Lack Of Organisational Support Research Articles

First-Line Managers’ Perceptions of Their Psychosocial Work Environment in Nursing Homes: A Qualitative Analysis of the Influence of Ownership Type

In the wake of welfare sector reforms and the increasing marketisation of eldercare services, nursing home first-line managers (FLMs) are confronted with escalating work demands within streamlined organisations. Given this background, the aim was to investigate FLMs’ perceptions of their psychosocial work environment and of differences between nursing home ownership types. Nineteen managers from three Swedish municipalities from municipal, outsourced, and private nursing homes participated in semi-structured interviews focused on job demands, job resources, and ownership differences. The FLMs’ perceptions were interpreted as forming two themes. Navigating challenges: striving to cope with demands highlighted various challenges, including recruitment, workload, and lack of organisational support. Key stressors encompassed personnel struggles, time constraints, and complex interactions. Influence of ownership dynamics on the work environment explored variation across ownership types. Private nursing home managers enjoyed more decision-making autonomy but faced more scrutiny than did municipal ones. FLMs in outsourced homes described unique stressors, notably uncertainty and increased workload due to the procurement process. These findings underscore the potential need for tailored systemic changes across different ownership types. The policy implications include enhancing communication and support in municipal homes, reducing the span of control in private homes, and revising the procurement process in outsourced homes. These insights suggest that further research outlining differences between ownership types, particularly private and outsourced nursing homes, is warranted. Such research could aid in formulating specific strategies tailored to each ownership type in order to enhance the psychosocial work environment for FLMs in nursing homes.

The Prevalence of Violence Against Resident Doctors and Its Subsequent Effects on Patient Management in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Delhi, India.

Introduction Workplace violence (WPV) is a significant problem for healthcare professionals across the world, regardless of whether they work in developed or developing countries. Studies have shown that in India, up to 75% of doctors have experienced some form of violence in the workplace. The purpose of the present study was to examine the extent of violence against doctors and its impact on patient management. Methodology This cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in New Delhi in June 2022. A total of 326 resident doctors from six departments were selected using stratified random sampling. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview schedule and a pre-validated questionnaire. Statistical analysis was done using Stata 17, and ethical clearance was obtained from the Institute Ethical Committee. Result Workplace violence was prevalent among healthcare professionals, with 80.4% (95% confidence interval (CI): 75.6%-84.5%) experiencing verbal abuse and 21.7% (95% CI: 17.4%-84.5%) experiencing physical violence. Perceived delays in treatment and patient deaths were the most common causes of violence. Most participants were hesitant to report WPV due to time-consuming reporting processes and a lack of organisational support. WPV had a negative impact on doctors' mental and personal well-being, with 73.3% reporting its negative impact. WPV has led to a decrease in the provision of surgical and medical interventions. Conclusion The study findings suggest that a significant proportion of doctors in a tertiary care hospital in Delhi encounter some form of workplace violence. Despite the high incidence of WPV, reporting of these events remains low due to inadequate support and deficient reporting procedures within healthcare organisations. The negative impact of WPV is not limited to the physicians' psycho-social well-being but extends to their approach to patient care as well. Therefore, taking appropriate actions to prevent WPV is crucial for ensuring the safety and well-being of healthcare professionals and improving patient outcomes.

Factors underpinning an improved menopausal experience in the workplace for doctors: a UK-based qualitative study

ObjectivesA recent British Medical Association survey revealed that very few National Health Service (NHS) doctors felt comfortable discussing symptoms with their managers, and many feel unable to make changes to...

The Psychosocial Well-being of Frontline Nurses During the COVID-19 Pandemic in South Africa

Healthcare workers have been under tremendous psychosocial strain since the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly those on the frontlines such as nurses. This is especially true in low- and middle-income countries such as South Africa, where lack of resources and support exacerbate challenges. Five focus group discussions were conducted with frontline nurses at primary, secondary, and tertiary healthcare institutions in Cape Town, South Africa. Participants reported significant stress emanating from all spheres of their life, with the acute stressors of their work having largely adverse consequences on their lives in their homes and communities. A lack of organisational support was evident, with participants highlighting various ways in which the psychosocial strain they were under may be alleviated. Healthcare facilities should investigate both individual and organisational interventions aimed at better supporting their invaluable frontline teams. These include tailored psychological support services, sufficient time for rest, adequate staffing and medical supplies, effective leadership, COVID-19 specific training, and the promotion of teamwork. However, facilities should also extend their concern to the families of staff by reducing potential risk of exposure through a variety of measures including providing transport and voluntary isolation accommodation. Such interventions are important not only for the healthcare workers and their families, but also for the smooth functioning of healthcare institutions as the pandemic draws on into an uncertain future.

Employee perceptions of non-communicable diseases health risks, absenteeism and the role of organisational support in a South African pharmaceutical manufacturing company.

The growing prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in South African workers has been shown to be associated with absenteeism and increased risk of morbidity. Low-income workers living in urban settings are particularly vulnerable. Consultation with workers is crucial for understanding risks and identifying opportunities for intervention to promote health in the workplace. The purpose of this study was to examine South African pharmaceutical manufacturing workers' perspectives of health risk factors and absenteeism, and to identify how they perceived a role for the organisation to initiate interventions to improve their health. Five focus groups were conducted to capture 27 employees' perspectives. The semi-structured focus group discussions were recorded and analysed using a thematic content analysis approach. Participants indicated that they were aware of behavioural health risks such as prolonged sitting. They showed insight into strategies to prevent injuries and stay healthy, but also expressed dissatisfaction about the lack of organisational support, leading to stress and consequently absenteeism. Participants emphasized the responsibility of the organisation to support a range of health promoting strategies. The findings of this study are important for cultivating a tailored workplace intervention to reduce NCD risk factors in the pharmaceutical manufacturing workforce. It is vital that these be supported by leadership of the company through the provision of funding and the development of internal healthcare services.

A Matter of Organisational Silence: Media Managers Struggling to Make Sense of the Online Harassment of Journalists as a Collective Issue in Journalism

The online harassment of journalists is a phenomenon which has been on the rise in Europe over the last decade and it affects journalists' working lives. As an expression of mob censorship, online harassment raises questions about how media organisations react to online aggressions targeting their journalists, the consequences on the victims’ well-being and on the role of journalism in society. Yet, previous research has shown the lack of support mechanisms provided by journalists’ employers. In this article, we explore the hypothesis that the lack of organisational support towards targeted journalists is partly due to the challenges faced by media managers when trying to make sense of the phenomenon. This article offers a unique viewpoint on how 22 Belgian media managers from five media organisations struggle to define what online harassment is and how to respond to it. In turn, it shows that the vague understanding of what online harassment is seems to favour case-by-case organisational responses. Missing words and unstructured actions related to online harassment impede media managers from addressing online harassment as a collective issue in journalism and its consequences on the democratic debate.

Impact of Research Training on Newly Graduated Health Professionals' Motivation to Undertake Research.

BackgroundClinical research is vital for improved patient health outcomes. However, there has been a decline in the number of new researchers replacing an aging workforce. This is because multiple factors impact on newly graduated health professionals’ (HPs) readiness and motivation to engage with research training and undertake research when taking up hospital clinical roles.MethodsDrawing on the Expectancy-Value-Cost (EVC) theory, a sequential explanatory mixed methods design involving cross-sectional survey and purposely sampled participant interview data was utilised to investigate the factors that impact on motivation to undertake research for three newly graduated HP groups (allied health, medical and nursing and midwifery). Survey data were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistical analysis, while interview data were thematically analysed to identify recurring themes. Framework analysis was utilised for triangulation of findings.ResultsParticipants’ previous exposure to research training influenced their expectancy to undertake research. Participants who had previous research training reported significantly higher (P < 0.001) research confidence (Median (IQR) 3.0 (3.0–3.0)) compared to those who had no previous research training (Median (IQR) 0.0 (0.0–1.0)). However, in relation to types of values attached to research, participants who demonstrated intrinsic and attainment values were more engaged and motivated to undertake research despite a myriad of barriers compared to those who demonstrated utility value (P < 0.001). The qualitative data revealed six overarching themes in terms of factors that influence motivation (i) Importance of early immersion into formal research training (ii) Attitude to research (iii) Time constraints (iv) Poor visibility of research training opportunities (v) Lack of organisational support (vi) Low returns on effort.ConclusionResearch training builds confidence, however, to foster motivation for the uptake and continued engagement with research, educators would need to help new HPs see the intrinsic and attainment values of research as they move through the career pipeline.

Gains and losses within the homeless service, supportive housing, and harm reduction sectors during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study of what matters to the workforce.

The COVID‐19 pandemic has had deleterious effects on individuals experiencing homelessness; yet, less is known about how this global health crisis is impacting service providers that support the homeless population. This qualitative study examined the perceived impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the lives and work experiences of service providers in the homeless service, supportive housing, and harm reduction sectors in Canada. Further analyses were conducted to identify the occupational values that were represented in the work‐related changes experienced by providers. A stratified purposive sample of 40 participants (30 direct service providers and 10 providers in leadership roles) were drawn from a pan‐Canadian study of the mental health of service providers working with individuals experiencing homelessness. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to identify five themes of the work‐related changes experienced by service providers during the pandemic: [1] “Everything was changing every day”: Work role and responsibility instability; [2] “How on Earth do we do our job?”: Challenges to working relationships with service users; [3] “It used to be a social environment”: Transitions to impersonal and isolating workspaces; [4] “It all comes down the chute”: Lack of organisational support and hierarchical conflict; and [5] “We've been supported as well as we could have”: Positive organisational support and communication. The findings underscored how many of the occupational changes during the pandemic did not align with service providers' occupational values for collaboration, control, effective and safe service provision, and the importance of human relationships, among other values. As pre‐existing sectoral problems were exacerbated by the pandemic, recovery efforts need to address these long‐standing issues in ways that are aligned with service providers' values. Future research is warranted on how organisational approaches can promote supportive workplaces for service providers and improve outcomes for individuals experiencing homelessness.

Are You All right (AYA)? Association of cumulative traumatic events among Danish police officers with mental health, work environment and sickness absenteeism: protocol of a 3-year prospective cohort study

IntroductionPolice officers are frequently exposed to potentially traumatic events at work that increases risk of developing mental health problems, in particular post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Individual and organisational factors may...

Physiotherapists’ Perspectives on the use of Telehealth for Service Delivery to Children with Developmental Delays: A Qualitative Focus Group Study

Purpose: The purposes of the study are to (1) determine what barriers and facilitators physiotherapists perceive to using telehealth, (2) to determine willingness to use and (3) to determine perspectives on training in the use of telehealth. Method: This is a qualitative semi structured interview and focus group design. Participants were recruited from the first stage of the larger research process using purposive sampling. A semi structured guide was used to facilitate discussion of shared experiences and to allow themes to emerge from the discussion. Results: Thematic analysis was used to synthesise frequent and important themes. Ten participants took part in either a focus group (n=7) or interview (n=3). Nine main themes identified were split into barriers and facilitators. Facilitators were the right family, right child, adequate technology and space, and collaboration. Barriers were technology, time management, lack of physical touch, lack of organisational support, and work environment. Conclusion: Results suggest that physiotherapists working with children with developmental delay consider telehealth to be unsuitable to replace face-to-face therapy entirely but are willing to use it to provide follow up services to the right family and the right child. Physiotherapists in the study were positive about telehealth’s potential to improve services to children in rural areas. Physiotherapists said that specific physiotherapy training in telehealth was currently lacking.

Stakeholder views of the development of a clinical quality registry for interventional radiology: a qualitative study

BackgroundClinical quality registries (CQRs) can likely improve quality in healthcare and research. However, studies indicate that effective use of CQRs is hindered by lack of engagement and interest among stakeholders, as well as factors related to organisational context, registry design and data quality. To fulfil the potential of CQRs, more knowledge on stakeholders’ perceptions of the factors that will facilitate or hamper the development of CQRs is essential to the more appropriate targeting of registry implementation and the subsequent use of the data. The primary aim of this study was to examine factors that can potentially affect the development of a national CQR for interventional radiology in Norway from the perspective of stakeholders. Furthermore, we wanted to identify the intervention functions likely to enable CQR development. Only one such registry, located in Sweden, has been established. To provide a broader context for the Norwegian study, we also sought to investigate experiences with the development of this registry.MethodsA qualitative study of ten Norwegian radiologists and radiographers using focus groups was conducted, and an in-depth interview with the initiator of the Swedish registry was carried out. Questions were based on the Capability, Opportunity and Motivation for Behaviour Model and the Theoretical Domains Framework. The participants’ responses were categorised into predefined themes using a deductive process of thematic analysis.ResultsKnowledge of the rationale used in establishing a CQR, beliefs about the beneficial consequences of a registry for quality improvement and research and an opportunity to learn from a well-developed registry were perceived by the participants as factors facilitating CQR development. The study further identified a range of development barriers related to environmental and resource factors (e.g., a lack of organisational support, time) and individuallevel factors (e.g., role boundaries, resistance to change), as well as several intervention functions likely to be appropriate in targeting these barriers.ConclusionThis study provides a deeper understanding of factors that may be involved in the behaviour of stakeholders regarding the development of a CQR. The findings may assist in designing, implementing and evaluating a methodologically rigorous CQR intervention.

Rethinking Health Professionals' Motivation to Do Research: A Systematic Review.

BackgroundHealth professionals’ engagement in translational health and medical research (HMR) is fundamental to evidence-based practice leading to better patient health outcomes. However, there is a decline in the number of health professionals undertaking research which has implications for patient health and the economy. Informed by the motivation-based expectancy-value-cost (EVC) and self determination theories (SDT), this systematic literature review examined the barriers and facilitators of health professionals’ (HPs) motivation to undertake research.MethodsThe literature was searched between 2011 and 2021 for relevant peer-reviewed articles written in English, using CINAHL Complete, Informit, Medline Ovid, Medline (PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases. This systematic review was performed and reported in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines.ResultsIdentified barriers to HPs’ engagement with research included the lack of knowledge, skills, and competence to conduct research, lack of protected research time, lack of funding and lack of organisational support. Integration of the findings of this review based on the EVC and SDT theories indicate that research capacity, ie, expectancy and competence is highly influenced by attitude, ie, the type of value (attainment, intrinsic or utility) and connection attributed to research. HPs who had very positive attitude towards research demonstrated all three values and were keen to take up research despite the barriers. Those who had a positive attitude were only motivated to do research because of its utility value and did not necessarily see it as having personal relevance for themselves. HPs who were unmotivated did not see any personal connection or relatedness to the research experience and saw no value in research.ConclusionThe attitude HPs hold in their value of research is a catalyst for motivation or amotivation to engage in research as it directly influences the relevance of barriers. Facilitators that expedite the research journey have been attributed to research training, mentorship programs and supportive organisational research culture. Motivation of HPs explored through EVC and SDT is critical to the maintenance of a research culture and the clinician-researcher development pipeline.

Exploring the Embodied Habitus of Early Career Social Workers

ABSTRACT This article explores experiences of social workers in their first year of practice working in the Australian health sector, revealing how unexpected challenges affected them. The information, collected through an Australia-wide online survey and self-selected interviews, was analysed thematically, and re-examined through Bourdieu's theory of social fields to reveal how expectations to “hit the ground running” were experienced within a landscape characterised by uncertainty of employment and lack of organisational support. These findings illuminate the complexity of meanings associated with starting out in the profession. The embodied habitus of these social workers revealed assumptions about needing to prove oneself, alongside needing to appear competent and to appear to be coping, which made support seeking difficult in some organisational cultures. IMPLICATIONS Exploring the embodiment of habitus for Australian early career social workers in the health sector provides opportunities to disrupt taken-for-granted assumptions about the first year of practice. The implications for improved support for early career social workers include enriching professional development and improving supervision support for these new front-line practitioners.

‘They call us for everything’: cynicism, rural policing and youth justice

ABSTRACT While researchers have studied police cynicism in urban contexts, few have studied cynicism in relation to rural policing and even less in relation to police responses to young people in these settings. In the current article, we respond by addressing the complex ways cynicism manifests in the rural policing of young people. Based on 104 semi-structured interviews and focus groups (n = 31) with 134 rural police officers in Atlantic Canada, we demonstrate that cynicism manifests in rural policing as role confusion, in relation to recalcitrant young people, the lack of organisational support, inefficacy of youth justice systems, and insufficient support from parents of young people in conflict with the law. Our findings highlight the value of community and organisational support, resources, and trust that are particularly salient in rural settings.

Performance and image enhancing drug interventions aimed at increasing knowledge among healthcare professionals (HCP): reflections on the implementation of the Dopinglinkki e-module in Europe and Australia in the HCP workforce

BackgroundHealthcare professionals (HCPs) provide an important point of contact through which people who use performance and image enhancing drugs (PIEDs) could access reliable information, advice, and interventions on a range of PIEDs, their use and related harms. However, HCPs often report difficulties engaging and building rapport with people who use PIEDs, and research suggests that they often lack specialist knowledge on these substances. Providing credible evidence-based resources to support HCPs is thus important. However, educational materials in this area are generally absent and the ones that exist have not been assessed for their utility in the HCP workforce. This paper examines the acceptability and usability of a PIED e-learning module (the Dopinglinkki e-module) targeted at HCPs in three EU Member States and Australia. MethodsA standardised two stage, mixed methodology was implemented. Stage 1 involved HCPs completing the e-module and completing an online survey (N = 77). Stage 2 involved conducting individual structured interviews with a subset of survey respondents (N = 37). Normalisation Process Theory and the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability were used as conceptual lenses. FindingsThe e-module provided information that was perceived as useful for HCPs’ current and future practice. However, several individual, organisational and societal level barriers were reported as preventing the e-module becoming an accepted and normalised aspect of the HCP workforce, including the need for up to date evidence, the time-consuming nature of completing the e-module, lack of organisational support, the use of over-complex language, and the module's potential to reinforce the stigmatisation of PIEDs. ConclusionProviding credible evidence-based resources to support HCPs’ knowledge development is important. Evidence-based and theory informed interventions are needed to equip HCPs with knowledge that can aid culturally sensitive interactions and effective engagement with people who use PIEDs. Reflecting on our study findings, it is important that the development of interventions should include the voices of both HCP and those using PIEDs, and that careful consideration is given to the various factors that may act as a barrier to effective implementation.

Challenges of Organisational Structure and Human Resources in Pre Hospital Emergency Medical Systems for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Qualitative Study

Introduction: Studies about Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) in pre hospital setting in Iran is limited. Despite the importance of this issue, numerous challenges in this area are left unattended. Aim: To explore the challenges of the organisational structure and the human resources in pre hospital Emergency Medical Systems (EMSs) for CPR. Materials and Methods: This qualitative study was conducted using content analysis approach. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews in 2020, until saturation was achieved. The participants were 16 Iranian emergency medical staff who were selected through a purposive sampling method. Data were analysed based on the Graneheim UH and Lundman B approach. Results: Thirteen participants were males and the rest were females. The mean age of the participants was 33.06±7.85 years and their mean work experience was 10.62±6.63 years. By analysing the data, the information was placed in two main categories- “the challenges of human resources” which includes four sub categories (lack of experience and skills, intrapersonal challenges, non targeted performance and weakness in education as the existing challenges), and “the challenges of organisational structure” which includes three sub categories (improper structure and access, lack of organisational support and shortages of the facilities and the equipment as the existing challenges). Conclusion: Results from the present study revealed that pre hospital EMSs staff had to face various problems, challenges and limitations in CPR. Therefore, the ability of these staff to manage these challenges should be increased through the opportunity to acquire clinical knowledge and skills in order to improve patient-centered services.

Investigation into post-adoption usage of mobile ICTs in Australian construction projects

PurposeWhile mobile Information and Communication Technologies (mobile ICTs) have been adopted by many construction organisations, research on the usage of mobile technologies in the context of construction project management has been scarce. Against this background, the purpose of this paper is to enhance the understanding of how Construction Management Professionals (CMPs) currently use mobile ICTs at work and the factors affecting their usage of mobile ICTs in the context of the Australian construction industry.Design/methodology/approachIn this research, the aim is addressed by a survey-based empirical research approach. A questionnaire was used to collect data about CMPs’ current mobile ICT usage and the factors affecting the usage. Then, relative importance index, factor analysis andχ2test were used to identify the most significant factors affecting their mobile ICT usage.FindingsThis research found that user characteristics such as age or years of experience are not the major factors affecting CMPs’ mobile ICT usage. The research also found that there are several barriers hindering an effective usage of mobile ICTs, namely work-family spillover, system quality issues, inconsistency in the way of using mobile ICTs among CMPs and the lack of organisational support.Originality/valueThe results of this research imply that to fully reap the potential benefits of mobile ICTs in construction projects, those barriers need to be addressed appropriately at the individual, organisational and industry levels. Also, this research informs construction organisations of how mobile ICTs can be deployed and used in the most cost-effective way in their projects.

\u2018It\u2019s not because we don\u2019t believe in it...\u2019: Headteachers\u2019 perceptions of implementing physically active lessons in school

IntroductionImplementation of school-based physical activity (PA) programmes has proven to be difficult, particularly due to schools’ focus on academic performance and lack of organisational support for PA interventions. However, physically active lessons (PA integrated into academic lessons) holds promise as a teaching method that increases children’s PA levels without reducing academic time. Headteachers play a significant role in facilitating change in school, but little is known about headteachers’ attitudes towards physically active lessons and their benefits. The purpose of this study was to explore headteachers’ perceptions of physically active lessons, and identify factors affecting headteachers’ acceptance or rejection of physically active lessons implementation.MethodA total of 29 semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with headteachers in primary and secondary schools in the city of Stavanger, Norway. Adopting a phenomenological approach, qualitative data were analysed using inductive content analysis.ResultsAlthough most of the headteachers believed that physically active lessons could contribute positively to pupils’ health and learning, only four of 29 schools decided to proceed with implementation. Physically active lessons were more likely to be adopted when the intervention addressed a clearly defined priority area at the school. Change overload and lack of in-depth knowledge of physically active lessons’ function and intent appeared to be the most important factors for choosing not to implement physically active lessons.ConclusionOne of the major challenges for headteachers was deciding which of the many proposed changes the school should prioritise. If physically active lessons was to be prioritised by headteachers it is very important to communicate thoroughly to the headteachers what the schools can achieve by implementing physically active lessons and how the innovation aligns with school policies and goals. Given the flexibility inherent in physically active lessons and the schools’ differing needs and priorities, it was important to emphasise to headteachers that physically active lessons could be adapted to different local school contexts.

Smoking cessation in the emergency department: a qualitative exploration of staff attitudes

BackgroundEmergency departments see uniquely large numbers of patients across all demographic groups who are more likely to smoke and who attend with acute health concerns that can provide an impetus for behaviour change. Despite this potential opportunity, no smoking cessation programme in any UK emergency department yet exists. This study sought to identify perceived barriers and facilitators for emergency department smoking cessation activity, as well as potential modes of intervention, by exploring staff attitudes. Methods16 members of staff from the Emergency Department, Derby NHS Teaching Hospital were purposively sampled to include a spectrum of clinical and non-clinical roles, grades, and employment duration. Semi-structured interviews were conducted within the department, and thematically analysed with dual-coding for validity under an interpretivist paradigm. FindingsThree themes were identified: roles of emergency departments, effects of smoking, and scope for intervention. Effects were described in individual-health and department-management contexts, with belief that reducing patient smoking would benefit both. Health promotion was seen as theoretically part of, and practically achievable within, the emergency department role. Lack of organisational support was a key barrier. Staff practice included occasional ad-hoc smoking cessation activity, but nothing routine. Those who did not incorporate smoking cessation into their practice felt that lack of training and support, rather than time, stopped them from doing so. InterpretationSupport for emergency department smoking cessation was found in the face of major barriers. Options to address these barriers were suggested, highlighting a willingness to engage. Complex interventions appeared impractical, and no single approach seemed universally applicable to emergency department environments. This study addresses the paucity of evidence around emergency department attitudes towards smoking cessation by providing a unique and in-depth picture of staff in the study department. It also balances clinical and population health viewpoints and has potential to inform promising prevention strategies in the emerging population-focused health-care structures. However, the study might not be generalisable to other emergency departments. Further research exploring patient attitudes would be a valuable next step. FundingHealth Education East Midlands.

Factors influencing the decision to convey or not to convey elderly people to the emergency department after emergency ambulance attendance: a systematic mixed studies review

BackgroundThe decision over whether to convey after emergency ambulance attendance plays a vital role in preventing avoidable admissions to a hospital’s emergency department (ED). This is especially important with the...