Lack Of Law Enforcement Research Articles

Pelecehan Seksual Terhadap Model Perempuan dalam Prespektif Hukum Islam (Studi Kasus di Banjarnegara)

This research aims to understand the phenomenon of sexual harassment against female models in Banjarnegara from the perspective of Islamic law and the Criminal Code. This research uses a qualitative research method with a case study research type. Research data was obtained through interviews with victims of sexual harassment, perpetrators of sexual harassment, victims' families, law enforcement officers, and community leaders in Banjarnegara. The research results show that sexual harassment against female models in Banjarnegara is a serious problem. Modes of sexual harassment that often occur include physical and verbal harassment. The factors behind the occurrence of sexual harassment are the perception that women are weak and powerless, patriarchal culture, and lack of law enforcement. Sanctions for sexual harassment according to Islamic law and the Criminal Code vary. In Islamic law, sexual harassment is included in the category of zina and is punishable by had. Meanwhile, in the Criminal Code, sexual harassment is regulated in Articles 281, 282, 283 and 285, with the threat of a maximum criminal penalty of two years and eight months or a maximum fine of IDR 4,500. This research recommends several steps to prevent sexual harassment against female models in Banjarnegara, including: Increasing education about gender equality and women's rights, Strengthening law enforcement against perpetrators of sexual harassment, Providing assistance and protection for victims of sexual harassment.

Over 30 years of monitoring and implementing the Bern Convention's recommendations for the protection of Mediterranean sea turtles

The Bern Convention was the first international treaty dedicated to the conservation of European wildlife and habitats. Their task is to review member states’ efforts depending on their commitments for flora and fauna protection. Since 1993, the Mediterranean Association to Save the Sea Turtles (MEDASSET) has been advocating for the creation and enforcement of legislation at the national, European Union, and regional levels. MEDASSET monitors the implementation of the Convention’s recommendations in two major sea turtle nesting areas in Greece (Laganas and Kyparissia Bays) and four in Turkey (Anamur, Kazanli, Fethiye, and Patara). In Greece, the most important pressures are uncontrolled tourist boat activity, illegal construction, and beach furniture management issues reported in Laganas Bay, and light pollution, illegal construction, and unhindered vehicle access in Kyparissia. In Turkey, Anamur is negatively impacted by the lack of law enforcement, illegal sand extraction, and coastal development, and Kazanli has been subjected to the release of toxic waste from a Soda Chrome Factory since 2000. Moreover, Fethiye and Patara are affected by the lack of management and protection, and the rapid construction and touristic development. Nevertheless, some positive steps have been made due to MEDASSET and other NGO activities over the past 30 years, such as the establishment of the National Marine Park of Zakynthos, and the issuing of the Bern Convention’s recommendations for each one of the aforementioned nesting sites.

Policy Analysis of Regional Regulation No. 14 of 2011 Concerning Semarang City Regional Spatial Planning for Flood Management: A Qualitative Study

Semarang City, as one of the metropolitan cities in Indonesia, is often hit by floods. This is caused by various factors, including regional spatial planning that is not well planned. Regional Regulation (Perda) No. 14 of 2011 concerning Semarang City Regional Spatial Planning (RTRW) is expected to be a solution to overcoming flooding problems. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of Regional Regulation No. 14 of 2011 in dealing with floods in Semarang City. This research uses qualitative methods with data collection techniques through interviews, observation and documentation studies. The data obtained was analyzed using qualitative data analysis techniques. The research results show that Regional Regulation No. 14 of 2011 has several weaknesses in dealing with floods in Semarang City. These weaknesses include: Lack of community involvement in the preparation of the RTRW: The community was not actively involved in the process of preparing the RTRW, so that their aspirations were not properly accommodated. Lack of synchronization between RTRW and other policies: RTRW is not synchronized with other policies related to flood management, such as coastal area spatial planning policies and drainage policies. Lack of law enforcement: Law enforcement regarding RTRW violations is still weak, resulting in many land conversions occurring which exacerbate flooding problems. In conclusion, Regional Regulation No. 14 of 2011 concerning Semarang City RTRW has several weaknesses in dealing with floods. These weaknesses make this policy ineffective in achieving its goals. To increase the effectiveness of this policy, several steps need to be taken, such as increasing community involvement, increasing synchronization between policies, and increasing law enforcement.

Human Organs Trafficking: Perspective from Criminal Matters, Business and Human Rights

Background: The trafficking of human organs has evolved over the years. At first it appeared across isolated cases, but over time it has increased the curiosity of organised crime due to the high benefits and the small possibility of the perpetrators being pursued with an international character. The perpetrators of this criminal act start this criminal activity with the trafficking of sperm, but they can also continue with the tissues and organs from corpses. Also, human rights have evolved in recent decades. Today, human rights are at the epicentre of global poli- tics. In addition, security issues, poverty, social inequality, non-respect of human rights, lack of adequate laws, and lack of law enforcement are prerequisites for a particular impact on the trafficking of human organs. Methods: This paper provides a comparative look at the topic with a special emphasis on hu- man organ trafficking by analysing in different and interrelated perspectives, including the social aspect, criminal aspect, the benefits of criminal groups, and the violation of basic human rights. Results and Conclusions: As part of the concluding remarks, suggestions for future actions by law enforcement institutions in terms of anti-trafficking policies and practices.

Law Enforcement in Criminal Cases Based on Restorative Justice by the Prosecutor's Office

The lack of law enforcement is trapped in legal certainty and procedural justice only in carrying out law enforcement powers, ignoring substantial justice, which is the basic goal of the law itself. The purpose of this research is to find out how law enforcement in criminal cases is based on restorative justice by the prosecutor's office. This research method uses the type of normative legal research defined as a research method on statutory rules. The nature of this research is descriptive because it describes systematically positive laws and principles or theories related to restorative justice. The results of this study show that the enforcement of criminal acts based on Restorative Justice by the prosecutor's office is carried out based on the Attorney General's Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 15 of 2020 concerning Termination of Prosecution Based on Restorative Justice. The public prosecutor can terminate the prosecution in the public interest.

Perlindungan Hukum bagi Konsumen Depot Air Minum yang Terpapar Bacteri Escherichia Coli

This study aims to analyze the legal protection given to consumers of drinking water depots who experience losses due to exposure to Escherichia coli bacteria. The research method used is a normative juridical method by analyzing the Consumer Protection Law No. 8 of 1999 regarding legal protection for consumers of drinking water depots. However, to support normative juridical research, empirical research is also needed to determine how the management of drinking water depots is carried out. The results of the study show that legal protection for drinking water depot consumers who are exposed to Escherichia coli bacteria is contained in various laws and regulations, such as the Consumer Protection Act and the Minister of Health Regulation concerning Water Quality Requirements for Sanitation Hygiene and Recreation Purposes. However, there are several obstacles in providing legal protection for consumers of drinking water depots, such as the lack of law enforcement against violations related to drinking water quality and the lack of public awareness of the importance of consuming safe and healthy drinking water. Therefore, efforts from the government and society are needed to increase awareness of the importance of drinking water quality and law enforcement against violations related to drinking water quality.

An Evaluation of Parking Facilities on Selected Shopping Complexes in Minna, Nigeria to Achieve Sustainability

Shopping complex is a collection of spaces that offer different types of services to the public including selling and buying of daily needs. A shopping complex is expected to possess adequate parking facilities in order to ease the movement of its occupants and increase the productivity of the staff, thereby ensuring conducive shopping activities. On the other hand, the parking structures comprise one of the largest land uses in modern cities which make them functionally inefficient. Conventional parking method is one of the most difficult barriers to achieve sustainability. So, a great attention is being paid upon the creation of smaller, high-density, low-energy and more eco-friendly parking facilities. Due to the incessant growth of shopping complexes in and around Minna metropolis, there seems to be not only inadequate parking facilities around such shopping complexes. But, the facilities also follow unsustainable development approaches which results in inefficient usage and wastage of the energy. These inadequate parking facilities make users to park their vehicles indiscriminately which in turn causes discomfort and accidents while moving in and around the perimeter of the complexes. Moreover, other pressing issues include the lack of greenery and the use of non-permeable paving which resulted in unsustainable solutions in the creation of an environmental-friendly area. In this background, the current research article evaluates the parking facilities within the complexes from a sustainability point of perspective. The aim of the research is to develop practical solutions for better applications. For this purpose, the data was collected through personal observations in order to analyze the parking facilities in the shopping complexes located in the study area. The results infer that there is a lack of law enforcement by the professionals in the built environment in terms of implementing the planning standards and building laws for sustainable development. Conclusions and recommendations are made in this paper for the architect and other allied professionals to design the shopping complexes with an emphasis on parking spaces. Both design and planning of the parking spaces should be given adequate consideration by the approval body in Minna prior to the approval of any shopping complex.

Reconstruction of State Economic Losses in Criminal Acts of Corruption in Indonesia

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine and know the concept and application of proof and calculation of state economic losses, which so far law enforcement on the application of proving state economic losses is rarely carried out by law enforcement. Method: The definition of the state economy as referred to in the Elucidation of the Corruption Law is very general and has multiple interpretations so that it is difficult to explain in trial evidence, this has an impact on the lack of law enforcement in implementing state economic losses. Results and conclusion: The concept of state economic losses in its application based on the corruption law can be formulated more concretely, including determining the characteristics and scope of state economic losses, and along with the development of science, especially economics, relating to state economic losses as a corruption impact. The calculation of economic losses uses two approaches, namely economic losses and lost expenditures. By taking action that does not harm the country's economy, law enforcement against criminal acts of corruption can be more optimal and the recovery of state economic losses can be maximized in order to welfare society. Research implications: Economists who focus on the problem of state economic losses, with certain formulas can calculate the real amount of state economic losses. The component of state economic losses is calculated based on the amount of losses incurred, namely multiple economic impacts. Originality/value: The various corruption cases that have been revealed in these sectors show that there is an impact on the state and regional economy that is far greater than the value of state losses due to acts of corruption that occur. The stabilization function of the economy has been disrupted so that the economic fundamentals of the country or region have weakened.

Running Head: Child Advocacy for Rape Victims in Kecapi Bay Village

Purpose: Many violent cases experienced by children and officers' lack of law enforcement become a reason for poor justice. Each case needs advocacy. Theoretical framework: Social advocacy needs to be done by those who deal with child victims of physical abuse. Method: This research is qualitative research with a simple description. A descriptive method is used in research on a human, an object, a set of conditions, a system, a group's mindset, a system, or a current situation that aims to obtain a systematically actual and accurate description, picture of facts and characteristics and their correlation with an observed phenomenon. Result and Conclusion: This research involves psychology services. It is helpful for the trauma recovery of victims who experience abuse effects directly and indirectly. During the break time situation at SDN (Public Elementary School), 16 Pemulutan is crowded with students. They also usually play various games in the yard. A reason for sexual abuse is parents’ lack of control over their children. Childhood is when everything the children see, hear, and read influences their future, positively or negatively. Research implication: Therefore, researchers prevent the situation by giving religious education to the children. Religious education from as early as possible has a very relevant impact so that it can avoid deviant actions. Originality/value: The result of this research that became Novelty lies in how parents should be fully responsible for assisting in children's daily lives at the age of adolescence so that they can avoid unlawful acts.

Agricultural expansion into forest reserves in Zambia: a remote sensing approach

Forest reserves play an important role in the provision of ecosystem goods and services; however, these reserves are facing increasing anthropogenic impacts primarily because of agricultural activities. In sub-Saharan Africa, studies on understanding the extent and impacts of agricultural expansion into forest reserves are generally lacking. Thus, this study aimed to assess the extent of agricultural expansion into forest reserves in Zambia on a national scale between 2000 and 2018 and explores the drivers. We used a remote sensing approach by employing Google Earth Engine (GEE) and Random Forests classifier to map land cover changes at five-time steps: 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2018. Landsat images were used to map six land cover classes (forest, cropland, wetland, grassland, settlement, and water body) determined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). A social survey was also undertaken to understand the drivers of agricultural expansion into forest reserves at two study sited located in eastern and north-western part of Zambia. Based on the land cover maps which were produced with high accuracies ranging from 82% to 94%, the results indicated a general decline of 10% in forest area and an increase of 25% in cropland. Almost 50% of the forest reserves in Zambia are experiencing some form of encroachment, and 10% of these are heavily encroached (>90% loss). Local communities indicated that population growth, loss of soil fertility, high market demand for crops, land tenure system, and lack of law enforcement are the major drivers of agricultural expansion into forest reserves. This study highlights the need for policy marker to consider trade-offs in agricultural expansion and conservation of forest reserves relation to population growth. Enhancing sustainable agricultural practices and strengthening the implementation of different legislative frameworks is key in addressing the challenges of conservation, while enhancing food security.

Far from reality, or somehow accurate? Social beliefs and perceptions about traffic crashes in the Dominican Republic.

Despite the considerable effort made during the last decades, emerging countries are still among the highest road safety concerns because they still account for most of the deaths caused by traffic crashes. Various studies suggest that one of the factors involved in this negative outcome could be road safety. However, this issue remains pending to be addressed in most emerging countries, including the Dominican Republic. This study aimed to assess the beliefs and perceptions of Dominicans regarding some key road risky-related issues and to discuss them in the light of objective data. For this cross-sectional study, the responses by a full sample of 1,260 Dominicans (50.1% men, 49.9% women) with a mean age of 39.4 years participating in a set of surveys conducted across the country, were used. Although Dominicans (especially women) seem to attribute high importance to road crashes, there is a low perceived likelihood of getting involved in a traffic crash. As for subjective versus objective data comparisons, perceived crash features and objective crash report data considerably match. However, the numbers largely differ in terms of crash frequency and importance and relevance given to road crashes, and their consequences. Further, perceptions of traffic violations and lack of law enforcement were pertinent predictors of the degree of relevance attributed to traffic crashes. Overall, the results of this study suggest that, despite a relative awareness of their actual traffic crash features, Dominicans systematically underestimate the causes, frequency, and consequences of these crashes, including yearly fatality rates. These outcomes suggest the need to strengthen road safety awareness and beliefs in further road safety actions and policymaking in the region.

The role of law and moral in establishing countermeasures against sexual harassment

Since sexual harassment is prevalent amongst women and becoming common amongst the middle school children, there is more demand for legal action. Surveys conducted by non-profit organizations show a high level of victimization, but there are often cases of constant concealment, silence about such facts of offenses. This article aims to discuss the role of law and morale in dealing with sexual harassment. On the one hand, it discusses the nature of legal definition of harassment and the difficulty in proving the act due to the presence of a subjective component. Inability to enforce the law will turn it merely into a symbolic measure. On the other hand, lack of law enforcement does not mean that the norm on sexual harassment will not have a deterrent effect. The existence of a legal norm will avert the crime, yet it will be difficult to measure the number of prevented offences. Equally important is to highlight that sexual violence is common place amongst the middle school children across the globe and gaining visibility in Kazakhstan. For that reason, the article discusses advantages and limitations of various interventions that aim to prevent sexual harassment in schools. With many interventions being of single program character, authors recommend systematic strategies that tackle harassment on the individual, family, and community level.

Rekonstruksi Regulasi Sebagai Optimalisasi Perlindungan dan Penegakan Hak Asasi Manusia dalam Sistem Ketatanegaraan Indonesia

Indonesia is a country based on law and has diverse citizens, so there are majorities and minorities; this makes Indonesia have many problems regarding human rights. a large number of cases of human rights violations that have occurred in Indonesia are due to a lack of understanding of human rights about the essential values that everyone owns so that people easily violate the rights of others, as well as protection and law enforcement that is not optimal in handling rights cases human rights. it is not only the minorities who must get protection, but the majority also really need to voice their rights as citizens of Indonesia. So that the lack of law enforcement and protection of human rights becomes a problem in solving problems related to human rights. Law enforcement related to human rights should be able to resolve human rights problems that occur in Indonesia. This paper was written by discussing how to optimize law enforcement in resolving cases related to human rights. so that problems related to human rights in Indonesia get solutions and optimal protection.

Causes and consequences of flocked resignations of independent directors: Inferences from firm impacts following Kangmei Pharmaceutical's scandal

The monitoring role of independent directors could be compromised by weak legal environments and a lack of law enforcement, especially in emerging markets. We explore this issue by investigating the possible causes and consequences of large-scale resignations of independent directors across Chinese firms following Kangmei Pharmaceutical's financial scandal. We show that those resignations signaled potential problems for respective firms because those companies were more likely to be exposed to financial misconduct and experience poor stock performance. Our evidence suggests that holding independent directors accountable for negligence of duty is an essential component of corporate governance.

Factors Which Influence the Patterns of Built Structures in the Riparian Areas of Nairobi River Basin

This study sought to investigate major factors that have influenced the patterns of built structures along Nairobi riparian zones using an analytical approach and some aspects of correlations. The study employed a descriptive research design with various data collecting methodologies, including questionnaires, photos, interviews, and secondary empirical support. The areas covered by the study fall within the Upper Nairobi river basin, which includes Upper Mathare, Motoine, and Nairobi river tributaries. A population of 270 households was sampled within the three areas. Main economic activities in these areas include small businesses, farming, informal and formal employment, as well as Juakali activities. About 59% of the Motoine catchment households understand the term riparian, and 27% do not. In the Nairobi river catchment, 73% understand the term riparian, while the other 27% of the population do not, while in Mathare River, 83% of the household understand a riparian, and 17% do not. Corruption and greed was the main cause of encroachment as observed by 86% of the population, 34% attributed poor leadership, 71% cited lack of law enforcement, and 40% cited ignorance among the people and in government. A positive correlation was identified between the knowledge of riparian and problem of encroachment. In the Motoine River (Pearson’s R= 0.715). Nairobi river (Pearson’s R=0.54) very strong correlation (Pearson’s R= 0.946) was established in the. The study found that the main drivers that influence built structures in riparian zones are overpopulation, poverty, lack of alternative land, ignorance, lack of law enforcement in the government, and corruption. The study established that a high level of ignorance and low levels of formal education as the main contributor to discounting riparian protection among the residents. Lack of law enforcement, political interference, and high levels of corruption in the government attributes to be the cause of undue degree ..........

LAW ENFORCEMENT FOR SERVICE PROVIDERS AND ONLINE CHILDREN PROSTITUTION VENDORS (A FORM OF LEGAL REFORM IN HANDLING CRIMINAL CASES FOR CHILDREN)

<span class="fontstyle0">This study discusses the enforcement of Law No. 21 of 2007 against perpetrators of child prostitution and also protects children as peddlers. cases of child prostitution in 2018 that have been recorded by the KPAI reached 93 cases spread throughout Indonesia. In 2020 there are also cases of online prostitution that ensnare children, in Kalibata City. As for then the main problem discussed in this scientific paper is how the implementation of Law No. 21 of 2007 takes action against perpetrators of child prostitution and also provides protection for children as peddlers. The research method used in this research is a normative research method<br />with a statutory approach. Based on the results of the research conducted, it can be concluded that the lack of law enforcement in human trafficking cases involving child prostitution where we emphasize that children in prostitution cases must be seen as victims and exploitation behavior must be considered a crime by Law Number 21 of 2007 Regarding the Eradication of the Crime of Trafficking in Persons Article 5 Jo. number 8.</span> <br /><br />

Identifying the Barriers to Sustainable Management of Construction and Demolition Waste in Developed and Developing Countries

The construction industry is a vital part of every nation’s economy. Construction activities influence the social, environmental, and economic aspects of sustainability. There are so many barriers to sustainable construction and demolition waste management (C&DWM). This study aims to identify barriers for effective sustainable C&DWM in developed and developing countries. To achieve the objective, 11 barriers have been selected and identified based on an excessive and comprehensive literature review, and then reviewed by experts. These reviewed barriers were further examined by various experts within different organizations using a questionnaire survey. Ranking of the barriers was carried out using the Relative Importance Index (RI), and the results were statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Practical solutions were proposed to overcome the identified barriers. The overall ranking of barriers by RI indicates that insufficient attention paid to C&DWM, lack of law enforcement, lack of regulation, and financial constraints represent the four major barriers to sustainable C&DWM in these countries. The findings of this study and the proposed solutions are enablers for decision-makers to develop effective strategies to tackle construction and demolition wastes in sustainable manners.

Pelanggaran Tindak Pidana Lalu Lintas yang di Lakukan oleh Seorang Warga Negara Asing (WNA) di Kawasan Badung Bali yang Mengakibatkan Hilangnya Nyawa Seseorang

Bali is a well-known tourist destination in the international world. In supporting their daily activities, not a few foreign tourists use vehicles individually. And not a few tourists who violate traffic. The occurrence of traffic violations on the highway tends to allow accidents. The purpose of this research is to discuss the regulation of the rights of foreign nationals who commit traffic violations that result in the loss of a person's life and to examine the criminal factors against foreign nationals who commit traffic violations resulting in the loss of a person's life. This research uses empirical legal research methods using a juridical and sociological approach. The sources of legal materials used in this research are primary, secondary and tertiary sources. Data collection techniques in this research used interview techniques and note-taking and documentation techniques. The results of this research explain that foreign nationals have rights as witnesses in a process of proving a criminal case which is regulated in the provisions of Article 26 paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia which is specifically regulated regarding rights as citizens. Foreign. The lack of law enforcement against foreigners driving in the territory of Indonesia, especially Bali, is a factor causing accidents. It is hoped that the government will be able to tighten the enforcement of rules against foreigners driving in Indonesian territory and for rental parties to pay more attention to driving requirements for foreigners.

Challenges and Barriers in Disaster Mitigation Education in Banyumas Regency

BACKGROUND: Indonesia has very huge natural disaster potential risks. To reduce the impacts of disaster, proper and massive mitigation education toward society is very imperative. Disaster mitigation education has been carried out in both formal and non-formal sectors. While National Disaster Management Agency (Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana) has educated the public massively, in formal sector there has been only regulation and guidance from the Ministry of Education. However, its implementation in local areas still encountered many obstacles and challenges, especially in Banyumas regency. AIM: This study aims to explore disaster mitigation process education in Banyumas Regency. METHODS: This qualitative study recruited 11 participants who involved in disaster mitigation process using purposive sampling method. A focus-group discussion (FGD) and in-depth interview method were adopted to explore data regarding disaster education. Researchers used a semi-structured interview form consisting of ten questions during the data collection process. Literatures related to disaster mitigation regulations were also critically analyzed. Data were recorded, trancripted, discussed, and categorized manually. RESULTS: As a result, the study revealed two main themes in disaster mitigation education: lack of law enforcement in implementing disaster education and lack of people’s awareness for disaster education. The categories under the themes are disaster education regulation, lack of standardized disaster guideline and curriculum, and lack of disaster education awareness and education approach. CONCLUSION: Educating disaster mitigation through formal education from the early stage is very significant. Substantial matters need to be well constracted are guidelines for implementing disaster education in schools as well as curriculum based on the concepts and implementation, correct construct, and subject matter. Encouraging the awareness of disaster preparedness since an early age is important to instill the right techniques.

Continued availability and sale of pangolins in a major urban bushmeat market in Cameroon despite national bans and the COVID-19 outbreak.

Continued availability and sale of pangolins in a major urban bushmeat market in Cameroon despite national bans and the COVID-19 outbreak.