Labor Institutions Research Articles

Industry Trade Exposure and the Quality of Employment in India’s Manufacturing Sector

Globalization, trade and labour institutions have implications on the labour market affecting the regular nature of jobs and increasing dependence on contract labour. Using worker-level data for India’s manufacturing sector, this paper evaluates the influence of outward orientation of the worker’s industry on the informal nature of employment. We find that higher import penetration and export orientation of the manufacturing industries of workers promote employment of regular nature. However, the regular jobs come tied up with lack of job contracts in industries facing higher import competition. Export-oriented industries increase the chances of regular jobs with a written job contract.

From the Chattel to the Cattle: Human and Animal Laborers in Ancient Israel and Its Context

Abstract In many cultures through history, subjugated human and animal laborers have been treated alike. However, very little research has explored this connection in relation to ancient Israel and Judah or ancient West Asia more broadly. In this article, I analyze the interconnections between institutions of human and animal labor according to biblical and other West Asian evidence. Physically, slaves and livestock were subjected to the same body modifications (such as brandings and piercings) and the same physical beatings. Economically, both groups were central to transactions, being bought, sold, or forcibly taken, and laboring for their masters. Socially, both groups were drawn in to participate in societies and nations, and they were precariously situated in kinship groups. Psychologically, both may have been kept in place by their masters’ Social Dominance Orientation, and slaves may have been animalized to justify their treatment. In these ways, institutions of human and animal labor were entangled and mutually reinforcing, leading to the subjugation of both the chattel and the cattle.

The Future of the Civilization of the Ummah Is Reviewed from the Sociology of Education for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG'S)

Objective: The ancient Arab economy developed in the second half of the first millennium BC. Its glory peaked in the first century until the early second century AD, with trade routes to North Arabia and Syria. Nabataean kingdom in North Arabia was established, with two major cities as trading centers: Petra, and Palmyra. using the sociological perspective of education and commercialization theory, the ancient Arab economy has a mode of merchant capitalism. Theoretical Framework: Ancient Arab trading capitalism revived in the pre-Islamic Arab period, from the end of the fourth century AD. Mecca became the center of international trade, side by side with Yathrib and Taif. Two types of markets were born, the inner market and the outer market. New institutions related to culture, politics, and economy were established, including the division of labor institutions and institutions that regulate traders' interaction from inside and outside Makkah. Method: This research uses an interpretative paradigm with a qualitative approach, case study type, and multicase design. Data were collected using observation, interviews, and documentation. Data validity using triangulation of sources, methods, and theories. Next, an interactive model analysis is carried out. The research object was carried out in the Yogyakarta and Surakarta regions of Indonesia. Results and Discussion: Merchant capitalism during the early Islamic era underwent characteristic changes, similar to social capitalism. Referred to as Religious Capitalism, because its inspiration comes from religious teachings. The state regulates the market: the prohibition of exaggerating the quality of goods, bidding new prices, intercepting goods before they reach the market, hoarding goods, and silent trading. State revenues have also increased, including spoils of war, income from the agricultural and industrial sectors, kharaj, endowments, 'ushr, jizya, redemption money, loans, alms, and gifts. The state is involved in public affairs, for example by establishing the Diwan. Research Implications: The reconstruction of Islamic civilization should follow the model of Religious Capitalism, which is one of the main legacies of the early Islamic period. Social capitalism is also gaining momentum. Apart from that, a development model with a mode of peaceful revolution is also proposed: dialogue and cooperation with the dominant civilization. The geopolitics of the world are also shifting. Originality/Value: Three technical requirements are needed, namely political democracy, economic cooperation, and active participation in global institutions. The main attention is directed to the development of knowledge and science, with critical and conventional madzab models.

Планово-учетная деятельность и периодическая отчетность прокуратуры Кабардино-Балкарской автономной области в 1925–1926 гг.: особенности и перспективы источниковед-ческого анализа

The article is devoted to the peculiarities and prospects of the source analysis of planning and ac-counting activities and periodic reporting of the Prosecutor's office of the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Region in 1925-1926. For this purpose, the plans of regional and district prosecutor's offices, checklists for collecting information on the current activities of regional prosecutor's of-fices, notebooks for recording the participation of public prosecutors in court sessions, statements on the movement of inquiries, investigative cases, cases of press revelations, monthly statements, survey reports, characteristics, literary (text) and "digital" (quantitative) reports (with elements of statistical generalization), summary reports on personnel and current activities, semi-annual re-ports on the work of the Prosecutor's office of the KBAO and district prosecutor's offices, crime reports, etc. It was established that information on the personnel composition, plans and account-ing of daily work, the management of assistants, the organization of the activities of prosecutors, the effectiveness of work with the rural population, the quality of supervisory activities, the state of crime, interaction with court authorities, criminal labor institutions, preventive activities to combat crime were subject to accounting etc. It is assumed that the analysis of the planning, ac-counting and reporting documentation of the Prosecutor's office of the KBAO in the second half of the 20s of the twentieth century has a further research perspective for studying the features of the formation and development of the mechanism of the young Soviet state and its system of law en-forcement agencies, the dynamics of the cadre and the regional specifics of supervisory activities for compliance socialist legality in the territory of the KBAO and the fight against crime, etc.

K.R. Shyam Sundar: Critical Essays on Labour Codes, Labour Institutions and Labour Market Governance in the Post-Covid-19 Times in India

K.R. Shyam Sundar: Critical Essays on Labour Codes, Labour Institutions and Labour Market Governance in the Post-Covid-19 Times in India

The Evolution of the Memory of Alexei Gastev as the Founder of the National School of Management – Scientific Organization of Labor in Modern Practices of Commemoration

The Scientific Organization of Labor (NOT) became the largest school of management in the young Soviet republic, and Alexei Gastev's work as head of the Central Institute of Labor was duly appreciated by both contemporaries and followers. In this connection, during the subsequent period, the ideas of the authors of the NOT were used in management practice to solve urgent problems. In the post-Soviet period, researchers of the national history of management thought considered the developments of the ideologist of the NOT Alexei Gastev as a paradigmatic stage in the development of managerial ideas in our country. This article analyzes not the ideas of the author of the NOT themselves, but the memory of his ideas and how this memory was reflected in the process of their interpretation and application. The research is based on the methodology of Memory studies by such authors as Maurice Halbwachs, Jan and Aleida Assmann, Pierre Nora, as well as on the approaches of representatives of the Cambridge School of Intellectual History Quentin Skinner and John Pocock and the research apparatus of the concept of deterritorialization by Gilles Deleuze. In addition, the author's approach is used in the form of synthesis of the results of a meaningful and contextual analysis of memory practices. The result of the study is a description and justification of changes in the general context of A. K. Gastev's memory practices. Due to the lack of collective and cultural memory of A. K. Gastev in Soviet times, in the early years of the post-Soviet period, the practice of commemoration focuses on the building of memory through the actualization of research on the scientific organization of labor. Further, the context of actualization loses its significance and the process of attaching the memory of A. K. Gastev to nearby cultural objects, such as the culture of the avant-garde era, takes place. At the moment, the transformation of the memory of A. K. Gastev is clearly expressed in the formation of the cultural memory of "Gastevski". This new form of memory does not yet have precise boundaries, but some contours are already emerging.

DYNAMICS OF CORONAVIRUS INFECTION COVID-19 AND SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PATIENTS WITH TUBERCULOSIS AND HIV-ASSOCIATED TUBERCULOSIS

The aim of the research. Assessment of the influence of social factors on the course and outcome of a new coronavirus infection COVID-19 in patients with tuberculosis and HIV-associated tuberculosis.Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of 103 case histories of patients in 2 study groups: HIVassociated TB/COVID-19 (n=45) and TB/COVID-19 (n=58) is presented.Results. The mean age of patients with a combination of HIV-associated tuberculosis and COVID-19 infection (42,8 ± 7,2 years) is significantly lower than patients with tuberculosis and COVID-19 infection (51,3 ± 13 years). Bad habits, including drug addiction (62,2% and 3,4% in the groups, respectively) and alcoholism (93,3% and 67,2% in the groups, respectively) were associated with HIV infection. Hepatitis C (77,8% and 15,5% in the groups, respectively), refusal of further inpatient treatment (84,4% and 25,9% in the groups, respectively), stay in correctional labor institutions (ITU) (53,3% and 27,6% in the groups, respectively) were significantly more common in HIV-infected patients. Such social factors as disability, lack of work, place of residence, degree of education, living with or without relatives, marital status, housing characteristics did not affect the dynamics and outcome of the disease in general. The form and phase of the course of tuberculosis were associated with HIV infection. Type 2 diabetes mellitus was associated with the absence of HIV infection (0% and 17.2% in the groups, respectively). The severity of the course of COVID-19, the outcome of the disease at the end of inpatient treatment did not depend on the presence of HIV infection.Conclusion. No direct relationship between HIV infection and social factors associated with it with the severity of tuberculosis and the new coronavirus infection COVID-19 has been established.

International Trade Liberalization and Domestic Institutional Reform: Effects of WTO Accession on Chinese Internal Migration Policy

Abstract Economic institutions that impede factor mobility become more costly when an economy experiences substantial transitions such as trade liberalization. I study how trade triggers changes in labor institutions that regulate internal migration in the context of China’s Hukou system. Using a newly collected dataset on prefecture-level migration policies, I document an increase in promigrant regulations following WTO entry and estimate the impact of prefecture-level tariffs on exports on migration regulations from 2001 to 2007. I find that regions facing more export market liberalization enacted more migrant-friendly regulations.

Structural Change, Elite Capitalism, and the Emergence of Labour Emancipation

Abstract This study argues that the decline of coercive labour institutions over the course of industrialization was partly driven by complementarity between physical capital and effective labour in manufacturing. Given the difficulty of extracting labour effort in care-intensive industrial tasks through monitoring and punishment, capital-owning elites ultimately chose to emancipate workers to induce their supply of effective labour and, thus, boost the return to physical capital. This hypothesis is empirically examined in the context of serf emancipation in nineteenth-century Prussia. Exploiting variation in proto-industrialization across Prussian counties, the analysis finds that, consistent with the proposed hypothesis, the initial abundance of elite-owned physical capital is associated with a higher pace of serf emancipation and lower redemption payments to manorial lords.

Global Flow of Foreign Aid and Change in Recipients’ Local Labor Institutions

How does foreign aid affect recipient countries’ labor institutions? Extant empirical evidence is sparse due to ambiguous theoretical predictions and potential endogeneity issues. This study uses data detailing aid flow and institutional functions to mitigate such inconclusiveness and displays originality by constructing a concise theoretical framework in which foreign aid contributes to the improvement of the labor institutions in recipient countries through two mechanisms—economic growth purpose and expected aid attraction. The findings indicate that only aid to enhance local economic growth provides incentives to change domestic labor markets. Such effects have a more crucial influence on labor institutions of minimum wage, collective bargaining rights, and working hours than those related to hiring and firing regulations, mandated costs for worker dismissal, and conscription. For comparison with the actual aid level, we construct forecasted proxies to capture exogenous fluctuations in aid, determining that domestic labor markets can also change via a novel mechanism, as the recipient voluntarily mimics the funder’s labor policies in anticipation of receiving future aid, with exact amounts derived from the noninstitutional characteristics of pairs of bilateral recipient and giver economies. Therefore, we provide policy implications for the aid giver on how to secure a continued and increased aid flow and for the aid receivers on which aspects of reforming measures are most effective in enhancing the labor market regulations.

Real-time risk assessment of multi-parameter induced fall accidents at construction sites

In this research, a risk assessment model was developed that concurrently considers the location and physiological risk factors for fall accidents in workers at construction sites. In terms of location risk, data on 1683 occupational fall accidents involving 1718 worker casualties in the construction industry were collected for the period 1996–2016 from the Institute of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health (ILOSH), Taiwan. Next, the locations of these fall accidents were identified and defined as hazardous areas, with each area assigned a fall-risk level based on the average number of occupational accidents per year. In terms of physiological risk, the thermal hazard evaluation model, Recommended Alert Limits/Recommended Exposure Limits (RALs/RELs), developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), USA was used in this study. This model uses metabolic heat and wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) to recommend hourly rest/work times for workers. Using WBGT and one hour as the basic unit of time, varying degrees of metabolic heat, defined as metabolic heat loading severity (MHLS), were obtained. An optical heart rate (HR) sensor was applied in this study to measure HR, which was subsequently converted to a metabolic heat value using the Malchaire J metabolic heat evaluation model. Next, metabolic heat loading risk level was evaluated based on the MHLS. Finally, the location-based fall-risk level was multiplied by the MHLS, generating a risk evaluation model for fall accidents. The evaluation results identify the real-time fall-risk level of each worker and, if needed, suggest actions to be taken to mitigate the elevated risks of fall accidents identified by the model.

Concepts of Gender Identity, Imputation, Gender Non-Conformity and Minority stress in If I Was Your Girl

The world operates on a binary gender system that creates stereotypes, whereby anything deviating from such expectations is met with social disapproval and marginalization. Gender roles are constructed by society, mainly through family institution (socialization) and societal division of labor based on sex. Stereotyping occurs when people generalize majoritarian beliefs about sexual orientation or identity which can be confusing as terms like sex and gender may appear interchangeable but actually reflect biological vs sociological orientations respectively. Despite the existence of numerous potential combinations among genders due to these presupposed norms each individual falls into two singular categories: men/women; masculine/feminine; male/female having specific roles varying between societies according to their cultural obligations/expectations. This research paper acknowledges true validation of LGBTQ, Problems they face in society, Rights of LGBTQ, Findings in the research and Suggestions for their problems.

What’s new about new destinations? Cinderella states and the comparative study of migration

ABSTRACT Immigrant political incorporation is a concern of Europe and the U.S., but the process in the latter is seen as more successful owing to its immigration history, minority politics, and institutions. While comparative analysis has largely focused on post-war receiving states, since the 1990s, migration flows have significantly changed. What’s new about new destinations? And what might these cases suggest for the future of comparative research on political incorporation? This article uses existing frameworks for transatlantic comparisons and applies them to a broader pool of European cases. It argues that new destinations may have more in common with the U.S. than their old destination neighbors due to their emigration history, minority politics, and distinct welfare and labor institutions. It also finds more points of Europe-U.S. convergence than often allowed for in the literature. Together, this suggests opportunities for new comparative research to better understand incorporation dynamics within and beyond Europe.

Does time heal all wounds? The rise, decline, and long-term impact of forced labor in Spanish America

For most of human history, free wage labor was uncommon compared to various coercive institutions based on the threat of force. Latin America was no exception to this general rule. A number of scholars argue that past coercive labor institutions explain regional and national divergence within Latin America long after the institutions themselves have disappeared. A review of the literature, however, shows less agreement than is commonly recognized. There is evidence that forced labor on Spanish American mainland collapsed endogenously under its own weight, in which case it may have left few echoes in the present.

고성과 작업시스템과 혁신: 저성과자 관리관행의 조절효과

Today, many organizations are pursuing innovation in order to survive in
 a rapidly changing environment. As a result, based on resource-based theory,
 organizations are introducing various human resource management practices
 for the growth of workers toward innovation. However, the resulting effect
 has not been the same for each company. This is because not enough consideration
 has been given to the relationship between the newly established human
 resource management practices and the existing practices of the company.
 The synergy effect of human resource management practices may be weakened
 or strengthened depending on how the sum of individual practices is bundled.
 From this point of view, this study conducted an exploration of the synergy
 between high-involvement work practices in high-performance work systems
 and low-performance management practices to create innovation based on
 the AMO framework. Specifically, the Korea Labor Institute's Workplace
 Panel Survey analyzed the moderating effect of low-performance management
 practices on the impact of high-involvement work practices for innovation.
 According to the analysis results, high-involvement work practices had a positive
 effect on innovation. In addition, the relationship between high-involvement
 work practices and innovation was moderated positively by pull-type practices
 among low-performance management practices. On the other hand, among
 the low-performance management practices, push-type practices did not have
 a significant moderating effect on the relationship between high-involvement
 work practices and innovation. Based on the results, we discussed the need
 for low-performance management and the direction for organizations pursuing
 innovation in high-performance work systems.

Impact of Perceived Parental Leave Policies on Female Employees’ Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment: Mediating Effect of Job Satisfaction

Purpose – According to the perceived organizational support (POS) theory, when organizations value their employees’ efforts and support them with various systems, employees experience higher levels of job satisfaction (JS). Therefore, exploring the impact of awareness regarding the representative policy for female employees (FEs) in the work-life balance system, specifically the parental leave policy, on their JS and organizational commitment (OC) is significant. This study examines the mediating effects of JS and provides theoretical and practical implications. Design/Methodology/Approach – The 24th panel dataset from the Korea Labor Institute was used to control for several conditions. Among FEs (aged 20–40) suitable for this study, 2,092 respondents were selected, contrary to prior studies that have exclusively focused on FEs in private enterprises. Using these data, frequency, reliability, correlation, and regression analyses are employed. Findings – The analysis reveals that the perceived parental leave policy for FEs in private enterprises positively affects JS and OC. Notably, unmarried FEs also demonstrate a significant influence of parental leave policy awareness on JS. Moreover, JS partially mediates the relationship between FEs’ perceptions of the parental leave policy and OC. Research Implications – This study presents findings consistent with previous research that has empirically examined the positive impact of POS theory on JS. Additionally, contrary to prior studies, this study identifies a separate influence on unmarried women, highlighting the significant effect on JS by perceiving the potential for future organizational support, even if it is not currently available.

Particulate matters (PM2.5, PM10) and the risk of depression among middle-aged and older population: analysis of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA), 2016–2020 in South Korea

BackgroundThere is a growing concern that particulate matter (PM) such as PM2.5 and PM10 has contributed to exacerbating psychological disorders, particularly depression. However, little is known about the roles of these air pollutants on depression in elderly. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the association between PM2.5 and PM10, and depression in the elderly population in South Korea.MethodsWe used panel survey data, the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA), administered by the Labor Institute during the study period of 2016, 2018, and 2020 covering 217 districts in South Korea (n = 7674). Annual district-specific PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were calculated for the study period from the monthly prediction concentrations produced by a machine-learning-based ensemble model (cross-validated R2: 0.87), then linked to the people matching with year and their residential district. We constructed a generalized estimating equation (GEE) model with a logit link to identify the associations between each of the long-term PM2.5 and PM10 exposures and depression (CES-D 10) after adjusting for individual and regional factors as confounders.ResultsIn single-pollutant models, we found that long-term 10 mathrm{mu g}/{m}^{3} increments in PM2.5 (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.20–1.56) and PM10 (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.10–1.29) were associated with an increased risk of depression in the elderly. Associations were consistent after adjusting for other air pollutants (NO2 and O3) in two-pollutant models. In addition, the impacts substantially differed by regions grouped by the tertile of the population density, for which the risks of particulate matters on depression were substantial in the middle- or high-population-density areas in contrast to the low-population-density areas.ConclusionsLong-term exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 was associated with a higher risk of developing depression in elderly people. The impact was modified by the population density level of the region where they reside.

Cultural and Educational Work in The Corrective Labor System of the Ukrainian SSR in 1926-1930

The paper highlights the state of cultural and educational work with prisoners and convicts in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR) in the 1926-1930s based on the analysis of archival and contemporary normative-legal documents. Previously unknown interesting and important facts on the researched topic have been introduced into scientific circulation. The author arrived at the following conclusions: 1. Cultural and educational work by the Soviet authorities was considered through the prism of ideological work as a secondary means after compulsory labor, together forming the basis of the regime in corrective labor institutions. 2. There existed both school and extracurricular cultural and educational as well as professional-production work, implemented in general education and vocational schools. 3. School attendance was mandatory for all illiterate and poorly literate prisoners up to the age of 50. 4. As of the beginning in November 1928, approximately 40,000 individuals were held in corrective labor institutions of the Ukrainian SSR, of which 26,000 were peasants (65% of all prisoners). 5. In 1926/1927, illiteracy and low literacy were eliminated through school work in 14,796 individuals, 17 corrective labor institutions were equipped with cinemas, 24 had radios, and the library stock of corrective labor institutions amounted to 55,504 books. Wall newspapers were published almost everywhere, as well as the newspaper "Away with Crime." 6. In 1928, as part of accelerated industrialization and mass exploitation of labor, it was legislatively allowed to use the labor of convicts in many cases free of charge or for symbolic payment in many administrative positions in corrective labor institutions (in fact, this had been done much earlier). 7. The theoretical education of prisoners in vocational schools of a production nature lasted 3-6 months in the evening, but not more than 3 hours per day (72 hours per month). Practical training took place directly in workshops for a total of 2 working hours according to the course program. Each group should have no more than 35 individuals. 8. The typical curriculum of vocational courses of a production nature for workshops of corrective labor institutions was designed for 3 months (144 educational hours) and included the study of 5 disciplines: social studies, Ukrainian language, arithmetic, graphical literacy, and materials technology and tool science. 9. Distance learning and self-education of prisoners were encouraged, with prisoners forming study groups where they independently carried out the corresponding work, using only the services of a consultant. Distance learning was paid. The authorities made efforts to diversify sources of funding and reduce the cost of education. 10. In practice, funding for cultural and educational work was carried out on a "residual" basis with a tendency to decrease, corresponding to the general punitive-repressive policy of the Soviet authorities towards prisoners. For example, in the agricultural corrective labor institution of the Kharkiv Unified Agricultural-Industrial State Farm as of October 1, 1927, expenses for cultural and educational needs of prisoners accounted for 5%, whereas as of October 1, 1928, only 0.6%. 11. The annual cost of maintaining 1 prisoner in the House of Forced Public Works in 1928/1929 amounted to almost 65 krb., which was not so cheap considering the conditions of the food crisis and famine of 1928-1929.

근로자 노동소득에 대한 COVID-19 영향의 시도별 분석

Background/Objectives: This study analyzed the impact of COVID-19 on the labor income of workers in 16 regions by comparing the time periods of COVID-19 inexperience(2017 2018) and COVID-19 experience(2019 2020). In addition, this study examined the impact of COVID-19 by dividing wage workers and self-employed workers by region one year after the spread of COVID-19.
 Methods: This study used data from the Korea Labor Panel Survey of the Korea Labor Institute. Data on individual labor status by year were reconstructed using Korea Labor Panel data from 2017 to 2020. In this study, the impact of COVID-19 on workers' wages in different regions was empirically verified using a time-wise difference-in-difference methodology, with the period before COVID-19 established as the control group.
 Results: The analysis revealed that after the outbreak of COVID- 19, the monthly wages of the employees increased in all provinces except Daegu, indicating that the shock period of COVID-19 is entering a recovery phase. However, for self-employed workers, monthly wages decreased in regions such as Seoul, Incheon, and Gangwon.
 Conclusion/Implications: The findings reveal that COVID-19 impacts self-employed workers more than contracted employees. Despite the loss compensation policy for the self-employed since 2021, economic difficulties for the self-employed, including debt problems, remain. Therefore, policy support, including financial and tax benefits, are needed in regions with many small business owners are.

성격에 따른 일중독이 직무만족에 미치는 영향

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of workaholism according to personality on the job satisfaction of organizational members.
 Design/methodology/approach - Workaholism was defined as excessive working and compulsive work, suggesting a negative impact on job satisfaction, while predicting that conscientiousness would alleviate this effect and presented as a hypothesis. The unbalanced panel data constructed based on 19,283 samples of 6,863 people from the Korea Labor Institute's Korea Labor Panel Survey was used.
 Findings - Both excessive working and compulsive working were found to have a direct negative effect on job satisfaction. Additionally, as a result of verifying the interaction effect of conscientiousness, it was found that the negative impact of excessive work on job satisfaction was moderated and alleviated by conscientiousness. In other words, for employees with high conscientiousness, the negative impact of excessive work on job satisfaction is alleviated and the negative impact of overworking is offset, whereas for employees with low conscientiousness, the negative impact of overworking on job satisfaction is strengthened.
 Research implications or Originality - This study shows that the impact of workaholism on job satisfaction varies depending on personality. While existing research has treated personality only as a determinant of workaholism, this study contributes to previous research in that it expands the role of personality. In addition, in practical terms, it is suggested that differential treatment based on individual values or personality is necessary.