Lack Of Citation Research Articles

Beyond boundaries: exploring a generative artificial intelligence assignment in graduate, online science courses.

Generative artificial intelligence (GAI) offers increased accessibility and personalized learning, though the potential for inaccuracies, biases, and unethical use is concerning. We present a newly developed research paper assignment that required students to utilize GAI. The assignment was implemented within three online, asynchronous graduate courses for medical laboratory sciences. Student learning was assessed using a rubric, which rated students' effective integration and evaluation of GAI-generated content against peer-reviewed research articles, thus demonstrating their critical thinking and synthesis skills, among other metrics. Overall rubric scores were high, suggesting that learning outcomes were met. After field testing, we administered a 16-item survey about GAI utilization, contribution to learning, and ethical concerns. Data (n = 32) were analyzed, and free-response answers were thematically coded. While 93.8% of respondents found the GAI-generated content to be "very good" or "excellent," 28.1% found inaccuracies, and 68.8% "strongly agreed" or "agreed" that GAI should be allowed to be used as a tool to complete academic assignments. Interestingly, however, only 28.1% "strongly agreed" or "agreed" that GAI may be used for assignments if not explicitly authorized by the instructor. Though GAI allowed for more efficient completion of the project and better understanding of the topic, students noted concerns about academic integrity and the lack of citations in GAI responses. The assignment can easily be modified for different learning preferences and course environments. Raising awareness among students and faculty about the ethical use and limitations of GAI is crucial in today's evolving pedagogical landscape.

ChatGPT for Teaching, Learning and Research: Prospects and Challenges

The introduction of artificial intelligence in the field of education has resulted from the use of information and communication technologies as a tool for improving teaching and learning. Expert systems and machine intelligence have the potential to revolutionize education by providing personalized learning experiences, automating repetitive tasks, and allowing teachers to focus on more important tasks such as providing one-on-one attention to students. It is utilized in a range of educational applications, including adaptive learning systems that may change the complexity of content depending on a student's performance. This paper reviews literature on the educational implications of artificial intelligence. By evaluating some of ChatGPT's capabilities, the study evaluates the possibilities and limitations of OpenAI's ChatGPT for teaching, learning, and research. The results indicated that ChatGPT delivers rapid and instantaneous response to search queries, as well as automatic text production that resembles conversation response. The article also highlighted some of the difficulties experienced, such as a lack of citation and reference. The researcher suggested recommendations such as ensuring to cite and reference the replies supplied by ChatGPT.

Rehashed Liberalism, the Accusation of Radical Purity, and the Alibi of the “Personal”

Rehashed Liberalism, the Accusation of Radical Purity, and the Alibi of the “Personal”

Women in the Qur’an: An Emancipatory Reading

Women in the Qur’an: An Emancipatory Reading

Are physicists afraid of mathematics?

A recent study claimed that heavy use of equations impedes communication among biologists, as measured by the ability to attract citations from peers. It was suggested that to increase the probability of being cited one should reduce the density of equations in papers, that equations should be moved to appendices, and that math training among biologists should be improved. Here, we report a detailed study of the citation habits among physicists, a community that has traditionally strong training and dependence on mathematical formulations. Is it possible to correlate statistical citation patterns and fear of mathematics in a community whose work strongly depends on equations? By performing a systematic analysis of the citation counts of papers published in one of the leading journals in physics covering all its disciplines, we find striking similarities with distribution of citations recorded in biological sciences. However, based on the standard deviations in citation data of both communities, biologists and physicists, we argue that trends in statistical indicators are not reliable to unambiguously blame mathematics for the existence or lack of citations. We digress briefly about other statistical trends that apparently would also enhance citation success.

THE SCIENCE OF COPYEDITING: AN ANALYSIS OF REVISION RATES IN ISEC SUBMISSIONS

Copyeditors are under-recognized for their contributions to the publishing world. Through complex editorial processes outlined in this paper, copyeditors quietly shepherd researchers’ work into the academic world by making their research more readable. This paper analyzes ASEA-SEC-2 submission successes and failures, pointing out trends behind acceptances and Requests For Revisions (RFRs) before publication. The findings reveal that the ISEC Copyeditor’s work generally went beyond cosmetic edits: Nearly half of the papers that reached the Copyeditor had to be returned to authors. A significant number of those RFRs were due to general violations of ISEC Guidelines (e.g., excessive page length, illegible illustrations, and lack of citations) that should have been returned to authors before they reached the Copyeditor. If contributors (and ISEC editors) had paid more attention to guidelines, many man-hours of labor would have been saved, and their research disseminated into the scientific community more efficiently and cost-effectively. This paper aims to increase awareness in the enormity of the task behind copyediting for conference articles, in hopes that contributors will cooperate more closely with (and editors more strictly enforce) journal guidelines in future.

Opium: Reality’s Dark Dream by Thomas Dormandy (review)

Reviewed by: Opium: Reality’s Dark Dream by Thomas Dormandy Eric C. Schneider Thomas Dormandy. Opium: Reality’s Dark Dream New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2012. x + 366 pp. Ill. $40.00 (978-0-300-17532-5). In a traditional narrative account, Thomas Dormandy traces the history of opium from the ancients to the moderns. Divided into thirty-four chapters, most only ten or fewer pages in length, the book necessarily breezes through large swathes of history and geography, with an eye for the telling anecdote, and is strongest when dealing with medical and scientific issues and prominent literary figures. The first section of the book reviews archaeological findings, Greek and Roman texts, medical writings from Arab and European sources, and the literary work of European, especially English, romantic writers through the nineteenth century in order to trace opium’s worldwide spread. Dormandy documents the use and abuse of opium, especially by elites, and the gradual dissemination of opiates into a broader population through laudanum, patent medicines, morphine, and heroin. Dormandy also offers a brief history of palliative care and cautiously questions the criminalization of drug use. When Dormandy ventures further afield into the political economy of drug dealing, especially in the twentieth century, the book is far weaker and does not synthesize more recent scholarship. Dormandy discusses the expansion of the opium trade, the opium wars with China, and Britain’s reliance on the opium trade to finance its empire in a well-told, though hardly new, narrative. Here Dormandy seems unaware of more nuanced assessments of opium addiction in China that argue that for many users the ritualized, communal, and ceremonial nature of opium smoking limited its addictive potential, especially when compared to the more solitary and directly addictive effects of intravenous injection of either morphine or heroin that came later. Dormandy’s account of the heroin trade—hampered (as the book is generally) by a lack of citations—is badly flawed, presenting Mafia- and Central Intelligence Agency–dominated conspiracy theories for which there is little or no evidence. Dormandy seems to accept whole cloth the self-serving argument made by the Federal Bureau of Narcotics director Harry Anslinger that Charles (Lucky) Luciano masterminded a worldwide heroin exporting scheme from exile in Italy, when Luciano’s FBI file contains nothing but wishful thinking about his kingpin role. Luciano did serve time for trafficking, but Dormandy seems unaware that it was for trafficking in women, not drugs, as he was charged with being New York’s master pimp. Dormandy is similarly mistaken about the CIA. In Europe, the CIA used Corsican gangsters to undermine the Communist Party in Marseilles during the postwar period, and turned a blind eye to their drug dealing, but the CIA did not involve itself in trafficking. Alfred McCoy, whose work Dormandy cites, concludes about the opium trade in Southeast Asia (for which the best evidence of CIA [End Page 281] involvement exists) that the CIA did not participate in drug trafficking to finance its operations, although it did facilitate the opium trading of its tribal allies in order to preserve their loyalty during the Vietnam War. These are perhaps nuances, but Dormandy glosses over them entirely for the more inflammatory charges. The author comes to other curious conclusions as well, arguing, for example, that Chinese coolies suffered greater exploitation and loss of life than African American slaves. The latter, Dormandy asserts, “enjoyed a measure of legal protection” (p. 154), a conclusion that most historians of the American South would find peculiar. The point is not at all essential to Dormandy’s narrative but is typical of the unsubstantiated opinions with which the book is rife. Dormandy implies that opium use was increasing at the end of the nineteenth century in the United States, when David Courtwright’s authoritative account of that period argues the opposite.1 Per capita consumption was declining, and the passage of the Harrison Act (1914) was due to the changing social status of opiate users, from middle-class women addicted to opium through medical practice to working-class ethnic males addicted to heroin through its recreational use. In discussing the late twentieth century, Dormandy asserts that drug use was...

RETRACTED: A review of geothermal energy resources in Australia: Current status and prospects

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal ( http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy ). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief. This article contains substantial overlap with the following source: 2010 "Australian Energy Resource Assessment" (AERA) report published by Geoscience Australia and the Department of Resources Tourism and Energy (see: http://www.ga.gov.au/metadata-gateway/metadata/record/gcat_70142 ) The corresponding author had obtained permission from Geoscience Australia to use this source in preparing a report to be published in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. However, the Editor-in-Chief views the role of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews to publish original and previously unpublished research, and therefore deems the level of similarity with this previous work, coupled with lack of citation, to undermine the suitability of the article to be published in this journal We regret that this problem was not detected before the article was accepted for publication in the journal.

The Missing Link: The Lack of Citations and Copyright Notices in Multimedia Presentations

Many of the projects and assignments we have our students complete for our classes include a multimedia presentation. Why are we not teaching our students how to cite their sources for these presentations? Writing style (APA, MLA, or Chicago) does not matter. Regardless of whether it is a paper or multimedia presentation students should always cite their sources, otherwise plagiarism is occurring. This is a skill we must teach and demand that our students take responsibility for when completing multimedia presentations. This article covers a brief overview of copyright law, provides helpful resources for students and teachers, and outlines a model that can be used in citing sources in multimedia presentations. This model goes beyond the producer required credit slide to argue for the inclusion of “in product/text” citations for multimedia presentations.

Letter from the Authors

Authors Reply to L Jones-Engel, G Engel, A Fuentes and M Schillaci: We are responding to correspondence received from Jones-Engel and colleagues regarding an article published in the Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology titled “The infectious disease consequences of monkey business”, which highlighted the public health concerns of cross-species transmission of infectious agents from nonhuman primates to humans (1). Although the article provided several references to the work of Jones-Engel and her colleagues, she has brought to our attention instances of lack of citation of her work regarding specific statements made in the article, poor and/or improper paraphrasing, lack of quotation marks for specific phrases and lack of attributing findings and observations to their work. Dr Jones-Engel correctly points out that her and her co-authors’ published data are the result of decades of international fieldwork, carefully planned research and collaboration, and represent original scholarly work. As the authors of the article in the Journal, we acknowledge that it is incorrect to not properly credit the data sources when those data are not the result of our own original scholarly activity, and we regret that we were not more rigorous in that regard. As a reminder to our readers, the “Adult Infectious Diseases Notes” series in the Journal represents opinions or short summaries/reviews of topical items to our readership and does not represent original work, which is provided in the original article series. The article was written as a ‘public service’ type reminder about the need for awareness of the risks of contact with primate populations in these settings and as noted, an increasingly popular tourist destination for travelers from Canada. As authors of the review article, we did not deliberately or willfully attempt to misattribute any information in our article to original research conducted by ourselves, but we acknowledge and sincerely regret any lack of citations, poor and/or improper paraphrasing, and lack of specific quotation marks that might have led to that appearance. The Journal agreed that a response from the authors in an open and transparent manner was appropriate. We would like to thank Dr Jones-Engel and her colleagues for bringing this to our attention.

The Man Who Discovered Flight: George Cayley and the First Airplane (review)

Reviewed by: The Man Who Discovered Flight: George Cayley and the First Airplane Tanya Gogan (bio) Richard Dee. The Man Who Discovered Flight: George Cayley and the First Airplane. McClelland and Stewart. xii, 328. $32.99 For English aristocrat Sir George Cayley (1773–1857), ‘A day passed without acquiring a new idea, was a day wasted.’ According to biographer Richard Dee, Cayley not only voiced these words, he lived them. Cayley spent most of his life seeking knowledge, promoting education, and encouraging the practical application of science. In particular, he keenly desired to solve the riddle of heavier-than-air flight. Dee’s fascinating biography offers new insights into Cayley’s achievements and will appeal to readers interested in all aspects of the history of science, since Cayley exemplified the unfailing optimism and varied interests held by amateur scientists during these years. Dee combined his family’s interest in aviation, a background in science, and historical research to recapture the importance of Cayley’s work. Living in York, England, as a child, not far from Cayley’s home, Dee acquired a love for aviation from his father, who served in the Royal Air Force. Now residing in Toronto, Dee works as a post-doctoral fellow at York University, where he uses research in neuroscience to help future astronauts cope with extended space flight. While still focusing on the future, Dee [End Page 258] began studying aviation’s past. After examining Cayley’s notebooks, publications, and family correspondence, Dee argues that Cayley discovered the secret of ‘aerial navigation’ and even launched the first airplane long before the American Wright Brothers’ groundbreaking flight. Cayley’s numerous sketches, calculations, aerodynamic tests, and glider flights, all proved that heavier-than-air flight was possible. Sadly, Cayley also realized that engineering was not sufficiently advanced to make powered flight a reality. Nevertheless, Cayley’s work would influence future generations when they began their own experiments many years later. Using chronological chapters to narrate Cayley’s personal and public life, Dee passes quickly over Cayley’s childhood to focus on his years as a baronet from age eighteen until his death at age eighty-four. By the time Cayley reached adulthood he had acquired an unconventional education due to its inclusion of theoretical and practical science. He then married Sarah Walker, the daughter of his first tutor, with whom he fathered ten children. Unfortunately, Cayley’s only surviving son, Digby, did not share his father’s interest in science and felt ashamed by his father’s work in aviation, a subject that many people regarded as mere fantasy. Although a brief political career temporarily prevented Cayley from publishing papers on heavier-than-air flight, public skepticism and family embarrassment failed to dissuade Cayley from following his passion. Cayley not only engaged in scientific inquiry, he promoted science-based education and its practical use by helping to establish local philosophical societies as well as London’s Polytechnic Institute, where he served as director of the governing board until his death. Throughout his long life Cayley helped forward a variety of scientific disciplines, but aviation truly captured his imagination. Cayley’s efforts resulted in a list of accomplishments far too long to enumerate. A brief selection includes the following firsts: documentation of aerodynamic forces in 1793, flight testing of a winged flyer in 1804, and flight of a manned glider in 1849. Although these and other accomplishments ensured Cayley’s recognition as an expert during his lifetime, his work was soon forgotten after his death and his flyers hidden from view by his son. Fortunately, Cayley’s publications were rediscovered in the late nineteenth century and helped lead to what he knew was possible with advanced engine technology, the world’s first powered and controlled heavier-than-air flight in 1903. While some criticisms can be made concerning the lack of citations and an introduction devoted to historiography, these omissions are understandable, given Dee’s work as an amateur historian and his desire to create a study acceptable to a wider audience. In fact, Dee’s explanation of science in lay terms ensures that this book will appeal to a wide readership. Aviation buffs will enjoy Cayley’s...

Childhood in World History (review)

Reviewed by: Childhood in World History Tanya S. Maus Childhood in World History. By Peter N. Stearns. New York: Routledge, 2006. 160 pp. $100 (cloth); $29.95 (paper). The volume Childhood in World History, by Peter Stearns, is part of a larger series called Themes in World History, edited by Stearns and published by Routledge. In regard to the purpose of the series, the editor states that it is intended to serve as a supplement to textbook treatments of world history in order to "allow students to probe particular facets of the human story in greater depth than textbook coverage allows, and to gain a fuller sense of historians' analytical methods and debates in the process." Thus, it is evident that the targeted audience is that of world history students at the undergraduate level (and perhaps AP high school students) and their instructors. In terms of the goals outlined by the series, Stearns crafts an introduction that effectively asks students to consider historiographical questions related to the study of children and childhoods within world history. First, Stearns introduces the idea of historicizing childhood by discussing the relationship between the biological determinants of the child and the historicity of "childhood" as a social and cultural construct. Such methodological concerns regarding continuity and change, the constructedness of childhood, and the need to understand childhood as varying over time and space will be of no surprise to historians but will help introduce students to the concept of historicity and challenge their assumptions regarding childhood as a natural, unchanging fixture of the human experience. The second historiographical question Stearns introduces is particularly salient for historians of children and childhoods in the past. Stearns poses to students the dilemma of how to access the lives of children in the past when there is a near absence of historical sources because children's voices (as children) so rarely appear in the historical record. Stearns clearly illustrates the complications of attempting to recover the lived experience or the phenomenology of the child within history. Again, although this dilemma will be familiar to historians, it will challenge students to consider the failure of history to fully account for the human experience. The third methodological problem Stearns introduces is the concept of presentism. After illuminating many examples of parental affection and caring in the past as well as harmful modern constraints on children, Stearns asks students to challenge their assumptions that childhoods of the past were necessarily inferior to those of the present. However, despite the effectiveness of Stearns's introduction in introducing historiographical and analytical concerns to an undergraduate [End Page 276] reader, instructors of world history may hesitate to use this volume for several reasons. The first concerns history as craft. Instructors who wish to emphasize the craft of historical writing in terms of referencing and citing materials may find Stearns's volume less than ideal. Although each chapter is followed by a list of further readings for students (a typical strategy for current survey history textbooks), the lack of citations or endnotes is a poor model for students who will need to use footnotes or other forms of citation in their own essays. Moreover, for the instructor, the lack of citation in the form of footnotes or endnotes is frustrating: it is unclear if Stearns is citing from the brief list of references noted at the end of the volume, if he is referencing those works in the "Further Readings" sections, or both. While this format may be typical in textbooks, this book appears to present itself as a scholarly volume. It may therefore be problematic as a model for students learning the craft of academic writing at the undergraduate level. The absence of citations is especially problematic in this volume because Stearns covers so much territory, essentially childhoods from the advent of complex societies (9000 B.C.E.) to the early twenty-first century. This expanse of coverage relates to a second fundamental concern that world history instructors may have about this book. Although clearly intended to be available to both premodern and modern world history courses, the expanses of history that are covered for the pre-modern period (roughly 9000 B.C.E. to...

Towards a comprehensive model of feather regeneration

Understanding of the regeneration of feathers, despite a 140 year tradition of study, has remained substantially incomplete. Moreover, accumulated errors and mis-statements in the literature have confounded the intrinsic difficulties in describing feather regeneration. Lack of allusion to Rudall's (Rudall [1947] Biochem Biophys Acta 1:549-562) seminal X-ray diffraction study that revealed two distinct keratins, beta- and alpha-, in a mature feather, is one of the several examples where lack of citation long inhibited progress in understanding. This article reviews and reevaluates the available literature and provides a synthetic, comprehensive, morphological model for the regeneration of a generalized, adult contour feather. Particular attention is paid to several features that have previously been largely ignored. Some of these, such as the beta-keratogenic sheath and the alpha-keratogenic, supra-umbilical, pulp caps, are missing from mature, functional feathers sensu stricto because they are lost through preening, but these structures nevertheless play a critical role in development. A new developmental role for a tissue unique to feathers, the medullary pith of the rachis and barb rami, and especially its importance in the genesis of the superior umbilical region (SUR) that forms the transition from the spathe (rachis and vanes) to the calamus, is described. It is postulated that feathers form through an intricate interplay between cyto- and histodifferentiative processes, determined by patterning signals that emanate from the dermal core, and a suite of interacting biomechanical forces. Precisely regulated patterns of loss of intercellular adhesivity appear to be the most fundamental aspect of feather morphogenesis and regeneration: rather than a hierarchically branched structure, it appears more appropriate to conceive of feathers as a sheet of mature keratinocytes that is "full of holes.

The Road to Perdition: E.D.E.N. Southworth and the Critics

The Road to Perdition: E.D.E.N. Southworth and the Critics Linda Naranjo-Huebl Much new scholarship on E.D.E.N. Southworth has appeared over the last two decades, but there has been no comprehensive review of how Southworth's work was received by the critics. A few of the mid-twentieth-century studies that address Southworth's fiction, including Regis Louise Boyle's Mrs. E.D.E.N. Southworth (1939) and Helen Papashvily's All the Happy Endings (1956), reference positive reviews of her work; but the narrow focus of the former and a lack of citations in the latter make it difficult to follow up on their findings. 1 The next source on the critical reception of Southworth's fiction comes with Nina Baym's Woman's Fiction (1978) followed by her Novels, Readers, and Reviewers (1984), impressive archival projects that opened many doors for the study of nineteenth-century women's fiction. Speaking of both Caroline Lee Hentz and Southworth, Baym contends they were "flagrant transgressors" of the "unwritten laws constraining the woman author," but that with such "high spirits and good humor in their lawlessness . . . they largely escaped criticism." 2 Baym later posits that Southworth's books were initially "condemned for their stylistic excesses. As her popularity became manifest, reviewers perceived her appeal as grounded at least partly in that same style, indeed in the very qualities they had objected to; hence they changed their vocabulary when describing it." 3 Recent studies of Southworth seem to rely on these scholars' assessments, although some note the exceptions of the negative criticism by Southworth's editor, Henry Peterson, and Sarah Josepha Hale (Godey's Lady's Book), discussed below. 4 With a concentrated focus on contemporaneous reviews of Southworth's work, I have found that substantive reviews of Southworth's fiction were not as positive or magnanimous as has been reported. Several of these critics acknowledged her potential (a quite common [End Page 123] evaluation of debut novels, involving little risk); but, with the exception of two mixed but relatively positive reviews of her first book, Retribution (1849), most contemporaneous reviews judged her work negatively. Notably, these negative reviews abounded at a time when, according to an 1851 North American Review article on female authors, it was the "custom to praise lady authors" in a manner reminiscent of the praise "bestowed by a smiling school-committee man upon a smart school-girl's theme, after a whispered agreement, that with some pruning and a little more thought, it would be really a surprising achievement for a girl." He concludes that if the "scribbling fair" have the "good fortune to be brought under notice at all, they are the theme of neatly turned compliments and ingenious congratulations." 5 If his assessment was at all accurate, reviews of Southworth's work were exceptional in that the critics spared no detail about what they considered her books' flaws, sometimes doing so with a mean-spiritedness usually reserved for slavery debates. Much of the positive criticism mentioned by Southworth and her publishers in biographical notices (and echoed by Boyle and Papashvily) may have come from weekly periodicals, which are difficult to research and unreliable: book reviews were not a consistent feature in their pages, and when included they were often very brief and frequently promoted the papers' own writers or the writers they sought to enlist. Focusing on reviews from those periodicals that advertised themselves principally as literary magazines and that featured a regular forum for reviewing new books, I have found that the critical evaluations of Southworth's work were primarily negative. While Nina Baym's finding that they condemned her early "stylistic excesses" remains correct, the reviewers also took strong exception to the moral tone of Southworth's fiction. They found both style and subject matter "too much," that is, excessive, extravagant, wild, superfluous, uncontrollable, dangerous; and they...

Corrigendum: Closure violation in DNA-based mark-recapture estimation of grizzly bear populations

It has been suggested that our paper “Closure violation in DNA-based mark–recapture estimation of grizzly bear populations” did not adequately cite the original data analysis from the Prophet River DNA mark–recapture project conducted by Poole et al. (2001). Poole et al. (2001), who designed and collected the DNA data for the Prophet River study, conducted their own mark–recapture analysis and reported other biological findings from the Prophet River dataset, which is detailed in the June 2001 issue of Wildlife Biology. The purpose of our paper was to demonstrate new techniques to explore closure violation rather than to report results from this specific study. Any lack of citation was an oversight and we suggest that readers see Poole et al. (2001) for more details on the Prophet River study.

Review of Cowboys and Cave Dwellers: Basketmaker Archaeology in Utah's Grand GULCH (Blackburn and Williamson, 1995) and Anasazi Basketmaker: Papers From The 1990 Wetherill - Grand Gulch Symposium (Bureau of Land Management 1993).

Fred Blackburn and Roy Williamson provide a rather enjoyable, if narrowly focused, history of Basketmaker archae­ology in Cowboys and Cave Dwellers. Basketmaker Archaeology in Utah's Grand Gulch (1995). In this, the School of American Research Press has produced an aesthetically pleasing, popular treatment of early North American archaeology, of the same genre as Melinda Elliott's (1995) Great Excavations. Archaeologists who find the journalstic prose, paucity of data, and lack of citations in such popular accounts unsettling should turn to Anasazi Basketmaker: Papers From the 1990 Wetherill - Grand Gulch Symposium (Bureau of Land Management 1993). This predecessor yet companion volume contains the detail, background, and contextual information necessary to criti­cally evaluate the significant scholarly contributions of the Wetherill - Grand Gulch Research Project (1986 - 1990). Given that most readers of the Bulletin would like to see more than the popular account can offer, I have taken the liberty of reviewing both volumes.

Prosecution of Injured Drunk Drivers

To the Editor.— Maull et al 1 recently focused on the culprit of preventable carnage on our highways, the drunken injured driver, and the surprising and deplorable lack of citation and conviction for driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI). Our findings (A.B., J.W., unpublished data, December 1983 to February 1984) 2 confirm theirs. There is a powerful array of forces, legal and personal, that interdicts the implementation of strong laws against DUI. Those forces, bizarrely, act to protect the intoxicated driver instead of society. In our study, 25 consecutive injured drivers, brought to the hospital by ambulance and suspected of intoxication by breath alcohol odor, had blood alcohol levels drawn whether or not they were admitted. Twenty-four (97%) of the 25 patients had blood alcohol levels of more than 100 mg/dL, the legal level of intoxication. Two thirds of the drivers had more than double that level.