Lack Of Proper Information Research Articles

Self-efficacy of Menstrual Hygiene Management and Menstrual Absenteeism Among Students of a College in Kolkata

Background: Gender inequality, cultural taboos, poverty and lack of proper information can cause menstrual health needs to go unmet. It restricts mobility, personal choices, work participation and well-being. Nevertheless, self-efficacy in the menstrual hygiene management of college students has been relatively unexplored. Objectives: We aimed to assess the self-efficacy of menstrual hygiene management and its association with college absenteeism, demographic and academic profiles. The study also aimed to explore concerns and beliefs related to menstruation. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional descriptive mixed-method study was conducted to assess the self-efficacy of the menstrual hygiene management (using a novel scale) of students from a general college in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. The study also explored concerns and beliefs related to menstruation among the study subjects. The sample size was calculated to be 96. For the qualitative part, 30 willing students were purposively chosen. Results: The mean age of participants was 19.38 years (SD ± 1.23). Predominantly they belonged to nuclear families (65.6%) with a median family income of ₹12,000. Absenteeism for menstrual reasons was 12 (12.5%). There were 50 (52.1%) participants who reported facing religious restrictions. Self-efficacy had a mean score of 29.90 (standard error of mean = 0.513) and a median score of 31. The presence of religious restrictions, any restrictions and type of family were significantly associated with college absenteeism by the chi-square test ( P < .05). The logistic regression model showed a significant association with religious restriction. Conclusion: The study revealed multiple concerns of college-going students regarding menstrual hygiene despite reported high self-efficacy for menstrual hygiene management.

Cross-sectional survey to explore knowledge, attitude, practices and impact of an intervention programme related to antibiotic misuse and self-medication among general population of Pakistan

ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to observe the knowledge, attitude and practices related to antibiotic use, the prevalence of self-medication and non-adherence to the prescribed course of antibiotics across...

Cardamom Farming Status in Bangladesh

Cardamom, both small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) and large cardamom (Amomum subulatum) known as the "Queen of spices", is widely utilized for a variety of applications worldwide and has the potential to be an understory high-value crop for the Bangladesh. A first exploratory survey in nine districts of Bangladesh was carried out to identify cardamom farming systems, prospects and constraints in the existing environment. Data were gathered through key informant interviews during February 2020 to January 2021 using questionnaire. About 4,600 small and 980 large cardamom plants have been growing successfully under agroforestry system in Bangladesh for last few years. Azadirecta indica, Artocarpus heterophyllus and Albizia lebbeck were reported as shade tree for maintaining 60-70% shade for quality production. Time of flowering and fruiting were reported February to March and April to mid-June, respectively. Yield of cardamom was reported about 0.4 to 0.5 kg plant-1. Estimated benefit cost ratio (BCR) was 4.14. Lack of proper information (97%) and quality planting materials (90%) marked as major problems faced by the farmers. Knowledge of cardamon cultivation (0.74) and annual income from cardamon farm (0.94) were showed a significant relationship with number of plants. Enhancing cardamom production on underutilized land could help marginalized people, especially women’s empowerment through income generation, as well as provide various ecosystem services that are closely related to SDGs 1, 2 and 13.

Barriers and Facilitators of Romanian HPV (Human Papillomavirus) Vaccination.

Background: Many countries had initial success with HPV vaccination campaigns worldwide. The HPV vaccine coverage during the COVID-19 pandemic dropped consistently. The aim of our research is to assess the barriers and facilitators of the current Romanian HPV vaccination campaign. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional observational survey was conducted in the Romanian general population; a self-administered questionnaire was used. Results: 1122 responders were interviewed; 666 (59.36%) were parents, and 67 (5.97%) HPV vaccinated themselves. A multinominal logistic regression carried out in the parents’ category showed that women with university studies and informed from medical sources have greater chances to HPV vaccinate. Reticence regarding vaccination comes from the high cost of the vaccine and a lack of information. Only 118 (10.51%) vaccinated against HPV. From the logistic regression analysis, gender (ORa 0.461 = 95% CI: (0.196; 1.083)), geographic area of residence (ORa = 0.517; 95% CI: (0.331; 0.807)), and the inclusion of the HPV vaccine in the National Vaccination Program (ORa = 2.4; 95% CI: (1.361; 4.235)) were the factors found most associated with HPV vaccination. Conclusions: In the general population, the inclusion of HPV vaccination in the National Vaccination Program would be the most important facilitator of HPV vaccination in Romania. In parents that did not vaccinate their children, one important barrier to HPV vaccination was the high cost of the HPV vaccine and the lack of proper information. The acceptability of HPV vaccination in Romania is low; therefore, public health educational programs are needed.

P07-05 Romanian GPs knowledge, attitudes and behavior related to physical activity on prescription

BackgroundPhysical activity on prescription (PAP) - like schemes, have been documented to encourage sustained increases in the levels of physical activity of populations. Although proven effective, these PA promotion schemes have only been implemented high-income countries (eg. Northern/Western Europe). The aim of this study was to explore the opportunity to test PAP (related) schemes in Romania, a developing country.MethodsIn the timeframe May-June 2018 we conducted a transversal study, using an online questionnaire adressed at general practitioners (GPs) in the county of Cluj. The instrument had 4 sections: 1. attitudes/opinions regarding role of GP in PA promotion; 2. GPs (current) behavior related to PA promotion in their practice; 3. Knowledge regarding the recommended PA levels for children, youth and adults; and 4. Socio-professional information.ResultsA number of 84 GPs (out of 350) have completed the questionnaire, for a response rate of aproximatelly 25%, the sample being representative of the population - considering gender distribution and workplace location, urban/rural. The majority of the GPs (78%) stated that their role in PA promotion is limited to broadly disscussing this topic with their patients. The more consultations they have (less time available), the more they are prone to promote PA in their practice (contrary to current literature). Only 1 in 5 GPs have reported the correct number of minutes of PA for both adults and children & youth. The lower measured knowledge, the higher were the self-assessed levels of knowledge regarding PA benefits they report.ConclusionRomanian GPs knowledge, attitudes and behavior related to PA prescription/recommendation are strongly influenced by lack of proper information, incentives and/or enforcement. Before attempting to introduce PAP in Romania, more education, awareness and financial/structural resources should be allocated to improve acceptability and feasibility of such PA promotion scheme.

Perceptions of Intrauterine Devices among Women in Tanzania.

Intrauterine devices (IUD) are important for ensuring neither unplanned pregnancies, nor unsafe abortions occur as well as it helps spacing children among couples. Despite its advantages, its utilization is still inadequate. The underlying causes of low IUD use needs further exploration for a better understanding as well as appropriate handling of the gaps. To explore the perceptions regarding intrauterine devices among women aged 15 to 49 years and barriers to its utilisation in Kinondoni Municipal Council. The study was a community-based exploratory study adopting qualitative approach. Five wards were randomly selected in Kinondoni. Data were collected through in-depth interviews (IDIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs). Study participants were purposively sampled for both IDIs and FGDs. Ten (10) women were interviewed in IDIs from all selected wards and Thirteen FGDs were conducted. Thematic analysis was done to analyze qualitative data, into codes, sub-themes, and broader themes. Data analysis was done by using QSR NVivo version 14. The study involved 10 women aged 15 to 49 years as key informants and 13 FGDs were conducted involving two groups of women of reproductive age, five groups who ever used the method, and six groups who never used it. The study identified perceived barriers towards IUD related to cultural perspectives, negative perception, fear of side effects, individual's insecurity, perceived benefits related to baby's health and parental benefits. Challenges identified were lack of proper information that is; misinformation and misguidance from the health workers, and negative influencers which include intimacy and devices' related factors. This study demonstrated that women have different perceptions regarding utilisation of IUD. Perceptions were categorized into perceived barriers and perceived benefits regarding utilization of IUD. Awareness and knowledge on importance of modern contraceptives (including IUD) should be raised. Also, healthcare workers should ensure enhancement of IUD utilization through teaching the community in a comprehensive manner.

Adoption Behaviour of Farmers towards Improved Cultivation Practices of Soybean in Dimapur District of Nagaland, India

Soybean is known as “golden bean”, “miracle crop” etc, because of its several uses, It is an excellent source of protein and oil. Soybean is considered an important crop because of its dual purpose that is oil seed as well as pulses crop. In Nagaland, soybean is cultivated almost in all the districts. The present study was carried out during the session 2021-22. The investigation was conducted in Kuhuboto block of Dimapur district of Nagaland. A total number of 120 respondents from 6 villages were selected using proportionate random sampling procedure.
 The study was conducted with the objectives to find out the characteristics of soybean growers, the extent of knowledge and ascertain the extent of adoption behavior of farmers towards improved cultivation practices of soybean and to delineate the constraints faced by the respondents and to obtain their suggestions. An interview schedule based on the study was prepared and data were collected and processed through primary and secondary tables and statistical analysis. The respondents were contacted personally and interviewed. The study revealed that majority of the soybean growers belonged to middle aged group, acquired Upper Primary school education, had medium level of annual income with small size of land holding. Majority of them had medium (10-20) years of farming experience, use of sources of information and medium level of extension contact. It was observed that the majority (70.84%) of the respondents had medium level of knowledge on improved cultivation practices of soybean followed by 13.33% having high and 15.83% having low knowledge level respectively. In respect of correlation analysis between knowledge level and the independent variables, it shows that annual income, land holding and extension contact had positive and found to be significant. Whereas, age, education, marital status, family type, family size, type of house, occupation, farming experience, mass media exposure and source of information was found to be non-significant. As for analysis between adoption level and the independent variables, it was revealed that variables like annual income, land holding and extension contact are significantly associated with adoption of soybean growers. Further, the variables age, education, marital status, type of family, family size, type of house, occupation, farming experience, mass media exposure and source of information was found to be non significant. The major constraints faced by the respondents were lack of proper resources and capital, high cost of inputs, lack of proper information at time, lack of consultancy, shortage of labors etc.

Serious Games: A new Approach to Foster Information and Practices About Covid-19?

The current Covid-19 pandemic poses an unprecedented global challenge in the field of education and training. As we have seen, the lack of proper information about the virus and its transmission has forced the general population and healthcare workers to rapidly acquire knowledge and learn new practices. Clearly, a well-informed population is more likely to adopt the correct precautionary measures, thus reducing the transmission of the infection; likewise, properly educated healthcare workers are better equipped to manage the emergency. However, the need to maintain physical distancing has made it impossible to provide in-presence information and training. In this regard, new technologies have proved to be an invaluable resource by facilitating distance learning. Indeed, e-learning offers significant advantages because it does not require the physical presence of learners and teachers. This innovative method applied to serious games has been considered potentially effective in enabling rapid and large-scale dissemination of information and learning through content interactivity. We will review studies that have observed the development and use of serious games to foster information and practices about Covid-19 aimed at promoting behavioral changes in the population and the healthcare personnel involved on the front line.

An IoT System Prototype for Implementation of Secure Smart Agriculture

The Internet of Things (IoT) has the power to change our world. Agriculture is the backbone of the India. Development of IoT application is a must, for solving problems that are faced by farmers in the field of agriculture. Lack of proper information and communication leads to the loss in production. In the proposed system, we have automated the drip irrigation technology with the help of IoT and optimizing the usage of water level. In this paper, we are providing most secured MQTT protocol at the database level (Mongodb) and application level with the encryption technic for data security.

DIETARY ASSESSMENT OF MARWARI COMMUNITY OF JORHAT, INDIA

Nutritionally animal proteins are better for its superior bioavailibity, however due to the presence of high saturated fat content in food of animal origin, vegetarian diets are widely considered as healthy. But due to lack of proper information the nutritional adequacy of vegetarian diet followed by different communities is still uncertain. The Marwari is a strict ethnic vegetarian community of Indian, originated from Rajasthan, India. Due to business purpose a fraction of the Marwari community migrated to and residing at Jorhat, India. In view of lack of information on nutritional status of this particular community, a study was conducted to determine their nutrient intakes and variability in diets and dietary risk factors; weighing against similar values among Marwaries residing in Rajasthan. Total 200 samples were randomly selected and information on demographic profile, anthropometry, dietary habit and health status of the sample population were collected with the help of an interview schedule and a pre tested food frequency questionnaire. Findings were presented as percentage or mean with standard error. The food culture of the Assamese Marwari community is established within the traditional Marwari diet frame with strict vegetarianism and high fat diet, mostly contributed by clarified butter or desi ghee. However, the diet of the sample population was influenced by dissimilarity in agro climatic condition between Rajasthan and Assam. This study evaluates the dietary pattern, influence of environmental factor on traditional diet pattern due to migration and prevalence of risk factors of coronary heart and/or other non-communicable diseases among the sample population.

Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices towards the Disposal of Unused and Expired Medications among Students of Private Medical Universities in Lusaka, Zambia

Background: The disposal of unused and expired medications has been a concern in many countries in that, the pharmaceutical waste enters the ecosystem and eventually causes a negative impact on human health and environment. Aim: To assess the knowledge, attitude and disposal practices of unused and expired medicines by students in the private medical universities in Lusaka of Zambia. Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted over a period of 8 weeks among 391 respondents from three private universities in Lusaka. Respondents were polled using semi structured questions that focused on their knowledge, attitudes, and disposal practices for unused and expired drugs. In order to analyze data, the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20 was utilized. Results: The mean age of the participants was 23 years (SD: ±3). Out of the 391 participants, 320 (81.8%) knew about medicine waste and 391 (100.0%) responded that unsafe disposal of unused and expired medicine poses a threat to human health and can harm the environment. The drug-take-back system was unknown to a vast percentage of the respondent 371 (94.9%). The majority 274 (70.1%) of respondents had unused medicine stored at home, with antibiotics 215 (56.0%) and analgesia 111 (28.4%) being the most prevalent types of drugs kept in the households. The most commonly used disposal practice for unused 126 (32.2%) and expired medicines 274 (70.1%) was throwing them in household garbage. Only 27 (6.9%) and 30 (7.7%) reported returning unused and expired medicines to the nearest pharmacy respectively. The majority of respondents believed the risk stemmed from the presence of an undesired drug in the home, the potential for harm to children, a lack of proper information on safe disposal practices, and the necessity for a take-back program. Conclusions: The majority of the study participants used unsafe methods to dispose of unused and expired medicine. However, most of the participants acknowledged that unsafe disposal of unused and expired medicines is a public health problem and proposed the need to introduce drug take-back programs in the communities.

Adoption of Improved Paddy Cultivation Practices by Farmers in Kohima District of Nagaland

The present study entitled “ADOPTION OF IMPROVED PADDY CULTIVATION BY FARMERS IN KOHIMA DISTRICT OF NAGALAND” was conducted in Kohima district of Nagaland to find out the extent of adoption of improved paddy cultivation practices One hundred twenty farmers were selected from 6 villages, twenty respondents from each village. Data was collected by using pre-tested schedule and analyzed using appropriate statistical tools. It was found that majority of respondents were having medium level of socio-economic profile. On analyzing the knowledge level, highest number of respondents i.e. 51.6 per cent were having medium level of knowledge followed by 45 per cent having high and 3.33 per cent having low levels. In case of adoption level it was found that most of the respondents 60.83 per cent have medium adoption level followed by 5 per cent having low, 34.16 per cent having high level. The major constraints faced were lack of technical knowledge among rice growers, lack of credit facility at the time, Lack of Hybrid seed, Lack of proper market facilities, Lack of training programme related with improved practices, Lack of proper information at, Unavailability of electricity, Lack of proper resource and capital, Non-performance of visit by agricultural personnel and Costly critical inputs (seed and fertilizer).

Escribo play learning games can foster early reading and writing for low-income kindergarten children

Can mobile games foster the early literacy skills of children in poverty? This pioneering study examines the barriers faced to implement an evidence-based, game-enhanced educational phonological and phonemic awareness program in 12 public schools serving students in poverty in a developing country. The deployment team adequately mitigated barriers such as the lack of proper information and communication technologies and school staff shortages. School interruptions due to sports events, three strikes, and rain that flooded the streets where children in poverty lived challenged the implementation of the intervention. In addition to discussing barriers we faced in the implementation, we also examined the mobile-based intervention's efficacy on 351 kindergarten students' word reading and writing skills. The experimental group children grew 3.63 times more than the control group in reading (d = 0.67) and 2.78 times more in writing (d = 0.36). Compared to 495 high-quality interventions, the Escribo Play effect size ranked above 90% of them. Its per-pupil cost is equivalent to one percent of the average educational intervention cost. Compared with 104 reading interventions conducted in kindergarten, the Escribo Play effect size was 3.35 times stronger than the reading intervention benchmark.

System Requirement Specification of Mobile Apps for shrimp farming in Shyamnagar of Bangladesh

Frozen food is one of Bangladesh’s most valuable export items, comprising more than 80% of shrimp. The most cultivated area of shrimp is situated in the southern region of Bangladesh. This research was carried out to identify the core problem in the shrimp farming areas in order to support the related farmers in seeking a solution through the most common technology used by them. The study was conducted in Shyamnagar, Satkhira district with a total of 40 female respondents involved. This research showed that shrimp farming is pressurized by a lack of proper information on disease identification and its management. Mobile apps are considered the most common information providers among that community. The research defined the common problems and necessity through the system requirement specification (SRS) to provide needed details for the farmers that focused on mobile-app development eventually. It was found that disease (82.86%) and water quality (17.14%) are the most common issues while among the diseases White Spot Syndrome Virus and Yellow Head Virus Disease followed by Black Gill disease were the most alarming to handle without pre-management knowledge. The research also suggests developing voice-based mobile apps for shrimp farmers in the local language.
 

English

BACKGROUND A road traffic accident (RTA) is any injury due to crashes originating from, terminating with or involving a vehicle partially or fully on a public road. Increased mechanisation and improved socio-economic condition of the people in developing countries like India leads to increased use of motor vehicles, disproportionate to the increase in the number of roads. We wanted to assess the socio-demographic profile of road traffic accident victims and study the antecedent factors influencing the road traffic accidents. METHODS This is an institution based descriptive, cross-sectional study, conducted among 114 patients. RESULTS Maximum numbers of the victims, 33.32 % (N = 38) were in the age group of 21-30 years followed by 26.31 % (N =30) in the age group of up to 20 years, mean age of the victims was 29.53 ± 13.85. Majority of the victims, 70.05 % (N = 80) were on motorcycles, and 26.32 % (N =30) of the victims were alcoholic at the time of accident. Majority of the victims, 92.86 % (78 out of 84), among the motor-cycle riders, four-wheeler drivers, and front seat passengers had not used any safety measures at the time of accident. CONCLUSIONS Road traffic accidents emerged as the major epidemic of non-communicable disease, holding a major share of mortality and morbidity data all over the world, majorly among the young productive portion of the population. It was evident from the study that the majority of victims were young adults, from lower socioeconomic background, and rural residents. So, lack of proper information and consciousness regarding road safety rules and measures are definitely the important aetiology behind this epidemic. Almost two third of the cases were among the bikers in the present study, which is pointing out the need of focusing on the road safety rules related to bikers by the road traffic authority. KEYWORDS Alcoholic Intoxication, Motor Vehicle, Road Traffic Accidents, Tertiary Care Centre

SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF NOVOSIBIRSK UNIVERSITIES IN SPSTL SB RAS’ COLLECTIONS

The legal deposit copy, obliging each recipient to provide its eternal preservation, has always guaranteed the completeness of joint library resources, formed by native libraries. In course of time, a new approach proved itself: if it were undesirable and, moreover, impossible in the conditions of stack crisis to preserve constantly everything published, the depository libraries should be given the right to choose materials having permanent information, cultural and historical value. It determined the necessity of partnership between libraries of different types and kinds, coordination in document resources formation, other activities aspects. However, a number of legal juristic acts and financial documents, adopted in the previous decade, changed the paradigm of interrelations between institutions of different financial forms. Profiling their resources, libraries of higher educational institutions consciously limit subjects and types of editions as well as depth of their retrospection with due regard for possibilities of satisfying their users’ wide information needs by the stocks of other – basicly large universal scientific – libraries. For all that, practice of stocks formation even in SPSTL SB RAS indicates of the short supply – because of small circulation of this literature, lack of proper information and non- receipt of legal copies, etc. – of scientific editions of this segment. Statistic data formed on the base of a number of Novosibirsk State Universities publishing repertory as well the results of the analysis of this segment of SPSTL SB RAS stocks could serve as an obvious case. We suppose that it is necessary to cumulate statistical data on other basic universities of the Siberian Federal Region (SFR). That will permit, from our viewpoint, not only to determine with a high degree of certainty modern completeness and guality of SPSTL SB RAS’ stock formation as the receiver of the legal deposit copy, but also to formulate perspectives of interaction between all the actors of the territorial scientific-aducational complex.

НОВІ АСПЕКТИ ІННОВАЦІЙНОГО МЕНЕДЖМЕНТУ В УМОВАХ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ

New aspects of innovation management in the conditions of economy transformation through the prism of a functional approach are highlighted. It is emphasized that a high level of efficiency of innovative progress is impossible without a high level of innovation management, which maintains the whole innovation process. The quality management system of innovative development of domestic enterprises will be determined by qualitative change features innovative management and compliance with the principles of intellectualization, dynamic, self-organization, self-regulation, self-development. It is proved that classical functions of management of planning, organizing, motivating and controlling, without changing its essential nature in an innovative way and semantic filling acquire certain features in modern realities. It is emphasized that forecasting of the future on the basis of clearly expressed tendencies is a problem of innovative management today, therefore model forecasting as a method of studying the state of phenomena and processes on the basis of revealed regularities and tendencies becomes the basic component of theory and practice. The quality of innovation management in this context will be determined by the spread level of smart innovations not only in the field of technology, but also in the managerial field. In this regard, the approach to building the organizational structure of the enterprise will change significantly, and the replacement of vertical-oriented structures come horizontal structures and connections that can develop the creative potential of the enterprise. In addition, popularization of blockchain technologies will facilitate the transition from hierarchical to flat model, where managerial decisions are made transparently. Planning and organization are inseparable from the effectiveness of information provision of innovative processes, which also determines the quality of innovation management. The information space is expanding on a global scale and is rapidly filling up, however, the lack of proper information and a complicated procedure for its processing complicate modeling of innovation processes, forecasting demand for innovative products, automatically increasing the risk of ineffective managerial decisions. Indicated that synchronous performance features and innovative management principles will harmonize the interests of corporate entities involved in the innovation process, and enhance innovation processes.

Humans’ Body Immunity and Natural Pigments

The emerging pandemic of Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) has attracted special concerns regarding the case of very contagious viral infection. Besides the profound waiting toward vaccine development, public awareness was also addressed into the effort of increasing humans’ body immunity. Nowadays, the people are encouraged to consume adequate amount of vitamin C and increase the consumption of fruits and vegetables. In addition, various kinds of food supplements are offered and claimed to give us protection and prevention against viral infection by boosting our immune system. However, the communities are actually lack of proper information regarding the true mechanism of immune system. How is the infection developed in our body? How does the immune system work? Could it be modulated by consuming the bioactive compounds? Here, the stages of infection, the immune system, as well as the role of natural pigments to support the humans’ body immunity will be briefly discussed.

Through the Anti-Monopoly Lens: What Constitutes ‘Unfairly High Patent Pricing’ in China?

Abstract This article proposes that a patentee’s unilateral pricing of proprietary technology should be presumed legal per se under Sec. 55 IPR immunity framework provided by the Anti-Monopoly Law, unless a plaintiff overcomes all three of the following hurdles with actual evidence: (i) the patentee enjoys a dominant market position; (ii) such pricing constitutes de facto refusal to deal with or significant ‘margin squeeze’ for subsequent or follow-on innovators; and (iii) the constructive refusal or ‘margin squeeze’ would likely foreclose dynamic competition. This seemingly high evidentiary burden is justified by three cumulative resources: (i) the very patent mechanism in facilitating innovation, including a solid promise of supra-competitive profit through the right to lawfully exclude competition by imitation, and thus the instigation of a virtuous circle of dynamic competition through pivoting on the critical link of competition by substitution; (ii) the prevalent cautious attitude in sister jurisdictions when dealing with the concept; and (iii) the inevitable limitations of antitrust law, manifested in the administrative and error costs due to lack of proper information and economic analysis methodologies on dynamic efficiency. Through a detailed illustration with six specific scenarios, we see in a quasi-quantitative way that the actual likelihood of unilateral foreclosure on dynamic competition, even in the case of a monopolist patentee, is extremely low despite the existence of a theoretical possibility. Facing this meager likelihood and information deficiency, it would be unwise for a Chinese court to incur enormous costs of searching for a possibility in every case, with the mere guidance of a vague rule-of-reason framework.

Land Record Computerization brings more Trouble for Farmers in Punjab, Pakistan

The research in hand focused on the issue of land record computerization that brings more troubles to the farmer instead of more ease in Punjab, Pakistan. This research was conducted in three major agricultural districts of Punjab, namely Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, and Multan selected by using purposive sampling strategy. A sample of 450 respondents was drawn from three selected districts through a proportionate sampling technique. It was found that a major part of the respondents knew the internet/digitalization of land records. It was perceived that a significant proportion of the respondents was dissatisfied with the current land records system and faced large difficulty in contacting with department officials for getting these services. It is clear from the results that digitalization of land record service is expensive, in accessibility of relevant officials when needed, no service with unofficial payment and time-consuming. It was found that some factors behind the problems with the digitalization of land record such as lack of monitoring system, out of range, incompetent staff, lack of proper information about service, and distance. It was observed that the awareness level of people was low about the procedure of getting land records (fard, mutation, Fard Badar, etc.). Therefore, it was recommended in the research awareness campaigns should be launched at the village level by the concerned authorities and regular monitoring of the staff is expected to improve the current system.