal confirms with Cœur du Sahel that she is one of Cameroon's most important living novelists. Edward Ousselin Western Washington University Copyright © 2023 World Literature Today and the Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma

Rain Resources and People’s livelihoods in Natrinai

Rain depends on nature. The ancient Tamil people of lived by using natural products. Trees, leaves, plants, vines, mountains, rivers and seas supported them. Water is the basis of the above-mentioned objects. Rain gives water. Lack of rain will be led to poverty so considering this, Valluvar also mentioned about rain in his songs. He says that rain is the most important thing for nature. Ancient people love nature and indulged in its beauty, splendor and beauty. Ancient Tamils are not sinners of nature. Mountain, sky, sea, fish, tree, plant, vine have been focused by Tamil people for some benefits. They developed the attitude of thinking about the ideas that arose in their hearts by listening to and saying the ideas times. Thus, the Tamil people have been given space to grow. So, sociologists have investigated the relationship between rain and human life with the data given in the ancient literature about rain. In this article, the data about the rain mentioned in the Natrinai songs has been presented and described

Subsurface Lateral Flows Buffer Riparian Water Stress Against Snow Drought

AbstractIn the Sierra Nevada, CA, the Mediterranean climate exposes montane forests to water stress during the summer drought. Normally, spring snowmelt alleviates summer water stress, especially in riparian ecosystems that receive subsurface lateral inputs from groundwater. However, snow drought could potentially eliminate these beneficial effects. This research investigates how subsurface lateral redistribution mediates hillslope‐scale vegetation responses to snow drought. We apply a spatially‐distributed ecohydrologic model (Regional Hydro‐Ecologic Simulation System (RHESSys)) to a snow‐dominated watershed in the Sierra Nevada. We incorporate observed sap flow data along a hillslope to estimate relative differences in water stress for upslope and riparian sites, and constrain RHESSys drainage parameter uncertainty. Our model results show that subsurface lateral inputs buffer riparian water stress against snow drought. For all drought types, both upslope and riparian sites experience substantial losses of net primary productivity (NPP), and on average upslope sites are more adversely affected (upslope loss of NPP = 45% vs. riparian = 28%). Dry droughts from a lack of rain or snow induce substantial loss of biomass for upslope and riparian trees because of low annual precipitation, but a small snowpack retained during cold, dry years slightly alleviates these effects and delays water stress by 2 weeks in riparian areas and 3 weeks upslope. While riparian forests are often buffered against drought stress, our study also shows that riparian forests can suffer from water stress. We found 21% of drought scenarios where riparian trees experience greater water stress than upslope trees that were mostly associated with wet and warm snow droughts.

Trends and drivers of land use/cover change in W National park in Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso's W National Park (WNPB) is one of the country's biodiversity hotspots. Despite this Park's protection, illegal human activities threaten its vegetation, and little information about the on-site causes of degradation is available. Here we explored the extent and drivers of changes in land use/land cover (LULC) in the WNPB. For this purpose, we used Landsat (1988, 2001 and 2016), and ancillary data to determine the spatial structure and changes in LULC with a random forest classifier. We identified socio-economic factors influencing LULC by conducting household surveys, focus groups, and field observations. We used the ranking and binary logistic regression methods to analyze the socio-economic data. A logistic regression model assessed the relationship between land cover change and socio-economic factors. The results showed that multi-temporal classification performed significantly better than mono-temporal one in the study area. However, the combination of mono-temporal reflectances and vegetation indices for LULC classification significantly enhanced the accuracy to the level of multi-temporal classification. This result indicates that this combination is an efficient alternative to multi-temporal classification in the study area where cloud-free imagery is rare. In the WNPB, LULC dynamics from 1988 to 2001 was mainly characterized by reduction of tree savannas (9.4%) and woodland (8.8%) and expansion of bare soil (0.1%) and mixed vegetation (18.1%). From 2001 to 2016, croplands increased by 102.1%. Bush fire (77.19%), wood harvesting (48.25%), lack of rain (48.25%) and elephants’ impact (20.18%) were the leading direct causes of LULC change. In general, the perceptions of local populations about vegetation trends were in line with the observations from remote sensing. Altogether, the tree vegetation in the study area decreased significantly between 2001 and 2016, and the cause of this change appears to be unsustainable land-use rather than rainfall conditions. According to these findings, land-use management practices in this park should be more sustainable and provide education (and changing habits) to the surrounding population. It is therefore suggested that the government regulate illegal activities through forest law enforcement to protect the WNPB from over-exploitation.

Detection of the effect of the current water crisis on the reduction of the water surface of the Po River, Italy

Italy has been dealing with a major environmental problem in recent times – the water crisis. It is known that this environmental problem can be caused by droughts, lack of rain, and pollution. In July 2022, the Italian government declared a state of emergency in five regions due to the intense water crisis, which coincided with one of the most severe droughts experienced in the last 70 years by the Italian territory. The 652 km-long Po River is the main and longest Italian river and has suffered greatly from the lack of water in its surroundings. This study aims to detect the changes that occurred in the Po River watershed by means of multispectral images (pre- and post-water crisis) obtained by the Sentinel-2 satellite. A methodology different from conventional ones is implemented, which highlights changes by the analysis of images acquired before and after the water crisis. The method is compared to conventional techniques that use subtraction of indexes for the detection of changes. The results obtained here are promising, as the proposed method is a fast and effective approach to mapping the effects of water crisis, besides potentiating the application of the methodology in other areas.

UK battles with heatwave and lack of rain

UK battles with heatwave and lack of rain

IoT Based Water Distribution and Fertilizer Sprinkling System in an Agricultural field

Abstract: Any agricultural field needs proper watering for growing crops. In our country we provide harvested rain water or the water coming from deep earth through shallow-pump manually. The costing of this manual water distribution is very high because either we use a tank vehicle and man power for distribution or we are looking for natural climate i.e rain. Most of the time due to non-suitable weather or lack of rain and high cost, farmers could not manage the cultivation process. In our proposed work, voice enabled IoT based automatic water sprinkling system for any farming land is introduced that can be able to distribute water in the land at particular time of the day as needed by the farmer. As per our proposed work the rain distribution process is ignored if already rains take place on that time on that field. As per the requirement of liquid organic or inorganic fertilizer on that field our system also distributes the same.