Lack Of Family Planning Research Articles

Family Planning, Irrigation, and Agricultural Cooperatives for Sustainable Food Security in Kenya

Rapid population growth causes smallholders to practice unsustainable forms of land intensification to meet increasing food demand. Food insecurity is exacerbated by unreliable rainfall. We revisit family planning, smallholder irrigation, and agricultural cooperatives as potential sustainable solutions. We use primary data from Kakamega Central and Navakholo in Kenya. Results from respondents indicate 83% had no family planning information, while 82% had no access to irrigation. The main reasons are poverty, illiteracy, misconceptions, gender inequality, and constraints in accessing credit, lack of investment in water resources, and lack of family planning. Lack of access to agricultural extension services limits the adoption of sustainable farming practices. Cooperatives’ principles and values make them suitable pathways to reach the poorest and facilitate members’ access to productive resources. Cooperatives can be used to train members in sustainable agricultural practices and educate members on family planning issues. Descriptive statistics and econometric regression results suggest that cooperatives have contributed to better yields, incomes, nutritional status, and reduced poverty. However, they are constrained by a lack of capital, credit, infrastructure, markets, training and technology, delayed payment, and low prices. Governments and development agencies should support the establishment and development of cooperatives with capacity building, market infrastructure, finance, and education in cooperative principles and values.

Evaluation of breastfeeding and infant feeding attitudes among syrian refugees in Turkey: observations of Syrian healthcare workers

BackgroundThe influx of Syrian refugees into Turkey has highlighted the importance of supporting breastfeeding practices among this vulnerable population. We aimed to evaluate the breastfeeding and infant feeding attitudes of Syrian mothers based on the observations of Syrian healthcare workers (HCWs).MethodsAn online form including 31 questions was prepared in Turkish, Arabic, and English languages and distributed to HCWs, working in refugee health centers via e-mail, WhatsApp, or text message with the help of Ministry of Health in Turkey between January 2020 and March 2020. The questions were about HCWs’ characteristics (occupation, region of employment, duration of employment, participation in breastfeeding counseling course) and about HCWs’ observations of Syrian mothers’ breastfeeding and infant feeding practices.ResultsA total of 876 HCWs were included in the study; about 37.3% were physicians. Only 40.0% of HCWs reported that babies were predominantly fed with breast milk in the first three days after birth, 45.2% of HCWs indicated that mothers typically used sugary water as a prelacteal food, and 30.5% believed that breastfeeding was discontinued before 12 months. The main barriers to breastfeeding identified by HCWs included the lack of education, mental and physical health issues in the mother, food insecurity, low income, inadequate housing, lack of family planning, sociocultural environment, and limited access to quality health services. For complementary feeding, 28.0% of HCWs stated early introduction and 7.4% remarked delayed. HCWs believed grains, fruits and vegetables, and dairy products as top three foods for starting complementary food (59.5%, 47.8%, and 30.3% respectively). Healthcare challenges of Syrian pregnant and lactating mothers were reported to be associated primarily with “food, finance, and housing difficulties”, low maternal education, and cultural and environmental issues. HCWs recommended various solutions, such as supporting breastfeeding, offering nutrition and health support, promoting family planning, improving healthcare systems through legislation, and addressing cultural barriers.ConclusionsTo address breastfeeding issues among Syrian mothers, it is crucial to provide breastfeeding training to both HCWs and mothers. Expanding interventions that support breastfeeding-friendly practices, including community support and food aid for breastfeeding mothers, should also be considered to address the social determinants of breastfeeding.

Antenatal couples\u2019 counselling in Uganda (ACCU): study protocol for a randomised controlled feasibility trial

BackgroundCommon avoidable factors leading to maternal, perinatal and neonatal deaths include lack of birth planning (and delivery in an inappropriate place) and unmet need for contraception. Progress has been slow because routine antenatal care has focused only on women. Yet, in Uganda, many women first want the approval of their husbands. The World Health Organization recommends postpartum family planning (PPFP) as a critical component of health care. The aim of this trial is to test the feasibility of recruiting and retaining participants in a trial of a complex community-based intervention to provide counselling to antenatal couples in Uganda.MethodsThis is a two-group, non-blinded cluster-randomised controlled feasibility trial of a complex intervention. Primary health centres in Uganda will be randomised to receive the intervention or usual care provided by the Ministry of Health. The intervention consists of training village health teams to provide basic counselling to couples at home, encouraging men to accompany their wives to an antenatal clinic, and secondly of training health workers to provide information and counselling to couples at antenatal clinics, to facilitate shared decision-making on the most appropriate place of delivery, and postpartum contraception. We aim to recruit 2 health centres in each arm, each with 10 village health teams, each of whom will aim to recruit 35 pregnant women (a total of 700 women per arm). The village health teams will follow up and collect data on pregnant women in the community up to 12 months after delivery and will directly enter the data using the COSMOS software on a smartphone.DiscussionThis intervention addresses two key avoidable factors in maternal, perinatal and neonatal deaths (lack of family planning and inappropriate place of delivery). Determining the acceptability and feasibility of antenatal couples’ counselling in this study will inform the design of a fully randomised controlled clinical trial. If this trial demonstrates the feasibility of recruitment and delivery, we will seek funding to conduct a fully powered trial of the complex intervention for improving uptake of birth planning and postpartum family planning in Uganda.Trial registrationPan African Clinical Trials Registry PACTR202102794681952. Approved on 10 February 2021. ISRCTN Registry ISRCTN97229911. Registered on 23 September 2021

Determinants of Lack of Family Planning in Grand Multiparous Women

Multiparity is a matter of great concern regarding the health of women as well as child. At the same time it has different determinants and socioeconomic backgrounds. Objective: To determine the determinants of lack of family planning in grand multiparous women. Methods: It is a descriptive cross sectional study including 271 GMP patients from DHQ Hospital Okara city. Mean age was 35 ± 10 years. Data was collected with the help of questionnaire and evaluated and analyzed using SPSS version 24. Mean and standard deviation was calculated for quantitative data and frequency and percentages for qualitative data. To measure the determinants of lack of family planning, chi square test was used. P values less than and equal to 0.05 were taken as significant. Results: Most of women belong to rural area 172 (63.47%) and are Muslims 259 (95.5%). Most of the families lie under upper lower 149 (54.8%) and lower middle group of income 71 (26.1%). The reason of last pregnancy was desire for baby boy 66 (24.4%), then husband’s wish 45 (16.6%) and so on. There is a good association of socioeconomic status and residence of head of family as p < 0.05, (Results are 325.272a, df = 10, p=0 .000). There is an association of Gravida and socioeconomic status of head of family as p<0.05. (27.294, df= 20, p=.05). There is a good association between reasons of last pregnancy and gravida as p<0.05, (41.920, df = 24, p=0 .001). Conclusions: The grand multiparty is still very common in Okara Pakistan district, considering the easy availability of modern contraceptive methods but very few women are aware of it. The most popular explanation given for present pregnancy by grand multiparous women was an urge for baby boy followed by husband wish. Most of women are Muslims. Rural Women are more socio-economically down and they have grander multiparty

Marriage and Population Growth Anthropological Comparative Study in Kirkuk City

The city of Kirkuk is one of the disputed cities between the Kurdistan Regional Government and Baghdad. In the Iraqi Constitution 2005, through Article 140, the constitutional solution to this problem was decided, through (normalization, the census of the city’s population, the referendum). This process is depending on the number of population .
 The simple marriage habits of Arabs and the difficulty of Kurdish marriage led to rapid population growth among Arabs..
 Population growth is influenced by a wide array of social and cultural variables including social customs, marriage levels, birth rate, and family size and so on.
 The Kurdish rural community has been dismantled since the 1980s, while the Arab rural society is in a state of continuous growth. Moreover, the Kurdish population is concentrated inside the city and practices urban or marginal occupations, while the Arab population has become widely distributed in villages, districts and within the city, practicing pastoral, agricultural, governmental, security and military occupations. The Arab rural community is also characterized by high demographic growth due to early marriage, lack of family planning and polygamy, while the Kurdish urban population is characterized by a low population due to delayed marriages, birth control and civil marriage. Furthermore, the average size of Kurdish family is between (3 to 5 persons), while the average size of Arab family, especially in rural areas, ranges between 8 and 10. The process of marriage in Arab society is easy and does not cost much while this process tends to be more costly in Kurdish community. It is worth mentioning that the migration of Kurdish youth outwards or the migration of Kurdish families to Kurdistan Region is high, while migration for many Arab families and their young members tend to be towards Kirkuk city. The percentage of spinsterhood in Kurdish society is higher compare to Arab community. Therefore, we expect that the percentage of Kurds in Kirkuk will fall to (38%) in 2030, after it was 48% in the 1957. And the percentage of Arabs in Kirkuk will arise to (35%) in 2030, after it was 21% in the 1957.

The influence of social and cultural practices on maternal mortality: a qualitative study from South Punjab, Pakistan

BackgroundA disproportionately high rate of maternal deaths is reported in developing and underdeveloped regions of the world. Much of this is associated with social and cultural factors, which form barriers to women utilizing appropriate maternal healthcare. A huge body of research is available on maternal mortality in developing countries. Nevertheless, there is a lack of literature on the socio-cultural factors leading to maternal mortality within the context of the Three Delays Model. The current study aims to explore socio-cultural factors leading to a delay in seeking care in maternal healthcare in South Punjab, Pakistan.MethodsWe used a qualitative method and performed three types of data collection with different target groups: (1) 60 key informant interviews with gynaecologists, (2) four focus group discussions with Lady Health Workers (LHWs), and (3) ten case studies among family members of deceased mothers. The study was conducted in Dera Ghazi Khan, situated in South Punjab, Pakistan. The data was analysed with the help of thematic analysis.ResultsThe study identified that delay in seeking care—and the potentially resulting maternal mortality—is more likely to occur in Pakistan due to certain social and cultural factors. Poor socioeconomic status, limited knowledge about maternal care, and financial constraints among rural people were the main barriers to seeking care. The low status of women and male domination keeps women less empowered. The preference for traditional birth attendants results in maternal deaths. In addition, early marriages and lack of family planning, which are deeply entrenched in cultural values, religion and traditions—e.g., the influence of traditional or spiritual healers—prevented young girls from obtaining maternal healthcare.ConclusionThe prevalence of high maternal mortality is deeply alarming in Pakistan. The uphill struggle to reduce deaths among pregnant women is firmly rooted in addressing certain socio-cultural practices, which create constraints for women seeking maternal care. The focus on poverty reduction and enhancing decision-making power is essential for supporting women’s right to medical care.

Perceptions of women, their husbands and healthcare providers about anemia in rural Pakistan: Findings from a qualitative exploratory study.

BackgroundIn Pakistan, there is a dearth of literature on the perceptions of anemia among women of reproductive age (WRA). This study was undertaken to explore the perceptions of women, their husbands, and healthcare providers about anemia, its possible causes, and how anemia impacts maternal and child health in Thatta, Pakistan.MethodsA qualitative study was conducted in Thatta, Pakistan from September to December 2018. Using a pre-tested semi-structured interview (SSI), we collected data to understand their definitions of anemia through ten focus group discussions (FGDs) with women and their partners and ten primary informant interviews (KIIs) with healthcare providers. We identified six major themes: (I) Knowledge and awareness of anemia, (II) Causes and consequences of Anemia, (III) Dietary practices, (IV) Knowledge and practices regarding the use of iron-folic acid supplements, (V) Factors influencing prevention and control of anemia and (VI) Women’s health behavior. We analyzed the data through thematic analysis using NVivo 10 software.ResultsMost community members were not aware of the term anemia but described anemia as a condition characterized by ‘blood deficiency’ in the body. All study participants perceived anemia as an important health problem tending to cause adverse outcomes among WRA and their children. Study participants perceived gutka (chewable tobacco) consumption as an important cause of anemia. Healthcare providers identified short inter-pregnancy intervals, lack of family planning, poor health-seeking behavior, and consumption of unhealthy food as causes of anemia in the district. Consumption of unhealthy food might not be related to related to a poorer knowledge of iron-deficient foods, but economic constraints. This was further endorsed by the healthcare providers who mentioned that most women were too poor to afford iron-rich foods. All men and women were generally well versed with the sources of good nutrition to be consumed by WRA to prevent anemia.ConclusionThe findings suggest that the government should plan to develop strategies for poverty-stricken and vulnerable rural women and plan health awareness programs to improve dietary practices, compliance with supplements, and health-seeking behavior among women of reproductive age. There is a need to develop effective counseling strategies and context-specific health education sessions to improve the health-seeking behavior of women and men in the Thatta district of Pakistan. Besides, there is need to address social determinants of health such as poverty that pushes women of poorer socioeconomic strata to eat less nutritious foods and have more anaemia. Therefore, a comprehensive and robust strategic plan need to be adopted by government that focuses not only on the awareness programs, but also aim to reduce inequities that lead to pregnant women eat iron-poor foods, which, in turn, forces them to become anemic.

Gravidez no puerpério: os fatores que contribuem para uma gestação no ciclo puerperal

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os fatores que mais contribuíram para a gravidez no puerpério. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa descritiva exploratória de abordagem qualitativa, que foi realizada no serviço de Saúde da mulher de dois municípios do interior do Estado do Rio de Janeiro e no Ambulatório de Medicina Integrada de um Hospital Escola, no setor de obstetrícia, com uma amostra de 30 mulheres, onde estas foram entrevistadas para a coleta de dados na atenção ao objetivo proposto. Os dados foram analisados mediante a categorização de respostas. Participaram da pesquisa 30 mulheres, na faixa etária predominante 40%, em relação ao número de filhos 27% relataram 04 ou mais filhos, sobre o intervalo de tempo entre as gestações 50% relataram 01 anos de intervalo e 67% relataram que a gravidez não foi planejada. Foram criadas três categorias de análise dos dados a saber: a) Comunicação ineficaz com puérperas em relação a prevenção de gravidez precoce; b)A falta do planejamento familiar como parte integral no cuidado à saúde da puérpera; e c) A falta de dedicação no uso dos métodos contraceptivos após a gestação. Concluiu-se que de acordo com a amostra do estudo que os fatores que mais influenciam para a gravidez no puerpério estão ligados a ausência de comunicação, falta de planejamento familiar tendo como consequência também fator contribuinte a falta de dedicação em relação à anticoncepção no puerpério.

Risk Factors of Protein Calorie Malnutrition Under Five Years; Tertiary Care Hospitals, Peshawar


 
 
 
 ABSTRACT:
 OBJECTIVES:
 The purpose of this study was to know about the risk factors of malnutrition and the incidence of risk factors among known cases of malnutrition admitted in tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar.
 METHODOLOGY:
 A descriptive cross-sectional study was done. Study was conducted in tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar from March 2019 to July 2019. Study included 100 patients of protein calorie malnutrition less than five years of age. Internationally recognized Gomez classification was used to label patient as malnourished. Risk factors of primary malnutrition including socioeconomic status, ignorance of weaning, poverty, lack of immunization and primary care, maternal illiteracy and risk factors of secondary malnutrition including infections, congenital diseases, malabsorptive disorders and metabolic disorders were assessed. Data was collected through a questionnaire. Tables and graphs were used to determine the frequency of risk factors for protein calorie malnutrition.
 RESULTS: 
 Among 100 patients of PCM 59 were male and 41 were females. After assessment of both genders, risk factors that show close association with protein calorie malnutrition were low socioeconomic status, maternal illiteracy, lack of family planning, poor weaning and repeated infections. Among these risk factors the most frequently observed risk factors for protein calorie malnutrition were low socioeconomic status and repeated infections.
 CONCLUSION:
 Low socioeconomic condition and repeated infections are the leading cause of protein calorie malnutrition.
 KEYWORDS: Malnutrition, Gomez Classification, Frequency, Risk Factors
 
 
 

PELAKSANAAN PROGRAM KELUARGA BERENCANA DI KECAMATAN MELAK KABUPATEN KUTAI BARAT

This study aimed to examine the implementation of family planning programs in the district of Melak, West Kutai Regency especially in terms of communication, resources, disposition, bureaucratic structure and identify the factors supporting and hindering the implementation of the family planning program in the district of Melak, West Kutai Regency. In this research, writer use the qualitative approach. Data collecting conducted by doing cirscumtantial interview, sharing observation and also documentation study. After this phase, is done by a data analysis qualitative that use the interactive model analysis. The results showed that the implementation of the family planning program in the District Melak not run well. This is caused by the lack of family planning and their extension number of cadres, the facilities were incomplete and lack of budget from the government for the implementation of family planning programs. Keywords: public policy, implementation, family planning

Unscarred Uterine Rupture (UUR) - Not A Rarity In Developing Countries

Uterine rupture during pregnancy is a life threatening obstetric complication. It is defined as a nonsurgical disruption in the wall of the uterus along with visceral peritoneum. It is far more common in developing countries due to the numerous direct and indirect factors like lack of family planning, poor maternal health, poor management of labor, home deliveries by untrained professionals and others. It commonly manifests as acute abdomen and hemodynamic instability due to hemoperitoneum.

Birth Spacing of Pregnant Women in Nepal: A Community-Based Study.

Optimal birth spacing has health advantages for both mother and child. In developing countries, shorter birth intervals are common and associated with social, cultural, and economic factors, as well as a lack of family planning. This study investigated the first birth interval after marriage and preceding interbirth interval in Nepal. A community-based prospective cohort study was conducted in the Kaski district of Nepal. Information on birth spacing, demographic, and obstetric characteristics was obtained from 701 pregnant women using a structured questionnaire. Logistic regression analyses were performed to ascertain factors associated with short birth spacing. About 39% of primiparous women gave their first child birth within 1 year of marriage and 23% of multiparous women had short preceding interbirth intervals (<24 months). The average birth spacing among the multiparous group was 44.9 (SD 21.8) months. Overall, short birth spacing appeared to be inversely associated with advancing maternal age. For the multiparous group, Janajati and lower caste women, and those whose newborn was female, were more likely to have short birth spacing. The preceding interbirth interval was relatively long in the Kaski district of Nepal and tended to be associated with maternal age, caste, and sex of newborn infant. Optimal birth spacing programs should target Janajati and lower caste women, along with promotion of gender equality in society.

Determinantes sociales adversos y riesgo para anomalías congénitas seleccionadas

Different studies have related familiar and regional adverse social conditions to perinatal outcome (neonatal mortality, low birth weight and prematurity); however, few studies have studied the effect of poverty on congenital anomalies. To assess the hazard ratio of 25 congenital anomalies and adverse social determinants as per the socioeconomic level of families and regions. Exploratory, case-control study using data from the Latin-American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (Estudio Colaborativo Latinoamericano de Malformaciones Congenitas, ECLAMC). The sample consisted of 3786 live newborn infants with a single malformation and 13,344 controls selected among 546,129 births occurred in 39 hospitals from Argentina in the 1992-2001 period. Both direct and indirect (residence) risks (OR) were estimated, together with the interaction between the individual and residential socioeconomic levels for each of the 25 congenital anomalies. Cleft lip with/without cleft palate (OR= 1.43) and ventricular septal defect (OR= 1.38) showed a significantly higher risk in the lower socioeconomic level. Low socioeconomic levels were significantly associated with a higher frequency of parental sibship (blood relationship); native descent; maternal age younger than 19 years old; more than four pregnancies; a low number of antenatal care visits; and residence in deprived regions. Cleft lip with/without cleft palate and ventricular septal defects were significantly associated with a lower socioeconomic level. Lack of family planning and antenatal care; and exposure to environmental or teratogenic agents may account for these findings.

Adverse social determinants and risk for congenital anomalies.

Different studies have related familiar and regional adverse social conditions to perinatal outcome (neonatal mortality, low birth weight and prematurity); however, few studies have studied the effect of poverty on congenital anomalies. To assess the hazard ratio of 25 congenital anomalies and adverse social determinants as per the socioeconomic level of families and regions. Exploratory, case-control study using data from the Latin-American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (Estudio Colaborativo Latinoamericano de Malformaciones Congenitas, ECLAMC). The sample consisted of 3786 live newborn infants with a single malformation and 13,344 controls selected among 546,129 births occurred in 39 hospitals from Argentina in the 1992-2001 period. Both direct and indirect (residence) risks (OR) were estimated, together with the interaction between the individual and residential socioeconomic levels for each of the 25 congenital anomalies. Cleft lip with/without cleft palate (OR= 1.43) and ventricular septal defect (OR= 1.38) showed a significantly higher risk in the lower socioeconomic level. Low socioeconomic levels were significantly associated with a higher frequency of parental sibship (blood relationship); native descent; maternal age younger than 19 years old; more than four pregnancies; a low number of antenatal care visits; and residence in deprived regions. Cleft lip with/without cleft palate and ventricular septal defects were significantly associated with a lower socioeconomic level. Lack of family planning and antenatal care; and exposure to environmental or teratogenic agents may account for these findings.

Assessing Health Needs of the Women of Kolli, Benin: A Participatory Qualitative Study and Recommendations for Academic Medical Missions

Background: This study was conducted in the rural village of Kolli, Benin, where Ottawa-based medical trainees participate annually in a medical mission delivering primary care and health promotion activities. Academic international medical electives are often related to students’ training rather than the host community’s health needs. A health needs assessment study is an essential tool to orient medical mission goals toward empowering community members to find solutions to unmet needs. Objective: To evaluate Kolli women’s health needs; to identify solutions to health needs in concert with participants; and to guide future medical missions. Methods: A community-based qualitative participatory study was conducted in November 2011. Data was collected through four focus groups with women-participants and semi-structured interviews with key health informants. Women participants were recruited using a purposive sampling based on mixed age categories. Key health informants were recruited by quota based on their inclusion in sanitary decisions and/or medical contact with women from the community. Results: Women participants (n=55) and key health informants (n=7) identified two main health priorities: 1) lack of family planning and 2) poor access to healthcare. Solutions suggested to address these priorities were mostly in the area of education, including health education sessions aimed at women, men, and health providers. Conclusion: Future mission goals in Kolli, Benin, are to expand its current clinical components to a more community needs-based educational approach. For medical trainees, this represents an excellent training opportunity to develop the key competencies of health advocacy patient-centered communication, and medical expertise.

Promising Practices in Preconception Care for Women at Risk for Poor Health and Pregnancy Outcomes

Objectives: Two programs targeting urban African-American women are presented as promising models for preconception care, which includes interconception care. Methods: The Grady Memorial Hospital Interpregnancy Care (IPC) Program in Atlanta, Georgia, and the Magnolia Project in Jacksonville, Florida, are described. The IPC program aims to investigate whether IPC can improve the health status, pregnancy planning and child spacing of women at risk of recurrent very low birthweight (VLBW). The Magnolia Project aims to reduce key risks in women of childbearing age, such as lack of family planning and repeat sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), through its case management activities. Results: Seven out of 21 women in the IPC were identified as having a previously unrecognized or poorly managed chronic disease. 21/21 women developed a reproductive plan for themselves, and none of the 21 women became pregnant within nine months following the birth of their VLBW baby. The Magnolia Project had a success rate of greater than 70% in resolving the key risks (lack of family planning, repeat STDs) among case management participants. The black to white infant mortality (IM) ratio was better for the babies born to women managed in the Magnolia Project compared to the same ration for the United States. Conclusions: Preconception care targeted to African-American women at risk for poor birth outcomes appears to be effective when specific risk factors are identified and interventions are appropriate. Outreach to women at risk and case management can be effective in optimizing the woman's health and subsequent reproductive health outcomes.

Medical Complications of Psychiatric Illness

Medical Complications of Psychiatric Illness

Family Planning in Rwanda: Status and Prospects

This article analyzes the status and future prospects of family planning in Rwanda. The use of traditional contraceptive methods is examined and major constraints to modern contraceptive use are discussed, both for potential users (low demand) and family planning delivery systems (poor supply). Current contraceptive prevalence, as well as evidence of potentially higher demand, are analyzed. Contraceptive prevalence for modern methods is estimated at 3-4 percent, for 1988, of women of reproductive age who are at risk of exposure to conception. An attempt is also made to target future contraceptive prevalence rates needed to attain specific levels of fertility. Finally, the prospects for family planning as well as recommendations to increase contraceptive use are reviewed.

Studies on twins. IV. Twinning in Madhya Pradesh.

Frequency and inheritance of twinning have been studied from urban and rural parts of Madhya Pradesh. Family data conform to previous findings by other authors, for other countries, that DZ twinning is influenced by the mother's genotype.Of special interest has been a rural family in which a female, herself a cotwin of DZ pair, married twice, each time giving birth to DZ twins.The high rate of twinning in rural areas is suggested to be due to higher coefficient of inbreeding, better physical condition of mothers on the countryside, higher mean birth order, and higher mean age of mothers. Lack of family planning may have also played a role.

The Black Family, Poverty, and Family Planning: Anthropological Impressions

The social structure of Black American families on welfare was studied by a Black anthropologist from Kingston Jamaica. Using traditional anthropological methods of field study of families and living with a Black welfare family and a Caucasian family provided bases for developing an analysis of the socialization patterns. Implications of these patterns for family planning or the lack of family planning are discussed. (authors)