Laboratory Diagnosis Of Viral Infections Research Articles

A Short Note on the Laboratory Diagnosis of viral Infections

A Short Note on the Laboratory Diagnosis of viral Infections

Lennette's Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Infections: Book Review

Well written extensive textbook for laboratory diagnosis of human viral diseases. The book provided an important illustrations, algorithms and tables that enhance the understanding of viral infections in human being. The book serve as reference textbook for virologists, epidemiologists, infectious diseases specialists and microbiologists. Additionally, it is a reference book for medical, dental, nursing, phamarmacist, and laboratory investigator students.

Advances on laboratory diagnosis of viral infections of central nervous system

Advances on laboratory diagnosis of viral infections of central nervous system

Comparison of Reverse Transcription - PCR and Viral Culture for Detection of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Young Children : Relation to Epidemiological and Clinical Findings

Background: RSV is the most frequently identified agent responsible for LRTIs especially bronchiolitis worldwide. Multiple methods are used for the laboratory diagnosis of viral infections, including viral culture, antigen detection, nucleic acid detection, and serology. Morbidity and mortality of RSV infection are higher in infants suffering from concomitant disease as prematurity, congenital heart disease and others. Objectives: To compare the value of Reverse-Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and Conventional Viral Culture in diagnosis of RSV, to determine the incidence of RSV in pediatric respiratory illness and patients’ findings and to determine the mortality rate of RSV infection with concomitant disease. Methodology: This study was conducted on Ninety seven children (30 females and 67 males aged from 0 month up to 5 Years and were presenting with clinical pictures suggesting of LRTI (acute bronchiolitis or pneumonia). All patients were subjected to history taking, complete medical examination and thorough laboratory and radiological investigations. Tissue culture and RT-PCR were done on nasopharyngeal aspirates collected from all of these patients and the results of the two methods were compared with patient's demographic data, clinical and radiological findings to determine the best method for detection of RSV. Results: RSV was detected in 68.04% and 30.9% of LRTI cases by using RT-PCR and tissue culture respectively and there was a highly significant statistical difference (P value= 0.0001).The highest isolation rate of RSV (56.7% and 40.9%) was in children with age from 0-6m by tissue culture and RT-PCR respectively. The incidence of RSV was decreasing by increasing the age of the patients. By both techniques for RSV isolation, RSV was higher in males than females but there was no statistically significant difference. Sixty–six positive RSV cases detected by RT-PCR were distributed as the following in both seasons; 43.94% in January, 31.82%, in December, 22.73% in February and only 1.51%, in November. RSV was isolated from 92.7% of 61 cases of bronchiolitis by RT-PCR and the presence of hyperinflated chest is significantly higher among positive RSV cases (P value=0.001). Mortality rate in positive RSV patients with comorbidities was 25%. Conclusion: RT-PCR was more sensitive than tissue culture in diagnosis of RSV, especially in older age group cases. Mortality rate was higher among positive RSV who had concomitant diseases.

76 Viral Infections in Neonates

Infections are an important cause of mortality and morbidity in the neonatal period. In the past viral infections were difficult to diagnose. Since the introduction of sensitive molecular methods such...

Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Infections, 3rd edn

Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Infections, 3rd edn

Diagnostic virology.

Diagnostic virology has now entered the mainstream of medical practice. Multiple methods are used for the laboratory diagnosis of viral infections, including viral culture, antigen detection, nucleic acid detection, and serology. The role of culture is diminishing as new immunologic and molecular tests are developed that provide more rapid results and are able to detect a larger number of viruses. This review provides specific recommendations for the diagnostic approach to clinically important viral infections.

Book Review

Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Infections Second Edition Edited by E.H. Lennette Marcel Dekker, New York, 1992, $195.00

NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF VIRAL DISEASES

Major technical advances have occurred, especially in the last 5 years, in the laboratory diagnosis of viral infections. Immunologic detection of immediate early antigens in specimens such as bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and blood inoculated into shell vial cell cultures, particularly for herpesvirus (cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus), has provided results 16 to 48 hours after inoculation rather than the several days required for recognition of cytopathic effects in conventional tube cell cultures. Similarly, cytomegalovirus viremia can be detected directly by immunostaining of peripheral blood leukocytes with commercially available reagents the same day the specimen is submitted to the laboratory. Single-test membrane immunoassays have provided rapid (15 minutes) detection of viral antigens (respiratory syncytial virus, rotavirus, influenza virus type A). In the near future, diagnostic virology laboratories will be expected to monitor viral strains for susceptibility to the growing list of antiviral drugs. Amplification of nucleic acid sequences of viruses from cerebrospinal fluid or tissue, which generally does not yield isolates by conventional diagnostic techniques, has added a new dimension to the laboratory diagnosis of viral infection.

Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Infections

Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Infections

Diagnostic virology--then and now.

In the past five years, technologic advances in the shell vial assay and expanding availability of rapid membrane EIA tests have allowed over 90% of the viruses detected in our laboratory to be reported within 24 h postinoculation. PCR technology promises to add a new practical dimension to diagnostic virology especially for the detection of viruses in CSF, tissues, and blood. Extension of these diagnostic capabilities from investigative protocols to general laboratories for routine use will be our biggest challenge and be based on considerations of cost, licensing, and availability of this technology in "kit" formats.

Laboratory Diagnosis of Virus Infections in the Feedlot

Laboratory confirmation of clinical diagnosis can serve an important role in the maintenance of a health program in the feedlot. There is an abundance of scientific literature and review articles documenting the involvement of viruses in bovine respiratory disease.1,2 Laboratory tests can supply information on which viruses are involved in causing clinical disease. This information can assist in making informed decisions for future vaccination, treatment and herd health programs. Routine suiveillance testing can supply data on the changing disease conditions of a feedlot and assist in maintaining client satisfaction.
 To obtain good diagnostic laboratory results it is important that the appropriate samples are collected early in the course of the disease. The samples should be chosen according to the clinical conditions and the differential diagnosis. Due to the time required in conducting laboratory tests and getting the complete results, all possibilities should be thoroughly anticipated in submitting samples to assure that the laboratory results will assist in the diagnosis.
 This report summarizes some of the available laboratory tests and their utilization for diagnosis of viral infections in the feedlot.

Benign plexus neuropathy in children

1. Broughton RA. Infections due to Mycoplasmapneumoniae in childhood. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1986;5:71-85. 2. Tully JG, Rose DL, Whitcomb RF, Wenzel RP. Enhanced isolation of Mycoplasma pneurnoniae from throat washings with a newly modified culture medium. J Infect Dis 1979; 139:478-82. 3. Tully JG. Laboratory diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. Isr J Med Sci 1981;17:644-7. 4. Hawkes RA. General principles underlying laboratory diagnosis of viral infections. In: Lennette EH, Schmidt N J, eds. Diagnosis procedures for viral, rickettsial and chlamydial infections. 5th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Public Health Association, 1979:3-48. 5. Eisenstein BI, Engleberg NC. Applied molecular genetics: new tools for microbiologists and clinicians. J Infect Dis 1986; 153:416-30. 6. Buffone G J, Shearer WT, Finegold MJ. New methodologies: their role in pediatric pathology. Pediatr Clin North Am 1989;36:227-56. 7. Kohne DE. The application of DNA probe technology in the clinical laboratory: is it the diagnostic wave of the future? Infect Dis 1985;15:4-13. 8. Dular R, Kajioka R, Kasatiya S. Comparison of Gen-Probe commercial kit and culture technique for the diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. J Clin Microbiol 1988; 26:1068-9. 9. Harris R, Marmion BP, Varkanis G, Kok T, Lunn B, Martin J. Laboratory diagnosis ofMycoplasma pneumoniae :nfection. Epidemiol Infect 1988;101:685-94.

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Pettit, J. H. S. & Parish, L. C.: Manual of tropical dermatology. Alexander, J. O'Donel: Arthropods and human skin. Lennette, E. H. (ed.): Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections.

Rapid laboratory diagnosis of viral infections

Rapid laboratory diagnosis of viral infections

Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections

Overview Clinical Virology: Concepts and Perspectives, Diane S. Leland Surgical Pathology and Diagnostic Cytology of Viral Infections, James L. Caruso and David N. Howell Electron Microscopy of Viral Infections, Sara E. Miller Diagnosis by Antigen Detection, Bagher Forghani Nucleic Acid Detection, Danny L. Wiedbrauk Applications of Molecular Amplification Methods in Diagnostic Virology, James O. Newell and David H. Persing Application of Genetically Engineered Cell Lines to Diagnostic Virology, Paul D. Olivo Detection Methods for Nucleic Acid Amplification Products, Michele Normandin and Gregory J. Tsongalis Serological Tests in Clinical Virology, Richard L. Hodinka Flow Cytometry in Viral Diagnosis, James J. McSharry Assessment of a Viral Diagnostic Test, Vera Jean Suman and Duane M. Ilstrup Virus Isolation Versus Molecular Methods, Yvonne E. Cossart Antiviral Therapy, George W. Jordan Specific Viral Infections Adenoviruses, Paul D. Swenson Arboviruses, Charles H. Calisher, Barry J. Beaty, and Laura J. Chandler Arenaviruses and Filoviruses, Peter B. Jahrling Human Cytomegalovirus, Julio C. Mendez, Irene G. Sia, and Carlos V. Paya Enteroviruses, David P. Schnurr Epstein-Barr Virus, Michael A. Nalesnik Gastroenteritis Viruses, Mary L. Christensen and Robert H. Yolken Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, Brian Hjelle Parenterally Transmitted Hepatitis Viruses, Rogelio G. Perez and Nizar N. Zein The Enterically Transmitted Hepatitis Viruses, Stephen B. Lambert and Howard A. Fields Herpes Simplex Viruses Types 1 and 2, Rhoda L. Ashley Human Herpesvirus 6, Human Herpesvirus 7, and Human Herpesvirus 8, David H. Dockrell and Carlos V. Paya Human Immunodeficiency Viruses: HIV-1 and HIV-2, Suzanne M. Crowe and John Mills Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses Types I and II, Naoki Yamamoto and Yorio Hinume Influenza Virus, Maurice W. Harmon Measles (Rubeola) Virus, William J. Bellini and Paul A. Rota Mumps Virus, Diane S. Leland and Martin B. Kleiman Human Papillomaviruses, Attila T. Lorincz Human Parainfluenza Viruses, Kelly J. Henrickson Human Parvovirus B19, Dean D. Erdman and Larry J. Anderson Polyomaviruses BK and JC, Ray R. Arthur and Keerti V. Shah Human Poxviruses, Abbas M. Behbehani Rabies Virus, Jean S. Smith and Susan U. Neill Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Debra A. Tristram and Robert C. Welliver Rhinoviruses, Robert B. Couch and Robert L. Atmar Rubella Virus, Daniel Germann and Lukas Matter Varicella Zoster Infections, Anne A. Gershon and Bagher Forghani

The laboratory diagnosis of virus infections in gynecology and obstetrics.

The laboratory diagnosis of virus infections in gynecology and obstetrics.

Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections: general principles.

The three approaches to the laboratory diagnosis of viral infection are presented in very broad terms. These broad approaches may be categorized as (1) methods for isolation of the causal agent, (2) microscopic examination of clinical specimens for the presence of characteristic lesions, pathognomonic inclusion bodies, viral elementary bodies, etc., and (3) methods of determining the occurrence of rises in specific antibody. The advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed and it is pointed out that a definitive diagnosis, i.e. , one based on specific identification of the virus, is not always a requisite for clinical management, but in certain situations, e.g. , rubella or herpes genitalis in the pregnant woman, it may be mandatory. The general microbiologic or immunologic principle upon which each test or procedure is based is briefly discussed.

Tissue culture in the laboratory diagnosis of viral infections.

The use of both rhesus monkey kidney and human fetal diploid cell cultures for attempts to isolate virus from human clinical specimens recovered approximately 30% more isolates from fecal, throat, skin lesion, and tissue specimens than were recovered in a single cell culture system. The sensitivities of the two cell types for isolation of viruses in the major groups infecting man are compared. The use of both BS-C-1 and RK-13 cells yielded approximately 25% more rubella virus isolates than were recovered in a single cell system. Procedures such as the establishment of cell cultures from tissues suspected of harboring viruses, cocultivation of cells from biopsy or autopsy specimens with other cell types, and the use of organ cultures, have in certain situations resulted in greater sensitivity for recovery of viruses. Micro cell culture tests have been devised for virus identification and antibody assays; these are far more economical than conventional tests in terms of reagents, space requirements, and personnel time. Methods have been developed for the production of higher-titered viral serologic antigens in cell culture systems.

TRENDS IN THE LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF VIRAL INFECTIONS.

Refinements in viral culture have placed viral diagnostic technics within the scope of activities of many public health, hospital and clinical laboratories. Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections is based on three general methods: microscopic study of infected tissues, isolation of the etiologic agent from clinical or autopsy materials, and serologic testing. In general the latter is the most practical and economical; it is based on demonstration of a significant increase in the patient's serum of antibody to the viral agent. Well-established technics are described as well as others which were introduced only recently and have not been fully evaluated.