Lack Of Displacement Research Articles

Identification Method for Internal Forces of Segmental Tunnel Linings via the Combination of Laser Scanning and Hybrid Structural Analysis.

This paper provides a new solution to identify the internal forces of segmental tunnel linings by combining laser scanning and hybrid structural analysis. First, a hybrid structural analysis method for quantifying the internal forces based on displacement monitoring is established, which requires comprehensive displacement monitoring with high precision and a complete trace history. Motivated by the development of laser scanning, two remedial solutions are proposed for typically insufficient engineering conditions, i.e., lack of displacement developing process and poor accuracy of measurements, which is highlighted in this paper. Therefore, with the help of remedial solutions, the structural analysis is able to be adopted with the application of laser scanning. The tool for developing remedial solutions is the first-order theory of slender circular arches. Virtual tests, based on a calibrated finite element model, were performed to verify the feasibility of the presented hybrid analysis and remedial solutions. In addition, parametric analyses were conducted to study the error propagation from laser scanning to the results of hybrid analysis. The resolution and measurement noise of laser scanning were investigated and discussed. On this basis, advice on combining laser scanning and hybrid structural analysis is proposed. Finally, on-site application of the hybrid analysis on an actual tunnel is presented and discussed.

Recognizing Isolated Ulnar Fractures as Potential Markers for Intimate Partner Violence.

This study aimed to assess the incidence of intimate partner violence (IPV) in women with isolated ulnar fractures and compare the injury characteristics in victims of IPV with those who sustained the same fractures due to other causes. Electronic health records from three level I trauma centers were queried to identify a cohort of women, aged 18 to 50, sustaining isolated ulnar fractures from 2005 to 2019. Radiographs were reviewed for fracture location, comminution, and displacement. Demographic data, number of visits to the emergency department, and documentation of IPV were also collected. Patients were stratified into four groups based on clinical chart review: confirmed IPV, possible IPV, not suspected for IPV, and not IPV. Historical imaging analysis for IPV prediction was also performed. There were 62 patients, with a mean age of 31 years (IPV: 12 confirmed, 8 possible, 8 suspected not IPV, 34 confirmed not IPV). Comparative analysis with and without suspected cases demonstrated IPV to be associated with nondisplaced fractures (95% versus 43%; P < .001 and 91% versus 44%; P= .012). Confirmed cases were also associated with homelessness (46% versus 0%; P<.001), and the number of documented emergency department visits (median 7.0; interquartile range 2.0-12.8 versus 1.0; interquartile range 1.0-2.0; P < .001). Formal documentation of IPV evaluation was completed in only 14 of 62 (22.5%) patients. Historical imaging analysis predicted IPV in 8 of 12 (75%) confirmed IPV cases. Up to one-third of adult women sustaining isolated ulnar fractures may be the victims of IPV. Lack of displacement on radiographs, frequent emergency department visits, and homelessness would favor IPV etiology.

Influence of myofascial therapy on painful erection – case study

Pain during sexual intercourse in men is a well-recognized symptom that is considered in the context of sexual dysfunction. Because there is no clear definition, it can be a joint feature of chronic prostatitis, chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS), or come from connective tissue. Because of the many possible causes of genitourinary pain, a multimodal approach is necessary. The aim of this study is to present the effect of myofascial therapy on chronic, unpleasant, dull pain at the level of VAS = 9, occurring during erection and ejaculation, as well as during touch of the testicle in a 35-year-old man. The patient did not have erection problems, which was confirmed by an accurate and reliable tool in the form of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5). The man received two myofascial therapies, 45 min. each, 7 days apart followed by significant improvement in pain relief (VAS = 0). The manual techniques were used to find and remove changes manifested by increased muscle tone and fascia, lack of displacement of structures relative to each other, maximum painful points, and trigger points. In the follow-up examination performed after 1, 3 and 6 months, the patient confirmed that the effects of therapy were maintained. Connective tissue may play an important role in the occurrence of genitourinary pain. Physiotherapeutic examination and usage of myofascial techniques can bring beneficial effects in the form of pain relief in the relevant region.

Rib fracture displacement worsens over time.

PurposeRib fractures (RF) occur in 10% of trauma patients; associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Despite advancing technology of surgical stabilization of rib fractures (SSRF), treatment and indications remain controversial. Lack of displacement is often cited as a reason for non-operative management. The purpose was to examine RF patterns hypothesizing RF become more displaced over time.MethodsRetrospective review of all RF patients from 2016–2017 at our institution. Patients with initial chest CT (CT1) followed by repeat CT (CT2) within 84 days were included. Basic demographics were obtained. Primary outcomes included RF displacement in millimeters (mm) between CT1 and CT2 in three planes (AP = anterior/posterior, O = overlap/gap, and SI = superior/inferior). Displacement was calculated by subtracting CT1 fracture displacement from CT2 displacement for each rib. Given anatomic and clinical characteristics, ribs were grouped (1–2, 3–6, 7–10, 11–12), averaged, and analyzed for displacement. Secondary outcome included number of missed RF on CT1. Non-parametric sign test and paired t test were used for analysis. Significance was set at p < 0.002.Results78 of 477 patients with RF on CT1 had CT2 during the study period: primarily male (76%) and age 55.8 ± 20.1 with blunt mechanism of injury (99%). Median Injury Severity Score was 21 (IQR, 13–27) with Chest Abbreviated Injury Score of 3 (IQR, 3–4). Median time between CT1 and CT2 was 6 days (IQR, 3–12). Missed RF rate for CT1 was 10.1% (p = 0.11). Average fracture displacement was significantly increased for all rib groupings except 11–12 in all planes (p < 0.002).ConclusionRF become more displaced over time. Pain regimens and SSRF considerations should be adjusted accordingly.

Measuring Small-molecule Inhibition of Protein Interactions in Live Cells Using FLIM-FRET.

This protocol was designed to quantitatively measure small-molecule displacement of proteins in live mammalian cells using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy-Förster resonance energy transfer (FLIM-FRET). Tumour cell survival is often dependent on anti-apoptotic proteins, which bind to and inhibit pro-apoptotic proteins, thus preventing apoptosis. Small-molecule inhibitors that selectively target these proteins (termed BH3-mimetics) are therefore a promising avenue for the treatment of several cancers. Previous techniques used to study the efficacy of these drugs often use truncated versions of both pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, as they are membrane bound and hydrophobic in nature. As a result, the true efficacy of these drugs to displace full-length pro-apoptotic proteins in their native environment within a cell is poorly understood. This protocol describes FLIM-FRET methods to directly measure the displacement (or lack of displacement) of full-length Bcl-2 family proteins in live mammalian cells.

Intracellular Delivery of Rapamycin From FKBP Elastin-Like Polypeptides Is Consistent With Macropinocytosis.

Rapamycin (Rapa) is a highly potent drug; however, its clinical potential is limited by poor solubility, bioavailability, and cytotoxicity. To improve Rapa delivery, our team has fused the cognate protein receptor for Rapa, FKBP12, to high molecular weight elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs). One construct, FAF, includes an FKBP domain at each termini of an ELP. In a recent report, FAF/Rapa outperformed a family of related carriers with higher tumor accumulation and efficacy. Despite apparent efficacy, an explanation for how FAF carries Rapa into cells has not been elucidated. This manuscript explores the intracellular fate of FAF in MDA-MB-468, a triple negative (ER-/PR-/HER2-) breast cancer line. Based on a lack of displacement by excess unlabeled FAF, no evidence was found for the involvement of a receptor in cell-surface binding. Cellular association showed no dose-dependent saturation at concentrations up to 100 μM, which is consistent with uptake through fluid phase endocytosis. FAF does colocalize with dextran, a marker of fluid phase endocytosis. Upon internalization, both FAF and dextran target low pH intracellular compartments similarly. Despite likely exposure to lysosomal pH and proteolytic activity, intracellular FAF is eliminated from cells with a relatively long half-life of 17.7 and 19.0 h by confocal microscopy and SDS-PAGE respectively. A split luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that FAF delays the cytosolic access of Rapa in comparison to free drug by 30 min. A specific macropinocytosis inhibitor, amiloride, completely inhibits the cytosolic delivery of Rapa from FAF. Each of these results are consistent with macropinocytosis as the mechanism of cellular uptake necessary for the hand-off of Rapa from FKBP-based drug carriers like FAF to endogenous FKBP12 in the cytosol.

Dilation of Time Dilation

The study addresses the issue of the so-called time dilation in the sense of the origin of its creation and the physical existence.Based on the work of Lorentz, who the lack of displacement of interference fringes in the Michelson interferometer explained wrongly with, shortening one arm of the interferometer, I propose the construction of the light pulse clock, in which to measure the rate of the passage of time is used constancy speed of light in vacuum.Light clock, the construction of which is described in the paper, stationary in relation to the ether, will measure constant time intervals. The same clock transported, will slow down the pace of his walk as a function of transportation speed v and that is a novelty, will slow depending on its orientation relative to the direction of motion. Light clock transported transversely with respect to the stationary clock will slow gamma times, transported lengthwise will slow gamma to the second power.Basing on the obtained dependences I maintain that time dilation defined in the theory of relativity (SR) as the slowing of the lapse of time, does not physically exist and identification the varying pace of walk clock with the pace of lapse of time I consider a fundamental error resulting from the postulates of this theory.

(11)C-labeling and preliminary evaluation of pimavanserin as a 5-HT2A receptor PET-radioligand.

Pimavanserin is a selective serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) inverse agonist that has shown promise for treatment of psychotic symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease. Here, we detail the (11)C-labeling and subsequently evaluate pimavanserin as a PET-radioligand in pigs. [(11)C]Pimavanserin was obtained by N-methylation of an appropriate precursor using [(11)C]MeOTf in acetone at 60°C giving radiochemical yields in the range of 1-1.7GBq (n=4). In Danish Landrace pigs the radio ligand readily entered the brain and displayed binding in the cortex in accordance with the distribution of 5-HT2ARs. However, this binding could not be blocked by either ketanserin or pimavanserin itself, indicating high nonspecific binding. The lack of displacement by the 5-HT2R antagonist and binding in the thalamus suggests that [(11)C]pimavanserin is not selective for the 5-HT2AR in pigs.

Design and Simulation of a Mini Precision Positioning Magnetostrictive Inchworm Linear Motor

Giant magnetostrictive actuator (GMA) has advantages over other actuator made of intelligent materials in aspects like quick response, large output force, and high precision. But the lack of displacement, relatively big size and heavy weight block its popularization. In this paper, a new mini linear motor based on three GMAs is designed. It is the second generation motor derived from the improvement of the first generation linear motor that is realized in our previous work. To compensate the structural defects and to improve the traveling performance of the previous one, we redesign the motor in the structure, especially the frame as a whole by considering not only the basic supporting and connecting role but also the displacement amplifying function in it. The paper presents the process of the structural design of the mini linear motor, the establishment of the motor’s system dynamic model and the traveling simulation under SIMULINK. The new structural scheme and the motor’s system modeling approach are validated by the simulation results. Keywords: magnetostrictive; inchworm linear motor; structural design; dynamic modeling

On the Need for Reliable Seismic Input Assessment for Optimized Design and Retrofit of Seismically Isolated Civil and Industrial Structures, Equipment, and Cultural Heritage

Based on the experience of recent violent earthquakes, the limits of the methods that are currently used for the definition of seismic hazard are becoming more and more evident to several seismic engineers. Considerable improvement is felt necessary not only for the seismic classification of the territory (for which the probabilistic seismic hazard assessment—PSHA—is generally adopted at present), but also for the evaluation of local amplification. With regard to the first item, among others, a better knowledge of fault extension and near-fault effects is judged essential. The aforesaid improvements are particularly important for the design of seismically isolated structures, which relies on displacement. Thus, such a design requires an accurate definition of the maximum value of displacement corresponding to the isolation period, and a reliable evaluation of the earthquake energy content at the low frequencies that are typical of the isolated structures, for the site and ground of interest. These evaluations shall include possible near-fault effects even in the vertical direction; for the construction of high-risk plants and components and retrofit of some cultural heritage, they shall be performed for earthquakes characterized by very long return periods. The design displacement shall not be underestimated, but neither be excessively overestimated, at least when using rubber bearings in the seismic isolation (SI) system. In fact, by decreasing transverse deformation of such SI systems below a certain value, their horizontal stiffness increases. Thus, should a structure (e.g. a civil defence centre, a masterpiece, etc.) protected in the aforesaid way be designed to withstand an unnecessarily too large earthquake, the behaviour of its SI system will be inadequate (i.e. it will be too stiff) during much more frequent events, which may really strike the structure during its life. Furthermore, since SI can be used only when the room available to the structure laterally is sufficient to create a structural gap compatible with the design displacement, overestimating this displacement may lead to unnecessarily renouncing of the use of such a very efficient method, especially in the case of retrofits of existing buildings. Finally, for long structures (e.g. several bridges or viaducts and even some buildings) an accurate evaluation of the possibly different ground displacements along the structure is required (this also applies to conventionally built structures). In order to overcome the limits of PSHA, this method shall be complemented by the development and application of deterministic models. In particular, the lack of displacement records requires the use of modelling, once they are calibrated against more commonly available velocity or acceleration records. The aforesaid remarks are now particularly important in the P.R. China and Italy, to ensure safe reconstruction after the Wenchuan earthquake of May 12, 2008 and the Abruzzo earthquake of April 6, 2009: in fact, wide use of SI and other anti-seismic systems has been planned in the areas struck by both events.

Characterization of NAD Uptake in Mammalian Cells

Recent evidence has shown that NAD(P) plays a variety of roles in cell-signaling processes. Surprisingly, the presence of NAD(P) utilizing ectoenzymes suggests that NAD(P) is present extracellularly. Indeed, nanomolar concentrations of NAD have been found in plasma and other body fluids. Although very high concentrations of NAD have been shown to enter cells, it is not known whether lower, more physiological concentrations are able to be taken up. Here we show that two mammalian cell types are able to transport low NAD concentrations effectively. Furthermore, extracellular application of NAD was able to counteract FK866-induced cell death and restore intracellular NAD(P) levels. We propose that NAD uptake may play a role in physiological NAD homeostasis.

Interaction of the catecholamine release-inhibitory peptide catestatin (human chromogranin A 352-372) with the chromaffin cell surface and Torpedo electroplax: implications for nicotinic cholinergic antagonism

The catecholamine release-inhibitory chromogranin A fragment catestatin (chromogranin A 344-364) exhibits non-competitive antagonism of nicotinic cholinergic signaling in chromaffin cells. A previous homology model of catestatin’s likely structure suggested a mode of interaction of the peptide with the nicotinic receptor, but direct evidence has been lacking. Here we found that [ 125I]-catestatin binds to the surface of intact PC12 and bovine chromaffin cells with high affinity ( K D=15.2±1.53 nM) and specificity (lack of displacement by another [N-terminal] fragment of chromogranin A). Nicotinic agonist (carbamylcholine) did not displace [ 125I]-catestatin from chromaffin cells, nor did catestatin displace the nicotinic agonist [ 3H]-epibatidine; these observations indicate a catestatin binding site separate from the agonist binding pocket on the nicotinic receptor, a finding consistent with catestatin’s non-competitive nicotinic mechanism. [ 125I]-catestatin could be displaced from chromaffin cells by substance P (IC 50 ∼5 μM), though at far lower potency than displacement by catestatin itself (IC 50 ∼350–380 nM), suggesting that catestatin and substance P occupy an identical or overlapping non-competitive site on the nicotinic receptor, at different affinities (catestatin > substance P). Small, non-peptide non-competitive nicotinic antagonists (hexamethonium or clonidine) did not diminish [ 125I]-catestatin binding, suggesting distinct non-competitive binding sites on the nicotinic receptor for peptide and non-peptide antagonists. Similar binding and inhibitory profiles for [ 125I]-catestatin were observed on chromaffin cells as well as nicotinic receptor-enriched Torpedo membranes. Covalent cross-linking of [ 125I]-catestatin to Torpedo membranes suggested specific contacts of [ 125I]-catestatin with the δ, γ, and β subunits of the nicotinic receptor, a finding consistent with prior homology modeling of the interaction of catestatin with the extracellular face of the nicotinic heteropentamer. We conclude that catestatin occludes the nicotinic cation pore by interacting with multiple nicotinic subunits at the pore vestibule. Such binding provides a physical explanation for non-competitive antagonism of the peptide at the nicotinic receptor.

Root fractures in permanent teeth: a clinical review.

A retrospective study of 22 root fractures in 21 patients was performed. Ten patients were less than 11 years of age, and boys were involved more often than girls. Ten patients had more than one injured tooth, but there was no case of alveolar fracture. Twenty-one of the teeth were upper central incisors. Only 11 teeth were seen within the first week, so that not all teeth were splinted and not all displaced teeth were repositioned. Long-term clinical and radiographic review showed that loss of vitality of the coronal pulp could not be reliably detected for at least 1 year. No tooth became abscessed or developed a sinus tract, and resorption of bone at the fracture line was observed in only one out of five non-vital teeth. Lack of displacement and placing of a splint increased the chances of the pulp remaining vital and healing of the fracture occurring with hard tissue. Sclerosis of the coronal pulp occurred mainly when healing was by connective tissue. The apical pulp always remained vital, and there was sclerosis of the apical pulp in almost every case.

Movement rhythms in juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

Nocturnal downstrean migration of juvenile Atlantic salmon is usually interpreted as increased locomotor activity. The frequency of downstream passages of 0–1 + salmon in an endless stream channel was greater by night than by day in both smoking and non‐smolting fish in autumn and spring. Movement increased at dusk, and decreased after dawn. Mature male 1 + fish moved slightly less than immatures in October, but significantly more in November. Total movement frequency was lower at full moon than at other moon phases, and movement was reduced when the moon was up. Under turbid conditions by day, the threshold water velocity inducing nett downstream movement was 8.2 cm s−1, and the relative velocity of fish swimming downstream was never more than one third that of fish holding station at the normal maximal flow of 25–30 cm s−1.At the end of their first growing season in October, fish which had been offered food continuously through 24 h did not differ in size from those fed by day only, but the latter were significantly larger than those offered food only at night.We conclude that: (1) the fish fed actively by day, and not by night; (2) station‐holding represented activity, and downstream nocturnal movement represented relative inactivity (displacement) which occurred on loss of visual orientation, hence migration resulted from reduced activity; (3) lack of displacement in early autumn has adaptive value for maturing fish, but not for non‐spawners.

Vertebral venous channels: CT appearance and differential considerations.

A comprehensive study of the anatomy, radiologic images, and pathology of venous channels in the thoracic and lumbar vertebral bodies was performed using cadavers and patients. These structures may be mistaken for fractures, lytic lesions, or other abnormalities on high-resolution axial computed tomographic (CT) scans of the spine. A distinct osseous wall, absence of extension over multiple contiguous levels, lack of displacement, and predominant localization in the mid-axial plane of the vertebral body are characteristic features of venous channels. An understanding of the normal intraosseous venous anatomy should prevent misinterpretation of clinical CT studies in most instances.

Albumin inhibits light activation of cGMP phosphodiesterase on rod disc membranes.

Bovine serum albumin inhibits the light activation of bovine rod disc membrane (RDM) cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase. The KI for inhibition is 32 microM at pH 8 and 37 degrees C. Trypsin-activated phosphodiesterase was not inhibited under these conditions, suggesting that albumin does not alter substrate access to the enzyme. Light titration curves of phosphodiesterase activity were vertically displaced downwards by albumin. The lack of displacement along the bleach axis indicated no loss in relative light sensitivity, but rather loss of a constant fraction of the normal activity for each bleach level. Thus, activated rhodopsin appeared to be functional in the presence of albumin. However, the metarhodopsin II yield with less than 10% bleached was reduced in the presence of albumin. This effect was quantitatively explained by albumin elution of GTP-binding protein from the RDM. Similarly, the reduction in light-induced phosphodiesterase activity quantitatively matched GTP-binding protein elution by albumin. beta-Lactoglobulin, which, like albumin, is known to bind hydrophobic molecules, also inhibits phosphodiesterase activation. In contrast, ovalbumin, which has little hydrophobic binding affinity, had little or no inhibitory effect on phosphodiesterase light activation. We conclude that albumin and other molecules capable of hydrophobic interactions inhibit light activation of RDM-phosphodiesterase by selectively eluting GTP-binding protein from the membrane into the surrounding medium where it is unable to efficiently gain access to activated rhodopsin.

High-and Low-Affinity Binding of Photosystem II Herbicides to Isolated Thylakoid Membranes and Intact Algal Cells

Abstract High- and low-affinity binding of photosystem II herbicides to isolated thylakoids of Spinacia oleracea and to intact cells of the unicellular green alga Ankistrodesmus braunii were investigated. Complete mutual displacement of bound diuron-type herbicides (e.g. diuron, atrazine, terbutryn) by either diuron- or phenol-type herbicides (e.g. ioxynil, dinoseb) in thylakoids as well as in intact algal cells was found for herbicide concentrations (&lt; 4 nmol bound herbicide/mg Chl) which gave almost saturated high-affinity binding. This demonstrates a high degree of specific binding of these herbicides towards their receptor sites even in intact algal cells. In contrast, phenol-type herbicides are largely unspecifically bound in algal cells. The mechanism of binding of all photosystem II herbicides at the high-affinity (specific) binding site was found to be competitive. Within the group of diuron-type and of phenol-type herbicides as well as between these two groups, graphical and quantitative analysis of the Lineweaver- Burk plot and of the Dixon plot indicated competitive binding. From this a common binding site for both types of herbicides was concluded. The involvement of two different herbicide binding- proteins is discussed. Low-affinity (unspecific) binding was found to be irreversible in contrast to the easily reversible high-affinity binding. Irreversibility was indicated by a lack of displacement. It is proposed that low-affinity binding represents either a partitioning of the herbicides into the lipophilic parts of the membranes or an attachment to distinct receptor sites. Unspecifically bound herbicides might be responsible for several high concentration effects of the photosystem II herbicides, which are described in the literature. Evidences for the possible existence of a second binding site of these herbicides are presented.

STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF BELONOGASTER (HYMENOPTERA VESPIDAE)

CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY 1. The morphology of nest development (stages) in Belonogaster griseus (Fab.) (Hymenoptera Vespidae Polybiini) serves as an introduction to a comparative study of the nests constructed by this genus. 2. Bilateral symmetry of the comb is established at construction of first cell. 3. The stages of predominantly longitudinal nest development, on an eccentric pedicel (laterinide nest), are characterized by the number of cells with eggs, larvae, mature larvae, and pupae and number of old, uninhabited, partially demolished cells. 4. Morphological parameters (compared with other Vespidi) such as divergence of the alveolar axes (perhaps the highest among social wasps), the lack of displacement in the transverse sections and its limited use in longitudinal sections, explain the «hammock-shaped» form of the nest and its limit of development, reached when the more peripheral cells present a horizontal—or nearly horizontal—position. 5. The construction techniques allowing the longitudinal deve...

STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF BELONOGASTER (HYMENOPTERA VESPIDAE)

CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY 1. The morphology of nest development (stages) in Belonogaster griseus (Fab.) (Hymenoptera Vespidae Polybiini) serves as an introduction to a comparative study of the nests constructed by this genus. 2. Bilateral symmetry of the comb is established at construction of first cell. 3. The stages of predominantly longitudinal nest development, on an eccentric pedicel (laterinide nest), are characterized by the number of cells with eggs, larvae, mature larvae, and pupae and number of old, uninhabited, partially demolished cells. 4. Morphological parameters (compared with other Vespidi) such as divergence of the alveolar axes (perhaps the highest among social wasps), the lack of displacement in the transverse sections and its limited use in longitudinal sections, explain the «hammock-shaped» form of the nest and its limit of development, reached when the more peripheral cells present a horizontal—or nearly horizontal—position. 5. The construction techniques allowing the longitudinal deve...

Etude des deformations du reseau dues aux zones de Guinier-Preston de [formula omitted]Ag, [formula omitted]Zn et [formula omitted]Mg par diffusion des rayons x au voisinage des taches de bragg

We made a study of the X diffusion figures caused by the Guinier-Preston zones in the neighborhood of the nodes of the reciprocal network other than node (III). In this field the supplementary diffusions are due not only to “lack of substitution” but also to “lack of displacement.” By comparing the experimental values of the diffused intensity with the values calculated on the basis of a model of the Guinier-Preston zone we evaluate the relative variation of the crvstalline parameter, Δa a between zone and matrix in the following three cases: Al (5.9% at. Ag), Al (15% at. Zn) and Al (13% at. Mg).