Labor Market Participation Rates Research Articles

The Preferences and Job Satisfaction Among Saudi Employees: A Guide for Human Resources Managers

Purpose –Employees’ willingness to continue working for their firm may be related to their length of service. This is of particular concern in Saudi Arabia where Vision 2030’s objectives include the Saudization (hiring of Saudi Nationals on a quota basis) of the private sector and where women are just beginning to enter the labor market in great numbers despite traditionally having a particularly low labor market participation rate. The research question of this study is: “Who is more satisfied and what are the preferences for long and short-term employees in Saudi Arabia?”.

Application of the Hamiltonian System in Deriving Solution to Dynamic System of the Sectoral Labour Market

The paper describes the application of the Hamiltonian System in deriving a solution to the dynamic system of the sectoral labour market. The aim is to determine the best control that would allow maximum sector participation in a three-sector labour market. The three sectors of the labour market are the goods-producing sector, the service-providing sector, and the agriculture sector. The sectoral labour market is formulated as an optimal control problem whose solution is sought using the Hamiltonian system by following the necessary conditions for optimality in the Hamiltonian System of Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle. The paper considered that the optimal control would be the measure of labour market efforts to produce the general worker’s population, and any split would mean there is production of active sector productive workers. The sector with the highest optimal allocation of effort, defined as the control within a fixed time, is identified as the best-performing sector. Service-providing sector, in this case, presented the best control. The obtained optimal control parameter is later applied to the experimental data to check on the effect of the control on the sectoral labour market participation rate. The results of the problem indicated that the application of the control had a significant effect on the sectoral labour market participation rate as compared to when there was no control. The sector with the highest annual growth rate measured as the sectoral participation rate was identified as the goods-producing sector

The ambivalent trajectory of the German gender regime: Are female breadwinner families an indicator of a shift towards a public gender regime?

There seems to be some evidence that Germany is turning from being a ‘domestic’ to a ‘public’ gender regime. The extension of public childcare, increasing female labour market participation rates and the introduction of gender quotas, among other changes, point to this development. However, a detailed analysis reveals an ambivalent and even contradictory trajectory. This development can only be understood by applying an intersectional perspective and looking at families with different socioeconomic backgrounds, class, and gender. By focusing on family households in which women are the main earners, this paper illustrates changes and stability in different domains and contributes to the understanding of the German gender regime's trajectory. On the basis of a qualitative study conducted in West and East Germany, the article shows that many women who are the main breadwinners in their families are in this position not because of modernised gender relations and by their own choice, but ‘involuntarily’, because of their partners' weak labour market position and increasing pressure within the German welfare state to earn their own living and contribute to covering the needs of the household through gainful employment. Many female-breadwinner families do not live reversed, modernised gender roles, but face an above-average risk for poverty and have little room for manoeuvre. Political and economic factors, as well as norms (in the domains of polity, economy and civil society), help to explain these findings. We see mainly neoliberal, activation policies directed at households with low resources, whereas the institutional framework for households with higher incomes has remained relatively stable. The results of the study show that dual-earner households are not necessarily progressive and dual earning is a poor indicator of a gender regime change.

The Influence of National Fertility Policy Adjustment on the Change of Female Labor Market Participation Rate

The population issue has always been the hot spot of our society. A series of population problems, such as aging population and insufficient labor force, force the country to constantly adjust the birth policy to improve the population structure and alleviate the pressure brought by the population problem to the country. In this context, the rate of female labor market participation has also changed significantly. This paper sorts out the relevant theoretical research on national maternity policy adjustment and affecting the participation of female labor market, analyzes the restriction factors of maternity policy adjustment on female labor market participation, studies the influence mechanism of maternity policy adjustment on female labor market participation, and puts forward targeted policy opinions.

Labour market participation among rehabilitated individuals with spinal cord injury in Brazil: a cross-sectional study.

Cross-sectional study. To document the labour market participation rate and investigate the impact of social and economic characteristics on this outcome among individuals with spinal cord injury or disease (SCI/D) who participated in a multidisciplinary rehabilitation programme in Brazil. A specialised rehabilitation centre in southern Brazil. An interview was performed with former rehabilitation clients with SCI/D. A total of 111 community-dwelling individuals with SCI/D who had been previously rehabilitated in a large regional rehabilitation centre were considered. Employment status and demographic, injury, work, and economic characteristics were self-reported via interview. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed. The labour market participation rate was 21.6% (24 individuals). Five respondents were employed in formal work activities, and the other 19 were involved in informal activities (self-employed). Since the onset of injury, a shorter time was associated with nonparticipation in occupational work. Individuals with a higher level of education were more likely to be working. Household income was higher among the participants who had returned to work than among those who had not returned. There is a relatively low labour market participation rate among rehabilitated individuals with SCI/D in southern Brazil. The rehabilitation services should emphasise vocational training, access to education, and employment support for individuals with SCI/D from early onset after the injury. Public policies must be revised to support labour market participation among individuals with SCI/D in Brazil.

Towards Gender Equality in The Cambodian Labor Market – Gender Gaps Prevent Females from Stable Income Generation

Cambodia has enjoyed a decade of macroeconomic stability and growth and is increasingly integrating with the region. Nevertheless, a few topics remain challenging as Cambodia strives for middle-income status by 2030. One of these is gender disparity in the labor market. While Cambodia has one of the highest female labor market participation rates in Asia, most women still face horizontal and vertical gender inequality. Such gender disparities in the labor market negatively affect the macroeconomic efficiencies of developing countries as well as stable income generation of females. As the social development of modern civilizations is based highly on gender equality, gender stereotypes are likely to prevent Cambodia from transforming into a society of equal opportunity. While a previous World Bank quantitative research report provided statistical insights into gender-related inequality in Cambodia (Gavalyugova & Cunningham 2019), many constraints underlying gender inequality in the labor market remained largely unclear. In order to develop new programs concentrating on increasing female involvement in the labor market, it is necessary to investigate the problems and challenges women face when entering the labor market in Cambodia. To contribute to filling this knowledge gap, this study collected and analyzed qualitative data. Qualitative focus group discussions and key informant interviews were held to gain a deeper understanding of mechanisms underlying gender disparities in the Cambodian labor market.

Barred: Labor Market Dynamics and Human Capital Development among People on Probation and Parole

Obtaining employment is a major barrier to social reintegration for people on probation or parole. Research on the reentry process identifies several mechanisms that accentuate difficulties in locating work, including human capital development, structural changes in the labor market, and onerous probation and parole conditions. In this article, we review theories that explain low labor market participation rates among people reentering society, and we draw on multiple sources of data to identify the types of jobs that are available to people with low human capital. We find that nearly a quarter of people in America’s state and federal prisons had permanently removed themselves from the formal labor market before their most recent arrest; however, exclusionary hiring practices in the formal labor market often push those carrying the stigma of a criminal record into underground or informal labor markets, where wage rates are markedly higher than the federal minimum wage. Our findings demonstrate that severe and chronic employment struggles often predate and follow incarceration. We provide a detailed discussion of policy reform proposals that could help to remedy this harmful dynamic.

Decomposing the gender reservation wage gap in Italy: A regional perspective

AbstractWe investigate the determinants of the reservation wage gap between unemployed men and women, using data from the Italian Labour Force Survey. We conduct detailed decomposition analysis at the mean and at different percentiles of the reservation wage distribution using the Recentered Influence Function regression approach. Given the regional differences in labor market participation and employment rates across Italy, we focus on regional differences in the gender reservation wage gap. We find evidence of a positive gender reservation wage gap, which is highest in the South, with men reporting higher reservation wages across all regions and at all percentiles of the reservation wage distribution. The decomposition results suggest that, while a large part of the gender gap in reservation wages is explained by personal characteristics such as education and age, a significant portion of the gap is explained by different job preferences (especially commuting and working time preferences) between men and women. We also find evidence of differences in the relative effects of personal, household and job characteristics across regions, and at different percentiles of the reservation wage distribution.

Long-term Effects of In Utero Exposure to “The Year without a Summer”

This paper uses the aftermath of the great Tambora eruption in 1815 as a natural experiment to explore the long-term effects of a nutritional shock during prenatal development. The volcanic explosion of Tambora formed substantial ash columns which hampered sunlight, cooled down the surface temperature, reduced the length of the growing season, and led to a severe harvest failure during summer and winter of 1816 in Europe and northeastern states of America. US decennial census 1850 provides evidence that cohorts in utero during the climate anomaly revealed lower literacy rates, lower labor force participation rates, a fewer number of own children, and a higher female-male ratio. The results are confirmed among the same cohorts in England, Canada, and Norway. The decennial census of each country indicates negative effects of exposure during prenatal development on labor market participation rates in adulthood.

Do employment opportunities decrease for older workers?

ABSTRACT Increasing the labour market participation rates of older workers is a means to secure the sustainability of public finances. However, questions about the effects of job loss of unemployed older workers and their employment prospects remain. This paper investigates why workers, aged 50 and over, have less employment opportunities. Using a competing risks model on British panel data, we examine the chances of re-employment after unemployment spells for older individuals. We find that human capital characteristics and economic incentives play an important role in their chances of getting back to work. We show that the probability of returning to employment after an unemployment spell decreases as workers get older. A decomposition analysis supports the role of age in the unemployment duration gap between ‘older’ and ‘younger’ individuals. The duration of leaving unemployment to employment of older workers would be lower if they will be treated in the same way as the younger ones, which is consistent with elderly employment barriers.

The impact of social networking on labor market participation

AbstractWe study the impact of social networks on the workers' labor market participation. We assume that individuals are heterogeneous with respect to the value of home production, which determines who participates in the labor market. Active individuals strategically form social links to obtain job information where the opportunity cost of networking is the value of home production. We find that social networking increases the labor market participation because it raises the probability to find a job. However, the equilibrium level of participation is lower than the socially optimal level. Social networking creates negative externalities, if social policies fix these externalities, the labor market participation rate will increase. Further, we show that when social networking becomes more efficient, the inequality between active individuals increases.

MAKE YOURSELVES SCARCE: THE EFFECT OF DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE ON THE RELATIVE WAGES AND EMPLOYMENT RATES OF EXPERIENCED WORKERS

AbstractThis article studies the impact of demographic change on experienced workers' relative wages and employment rates. We investigate empirical predictions from a framework of supply and demand for experience skill, using variation across U.S. local labor markets (LLMs) over the last decades and instrumenting experience skill supply by the LLMs' age structures a decade earlier. We find that aging substantially reduces experienced workers' relative wages and full‐time employment rates, and also their labor market participation rates. Our results imply that the effect of demographic change on labor markets might be more severe than previously recognized, as it reaches beyond wages.

Does the COVID-19 Pandemic Shock Change the Reservation Wage?

The COVID-19 pandemic can change the reservation wage because of changes in people’s preferences due to the risk of infection, the rapid rise of work at home, or a worsened household economy. Furthermore, the changing reservation wage changes the decision to work, especially for the second wage earner. This study examines the effect of the pandemic shock on the reservation wage using the difference-in-differences method and Japanese data about job seekers’ desired wage. We find that after the first wave of the pandemic, the reservation wages for part-time (full-time) job increase (decrease) in urban prefectures. Especially, the reservation wages for part-time managerial (construction and mining) occupations increase (decrease). These managerial jobs include managing shops like restaurants and bars, where it is difficult to maintain sales during pandemic and a high risk of infection exists. People may not prefer these aspects. In contrast, the pandemic shock worsened the household economy. This may decrease the reservation wage in jobs where money is received instantly, such as part-time construction and mining jobs. Finally, contrary to our expectation, the reservation wage of professional jobs that seem to be familiar with work at home does not decrease. Furthermore, the decrease in reservation wages in the prior period increases the labor market participation rate.

The effect of child benefit on female labor supply

Abstract In 2016, the Polish government introduced a large child benefit, called “Family 500+”, with the aim to increase fertility and reduce child poverty. It is universal for the second and every further child and means-tested for the first child. We study the impact of the new benefit on female labor supply, using Labor Force Survey data. Based on a difference-in-differences methodology, we find that the labor market participation rates of women with children decreased after the introduction of the benefit compared to that of childless women. The labor force participation rate of mothers showed a drop of 2–3 percentage points by mid-2017 as a result of the “Family 500+” program. The effect was higher among women with lower levels of education and among women living in small towns.

Exploring gender digital divide and its effect on women's labour market outcomes in South Africa

Technology plays a significant role in bridging gender gap in labour market outcomes. This paper investigates gender differential in broadband Internet usage and its effects on women‘s labour market participation. Employing an instrumental variable approach, findings suggest that exogenously determined high-speed broadband internet usage leads to increases of about 14.1 and 10.6 percentage points in labour market participation for single women and married women with some level of education, respectively. Moreover, further analyses suggest that married women are generally less likely to use the Internet to search for job opportunities and this could partly explains their low labour market participation rate. The findings suggest that more policy effort is required to bridge gender differentials in digital technologies and employment opportunities in South Africa.

The Signaling Effect of Margin Debt on Stock Market Returns

The use of margin debt to exacerbate returns for investors is widely used during times of economic growth. It is also used as a tool for investors to take short positions on stocks when a decline in expected. This paper examines the relationship between the use of margin debt, labor market participation rates, Put/Call ratios, and Volatility Index as a signal for possible asset bubbles or market bottoms. By analyzing the amount of existing monthly margin debt, labor market participation rates, Put/Call ratio figures, and Volatility Index from 2003 through the present, we hypothesize that an increase in the labor market participation rate, margin debt, Put/Call ratio, Volatility Index (VIX), and Federal Funds rate will reach an equilibrium that can provide correlation to a stock market retracement. Additionally, we hypothesize that a decrease in the monthly labor participation rate, margin debt, Put/Call ratio, monthly VIX, and Federal Funds rate will reach an equilibrium that will correlate to eventual upward stock market movements. The results of our study found a statistically significant correlation between the S and P 500 directional movement change as a percentage and the amount of margin debt change as a percentage and the VIX monthly change as a percentage. There is no statistically significant correlation between the S and P 500 directional movement change as a percentage and the labor market participation rate, the Put/Call ratio, or the Federal Funds rate as percentage changes month over month. The results are consistent with previous literature related to margin debt and the VIX. Further, our results provide new foundations to work for future research related to signaling related to market-wide risks such as labor market rates, option-based analysis, and central bank policy. Finally, labor-market participation rates reflect timely employment data related to market sentiment and corporate hiring practices. As such, it serves as a better variable in this study than unemployment figures, which are not only lagging indicators but also allow for revision after the initial release. This paper will explore the seminal works with a brief, albeit thorough literature review examining several key concepts in finance, accounting, economics, and investment theory. Next, we will examine various methodologies used in the past that have explored the use of margin debt, Put/Call ratios, volatility, and labor-market participation. Then we will explain the methodology we will use in our empirical examination of data, as well as the sources of our data and rationale for its selection. Finally, analysis of our findings will be included along with a discussion of its impact.

Long Term Effects of in Utero Exposure to 'The Year Without A Summer'

This paper uses the aftermath of the great Tambora eruption in 1815 as a natural experiment to explore the long-term effects of a nutritional shock during prenatal development. The volcanic explosion of Tambora formed substantial ash columns which hampered sun light, cooled down the surface temperature, reduced the length of the growing season, and led to a severe harvest failure during summer and winter of 1816 in Europe and northeastern states of America. US decennial censuses 1850-1880 provide evidence that cohorts in utero during the climate anomaly revealed lower literacy rates, lower labor force participation rates, fewer number of own children, and higher female-male ratio. The results are confirmed among the same cohorts in England, Canada, and Norway. 1851-1881 Decennial censuses of each country indicate negative effects of exposure during prenatal development on labor market participation rates in adulthood.

Income distribution in family networks by gender and proximity

AbstractWhereas the significance of family networks for support and well‐being has been shown in previous research, few studies have analysed the income distribution within family networks. The aim of this study is to examine income distribution within family networks and how they have changed over time for women and men in different parts of the income distribution and if the incomes are more similar in the geographically proximate family network. The analysis is based on register data and by use of ordinary least squares (OLS) and quantile regressions. The results indicate that men in the lowest income group tend to have become more similar to their family network over time. Gender differences have decreased, possibly as an effect of women's higher labour market participation rate leading to decreased income disparity. This paper contributes by highlighting how the uneven distribution of economic resources in family networks adds to individual's own resources.

Jobs calculator – a tool for short-term forecasting of changes in the labour market

The aim of the article is to present a modified and extended version of a jobs calculator – a tool used to perform simulations of the relationship between the unemployment and employment rates while adopting different assumptions regarding the potential trends in Poles’ professional activity and in shaping the size of Poland’s population. The user of the calculator sets the value of the target unemployment rate, and the tool calculates the number of jobs whose creation and filling would be necessary to obtain the desired level of the unemployment rate. The current version of the jobs calculator application has been enhanced compared to the original one in such a way that it allows modifying parameters characterizing the labour market (the labour market participation rate and the rate of the population growth) and creating forecasts within a defined time span. The calculator utilises data from the Labour Force Survey. The paper presents labour market forecasts until 2022 as well as the results of a simulation performed on the data from Labour Force Survey for the 3rd quarter of 2018.

Участие на рынке труда и уровень занятости населения в ЕС

Участие на рынке труда и уровень занятости населения в ЕС