Lack Of Behavioral Control Research Articles

The generalization of behavioral control over physical threats to social stressors in humans: A pilot fMRI study

Behavioral control, the ability to manage one's exposure to a given stressor, influences the impacts of both the present and future stressors. Behavioral control over a stressor may decrease stress caused by the stressor, and promote resilience towards future stressors. A lack of behavioral control may exacerbate the stress response and lead to learned helplessness, a generalized view that one cannot control other, unrelated stressors in their environment. The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) may detect the presence of behavioral control over a stressor and communicate this to subcortical regions involved in stress responses, such as the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Building on previous research in animals and humans, we piloted a paradigm to investigate how behavioral control over a physical threat (electric shocks), generalized to responses for a subsequent social stressor (anticipation of public speaking). Our manipulation of behavioral control effected perceived control between groups, increased stress across but not between groups, and no effects generalized to the subsequent social stressor in behavioral, physiological, or neural responses. We discuss refinements to the paradigm to strengthen the manipulation, the potential impacts of statistical power on the present results, and metrics to measure the generalization of behavioral control in addition to vmPFC-subcortical connectivity.

Excessive screen time is associated with emotional lability in preschool children.

Previous studies have found that excessive screen time or early screen exposure is associated with poor attention, lack of behavioral control, delayed language and deficit in executive functions. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between screen time and emotion regulation skills, which is one of the important life components affecting the social relations of children aged 2 to 5 years. This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in a university hospital between January 1, 2018 and March 1, 2018. Mothers of healthy children aged 2-5 years with a daily screen time of less than 1 hour or over 4 hours were included in the study. A structured survey and the Emotion Regulation Checklist for parents were applied to the mothers who agreed to participate. Of 240 children participating in the study, 98 (40.8 %) had ≥4 hours of screen time. Caring by mother, age at first screen exposure 12 months and older, not co-viewing with parents were found to be associated with ≥ 4 hours of screen time (p = 0.002, p = 0.002, p = 0.012, respectively). The ratio of participants with highlability/ negativity (L/N) score was significantly higher in children with screen time of ≥ 4 hours and not co-viewing with parents (p = 0.004, p = 0.033, respectively). This study investigating the relationship between the emotion regulation skill and screen time revealed that excessive screen time is associated with emotional lability in this early childhood period.

"The Heidelberg Five" personality dimensions: Genome-wide associations, polygenic risk for neuroticism, and psychopathology 20 years after assessment.

HeiDE is a longitudinal population-based study that started in the 1990s and, at baseline, assessed an array of health-related personality questionnaires in 5133 individuals. Five latent personality dimensions (The Heidelberg Five) were identified and interpreted as Emotional Lability (ELAB), Lack of Behavioral Control (LBCN), Type A Behavior (TYAB), Locus of Control over Disease (LOCC), and Psychoticism (PSYC). At follow-up, 3268 HeiDE participants (post-QC) were genotyped on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays. To further characterize The Heidelberg Five, we analyzed genomic underpinnings, their relations to the genetic basis of the Big Five trait Neuroticism, and longitudinal associations with psychiatric symptoms at follow-up. SNP-based heritability was significant for ELAB (34%) and LBCN (29%). A genome-wide association study for each personality dimension was conducted; only the phenotype PSYC yielded a genome-wide significant finding (p < 5 × 10-8 , top SNP rs138223660). Gene-based analyses identified significant findings for ELAB, TYAB, and PSYC. Polygenic risk scores for Neuroticism were only associated with ELAB. Each of The Heidelberg Five was related to depressive symptoms at follow-up. ELAB, LBCN, and PSYC were also associated with lifetime anxiety symptoms. These results highlight the clinical importance of health-related personality traits and identify LBCN as a heritable "executive function" personality trait.

SU74 - COMMON GENETIC VARIANTS ASSOCIATED WITH PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS IN THE HEIDELBERG COHORT STUDY OF THE ELDERLY (HeiDE): AN UPDATE

The HeiDE study is an ongoing longitudinal investigation that started in the 1990s and, at baseline, assessed an array of personality tests in 5,114 individuals. Principal components factor analysis was used to identify five latent personality dimensions (“The Heidelberg Five”), interpreted as emotional lability (ELAB), lack of behavioral control (LBCN), type-A-behavior (TYAB), locus of control over disease (LOCC), and psychoticism (PSYC). At follow-up, a subset of responding participants (n=2,734) were genotyped using Illumina PsychChip arrays. We conducted five initial GWAS, analyzing common genetic variants underlying the previously identified orthogonal personality dimensions with factor scores as phenotypes. For ELAB, we observed a locus that was genome-wide significant (rs79136259; p=8.2×10-9). Recently, genome-wide data from a second sample of the HeiDE study became available and we have now jointly analyzed both samples and combined results using meta-analysis (n=2,387 and n=881; post-QC). In both samples, we imputed common variants (MAF≥0.01) using the 1000 Genomes Phase 3 reference panel. Data were analyzed using PLINK 1.07 (http://zzz.bwh.harvard.edu/plink/) with sex, age and the first four ancestry principal components as covariates. Fixed-effects meta-analysis was conducted using METAL (http://genome.sph.umich.edu/wiki/METAL). SNP-based heritability estimates and genetic correlations were calculated using GCTA (http://cnsgenomics.com/software/gcta/index.html), jointly on all available individuals. The association of SNP rs79136259 with ELAB, discovered in the initial HeiDE sample, did not replicate in the second sample. Association strength in the fixed-effects meta-analysis of both samples decreased to a nominal level (p=1.3×10-4). For TYAB, an InDel variant on chromosome 8 (rs58535027, p=1.1×10-8) that was not significant in either sample alone reached genome-wide significance in the meta-analysis. No genome-wide significant associations were found in the meta-analyses for LBCN, LOCC or PSYC. SNP-based heritability estimates of the joint genotype data are: 28.8% (ELAB; p=0.014), 27.3% (LBCN; p=0.019), 8.4% (TYAB; p=0.262), 8.4% (LOCC; p=0.269) and 23.6% (PSYC; p=0.028). Genetic correlations between The Heidelberg Five will be presented at the meeting. The HeiDE cohort represents a unique opportunity to study the association of personality, genetics, and longitudinally defined phenotypes. Using an extended sample, we did not find evidence for the previously reported association of rs79136259 with ELAB but found evidence for a genetic variant influencing TYAB. Significant SNP-based heritability estimates of The Heidelberg Five demonstrate biological validity of some latent personality dimensions.

Brain self-regulation in criminal psychopaths

Introduction: Psychopaths belong to a larger group of people with antisocial personality disorders and can be characterized by several symptoms: deficits in empathy, lack of remorse, impulsivity, aggressiveness and lack of behavioral control. Recent studies support the hypothesis that psychopathic offenders show structural and functional deficits in paralimbic and frontal areas associated with anticipatory planning, emotion regulation, empathy and behavioral inhibition and control. Additionally psychophysiological findings reveal differences in spontaneous brain activity as well as in event related potentials. Based on studies using feedback of slow cortical potentials (SCP-Feedback) in children with Attention Deficit-/Hyperactivity Disorder, we hypothesize that also psychopathic patients can gain volitional control of their brain activity and may profit from learned prefrontal control.

M22 - Common Genetic Variants Associated With Personality Dimensions In The Heidelberg Cohort Study of The Elderly (HEIDE)

Background Personality traits show substantial heritable components (e.g. Power and Pluess, 2015 ). The HeiDE study is an ongoing longitudinal investigation. At baseline, in the beginning of the 1990s, it assessed demographics and lifestyle factors together with an array of personality tests (n=5,114). At follow-up, approximately ten years later, putative associations of personality dimensions with incidence of somatic disorders were investigated (e.g. Sturmer et al., 2006 ). Principal components factor analysis was used to identify five latent personality dimensions (“The Heidelberg Five”; e.g. Amelang et al., 2004 ), interpreted as emotional lability, lack of behavioral control, type-A-behavior, locus of control over disease, and psychoticism. At this follow-up, DNA from responding participants was collected via mouthwash sample and analyzed on the PsychChip (Illumina; n=2,734). This sample presents a unique opportunity to study the association of personality, genetics, and longitudinally defined phenotypes. We have therefore embarked to study common genetic variants underlying those previously identified personality dimensions. Methods Calculation of individual factor scores Personality tests collected at baseline were the following: Time Urgency and Perpetual Activation Scale, State-Trait-Anger Expression-Inventory, Hostility, Exaggerated social control, Depression Scale, Sense of Coherence Scale, Optimism, Questionnaire for measuring the locus of control over diseases, Social Support-Scale, Eysenck-Personality-Inventory, and Psychoticism. Original data were re-analyzed using principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation. We used Bartlett’s method to calculate individual factor scores. Analysis of common genetic variants We have imputed common variants (MAF 0.01) using the 1000 Genomes Phase 3 reference panel. We plan to investigate personality dimensions within a multivariate framework that accounts for association of multiple phenotypes with a SNP. Results Replication of latent personality dimensions The first ten Eigenvalues of the principal components analysis were 5.08-2.26-1.45-1.17-0.99-0.84-0.79-0.70-0.68-0.64 and are thus in perfect agreement with previously reported analyses. Genetic analyses We will present results of our research project at the meeting. Discussion None

Impaired Flexible Reward-Based Decision-Making in Binge Eating Disorder: Evidence from Computational Modeling and Functional Neuroimaging

Despite its clinical relevance and the recent recognition as a diagnostic category in the DSM-5, binge eating disorder (BED) has rarely been investigated from a cognitive neuroscientific perspective targeting a more precise neurocognitive profiling of the disorder. BED patients suffer from a lack of behavioral control during recurrent binge eating episodes and thus fail to adapt their behavior in the face of negative consequences, eg, high risk for obesity. To examine impairments in flexible reward-based decision-making, we exposed BED patients (n=22) and matched healthy individuals (n=22) to a reward-guided decision-making task during functional resonance imaging (fMRI). Performing fMRI analysis informed via computational modeling of choice behavior, we were able to identify specific signatures of altered decision-making in BED. On the behavioral level, we observed impaired behavioral adaptation in BED, which was due to enhanced switching behavior, a putative deficit in striking a balance between exploration and exploitation appropriately. This was accompanied by diminished activation related to exploratory decisions in the anterior insula/ventro-lateral prefrontal cortex. Moreover, although so-called model-free reward prediction errors remained intact, representation of ventro-medial prefrontal learning signatures, incorporating inference on unchosen options, was reduced in BED, which was associated with successful decision-making in the task. On the basis of a computational psychiatry account, the presented findings contribute to defining a neurocognitive phenotype of BED.

Which Techniques Are Used in Psychotherapeutic Interventions for Nonparaphilic Hypersexual Behavior?

Attempts to draw a distinction between excessive and so-called normal sexual behavior are discussed controversially. Although no consensus has been reached so far on how to label the phenomenon of clinical relevant excessive sexual behavior, Kafka proposed the term hypersexual disorder. There are only a few empirical studies on the effectiveness of treatment. In the recent systematic review by Hook and colleagues, the total number of subject-related studies amounts to only 14 studies. However, it might be difficult for mental health professionals to fully comprehend the intervention techniques used in the different studies. The present article aims at reviewing the psychotherapeutic interventions for nonparaphilic hypersexual behavior use. Each study mentioned in the recent review by Hook et al. was analyzed with regard to the psychotherapeutic interventions that had been applied. Only studies with positive treatment outcomes were considered. From among those studies, only the interventions which seemed to be sufficiently detailed and which are related to the obvious therapeutic results in the treatment of hypersexual symptoms were chosen. Furthermore, the interventions were assigned to the proposed diagnostic criteria of the hypersexual disorder. The hypothesized mechanisms how certain treatment techniques could change and influence hypersexual symptoms were mostly described in an unsatisfactory way. Interventions were targeted on impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning, negative mood states, stressful life events, and lack of behavioral control. No specific interventions were included for the risk for physical or emotional harm to self or others. Future treatment approaches should explicitly formulate the etiological mechanism and contain interventions for the neglected areas. In addition, a more flexible approach in the treatment of different subgroups with hypersexual behavior might be promising. von Franqué F, Klein V, and Briken P. Which techniques are used in psychotherapeutic interventions for nonparaphilic hypersexual behavior? Sex Med Rev 2015;3:3-10.

Consumers’ Perceived Costs and Benefits of Location-Based Smartphone Applications

This study aimed to identify the dimensions of benefits and costs that consumers perceive in utilizing locationbased applications (LBAs) on smartphones, and to distinguish consumer groups according to their perceptions of those benefits and costs. A web-based consumer survey was conducted-among consumers who had experience using LBAs. Four hundred participants were 20’s to 40’s, with 200 women and 200 men. Descriptive statistics, frequency analysis, t-tests, one-way analysis of variance, and cluster analysis were used for data analysis. The findings of this study are as follows: first, LBAs accounted for about 20% of the smartphone apps used by consumers. Second, factor analysis identified the underlying dimensions of the benefits and costs of smartphone LBAs. The underlying dimensions of benefits perceived by consumers were information/economic/ convenience, entertainment and personalization. Privacy concerns, lack of trust and lack of behavioral control were the underlying dimensions of the perceived costs of LBAs. Third, ANOVA showed that the perceived benefits and costs of smartphone LBA services differed according to the characteristics of the consumer. Cluster analysis identified three distinctive consumer groups according to the levels of perceive costs and benefits of smartphone LBAs. The three groups were labeled the ‘benefit-cost balanced group,’ ‘cost centered group,’ and ‘benefit centered group.’ Keywords: location-based applications, benefits, costs

Attitudinal, Self-Efficacy, and Social Norms Determinants of Young Consumers’ Propensity to Overspend on Credit Cards

Research in marketing related to credit card behavior has generally found that overspending and credit card debt depend on the individual’s attitude toward spending on credit or a lack of behavioral control. The individual’s social environment has received much less attention and is presumed to have very little effect, if any. In the present study, the propensity of young individuals to overspend on their credit cards is examined as a function of attitude, self-efficacy, and social norms. A survey was conducted among a sample of 225 young adult consumers (i.e., college business students) who provided measures of attitude, self-efficacy, and social norms related to overspending on credit cards. The findings revealed that social norms that are descriptive and specific to credit card overspending have a statistically significant impact on an individual’s propensity to overspend on credit cards whereas attitude toward credit card overspending does not. They also show that the extent to which young consumers perceive a sense of behavioral control towards overspending on credit cards is a significant factor to consider. Theoretical and managerial implications of these findings as well as opportunities for further research are discussed.

Executive Attention and Personality Variables in Patients with Frontal Lobe Damage

Executive Control is required to deal with novel situations or when an action plan is needed. This study aimed to highlight the executive attention deficits of patients with frontal lobe damage. To do so, the ANT-I task (Attention Network Test-Interactions) was administered for the first time to a group of 9 patients with frontal damage caused by traumatic brain injury (TBI) and a matched control group. This task made it possible to measure the three attentional networks proposed by Posner and Dehaene (1994) and their interactions. Results on the alerting and orienting networks did not show any significant differences between the groups. However, a significant effect of group on the executive control network was observed. In addition, participants' personality was assessed with a clinical inventory (the Millon Personality Inventory) that showed a significant positive correlation between borderline personality disorder and the conflict index. These results suggest that frontal lobe damage causes an exclusive impairment in the conflict resolution network that is related to personality traits characterized by a lack of behavioral control. More research will be necessary to study this causal relationship.

초등학교 어린이 교통안전 행동지수 검사도구 개발연구

Researches on children`s traffic behavior have only focused on traffic accidents and the number of accidents, and therefore it`s been impossible to deal with more broad field of study. In this research we can review the possibility of traffic accidents of children and provide them with traffic education. The goal of this research is to develop a device for measuring possibility of children in terms of traffic behavior. Around 600 elementary students of two schools involved in the pretest with 259 questions and about 3,500 students(junior level 53 questions & senior level 72 questions) involved in practical test. At the result of the research, junior level extracted 4 factors(Lack of behavioral control, Aggressive, Self-regulation, Impulsive Instinct) and 44 questions, and senior level extracted 4 factors(Lack of behavioral control, Depression, Sense-oriented, Aggressive) and 69 questions. We take the gender consideration in separate the groups whether the group has traffic behavioral problem or not. In these series of research, we got the standard score such as junior male student, 63 & female student, 50 and senior male student, 110 & female student, 99.

Retail therapy: A strategic effort to improve mood

Abstract“Retail therapy” is often applied to the notion of trying to cheer oneself up through the purchase of self‐treats. The negative moods that lead to retail therapy, however, have also been associated with greater impulsivity and a lack of behavioral control. Does this lead to mindless shopping when consumers are “down” and regret later? The current work documents that a bad mood does lead to greater purchase and consumption of unplanned treats for the self. However, it also provides evidence that the consumption of self‐treats can be strategically motivated. Those individuals who do indulge can also exercise restraint if the goal of restraint also leads to improved mood. Finally, retail therapy has lasting positive impacts on mood. Feelings of regret and guilt are not associated with the unplanned purchases made to repair a bad mood. The implications of the research are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Intimate partner and general aggression perpetration among combat veterans presenting to a posttraumatic stress disorder clinic.

This study examined rates and correlates of intimate partner and general aggression perpetration among 236 male combat veterans seeking services in a Veteran's Affairs posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) clinic. Approximately 33% of those in an intimate relationship reported perpetrating partner physical aggression in the previous year, and 91% reported partner psychological aggression. Comparable rates were found for general aggression perpetration among partnered and nonpartnered veterans. PTSD symptoms as well as symptoms of depression were associated with aggression across subgroups and forms of aggression, and PTSD symptoms reflecting arousal and lack of control were generally the strongest predictor of aggression. Findings indicate a need for additional aggression screening and intervention development for this population, and highlight the targeting of heightened arousal and lack of behavioral control in aggression interventions.