Labour Organization Research Articles

Nursing unions: A scoping review of outcomes for employees, patients, and administrators

BackgroundNursing labor organization is consequential to many stakeholders, but collective evidence for outcomes associated with nurse unionization is lacking. PurposeTo synthesize evidence of associations between nursing unions and nurse, patient, and system outcomes. MethodA scoping review. FindingsTwenty-four articles spanning nearly 50 years were abstracted. Most studies (n=16; 67%) included nurse outcomes, usually remuneration (n=10; 42%). Patient and systems outcomes were less common (for each: n=7; 29%). Union wage premiums were modest. Evidence for other nurse outcomes (e.g., job satisfaction, retention) was limited and mixed. Unionization was associated with improvements in many but not all patient outcomes studied, and with operational differences, including decreased staffing and labor substitution. DiscussionCollective bargaining outcomes may help administrators understand nurses’ needs and concerns and thereby improve nurse recruitment and retention. For example, modest wage effects may signal non-wage priorities among nurses, which are understudied and worthy subjects of future research.

When Successful Action Research is not Legitimized as Scientific Contribution by the Central Sponsors: How can Morten Levin’s Three Pillars of Action Research Support the Arch of Research Collaboration between Large Public Organizations and Universities?

AbstractMorten Levin’s work on Action Research (AR) clearly stated that the three pillars participation, action and research was equally important. During his long practice as an AR pioneer, he campaigned for the legitimacy of AR within academia. In this paper we investigate how AR is perceived as sound research within a large and distributed organization. We present a retrospective case study based on a research collaboration between UiT The Artic University of Norway (UiT) and the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Organization (NAV), that fostered an AR project together, ‘Work inclusion, learning and innovation’ (ALIN), but later led to the termination of the collaboration agreement. The ALIN project fulfils all the criteria for being a successful AR project in terms Levin’s action, research and participation criteria. However, external audit and central NAV actors had different expectations of successful institutional research collaboration. Through our case we illustrate several conflict dimensions within the three AR pillars that must be challenged to strengthen the legitimacy of AR. The debate on rigour and relevance should not be limited to academic fields and include various actors and decision makers within large and distributed organizations.

Realigning Social Protection Across the Nexus: Reflections from Protracted Crises in the Arab Region

Humanitarian emergencies are increasingly protracted and characterised by multiple compounding crises. International social security standards provide a roadmap for building national social protection systems. In the Arab States region, the International Labour Organization has been critically assessing how to apply these standards across the humanitarian, development, and peace nexus when countries face protracted crises. This article presents case studies in four countries: Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and the Occupied Palestinian Territory. It addresses questions on how to strengthen humanitarian–development transitions using international standards, where entry points exist or challenges remain, and how these transitions may contribute to strengthening peace through social cohesion.

How can we measure labour exploitation and develop interventions to protect migrant workers’ health? Insights from intervention-focused research on cattle ranching in Brazil and child domestic work in Liberia and Nigeria

Abstract Much of our food and services rely on the work of migrants, which is often carried out under exploitative terms. Exploitative work results in work-related injuries and illnesses and mental ill-health. Yet, the global health community has been negligent in detecting migrant workers in the general population, and in measuring the effects of their work terms on their health. For instance, the International Labour Organization’s global labour force and forced labour surveys capture few health data. Conversely, health surveys, such as the Demographics and Health Survey (DHS), include few questions on exploitative and hazardous work conditions or aspects of migration status. Studies are even more remiss when it comes to developing evidence for work-related health interventions. This presentation will draw on two recent mixed-methods studies - on cattle ranching in the Amazon region of Brazil (Pará State) (n = 1,241), and on child domestic work in Liberia (n = 1,088) and Nigeria (n = 1,088). Findings suggest some necessary improvements to the measurement of migrant labour exploitation and its health effects, and approaches to gathering intervention-focused evidence. Each study highlights the value of re-thinking data collection beyond disciplinary silos and narrow dichotomous measures (e.g., forced/unforced labour), towards generating a more specific understanding of the different dimensions of labour exploitation (e.g., pay conditions, hours, occupational health and safety training and PPE), various types of associated harm, and how they compare across sectors and contexts. Further, each study demonstrates the benefits of intervention-focused research methods that are designed to feed directly into participatory intervention development processes. On this basis, we will suggest shifts in measurement and research designs to foster operationalizable evidence on migrant workers’ working conditions, health, and worker-informed interventions.

Women’s entrepreneurship in the informal economy: A socio-spatial perspective

What role does ‘space’ play in shaping entrepreneurial choices? Much of the western-centric evidence offers abstract models of spatial dynamics, reflecting socio-cultural assumptions about entrepreneurship and the need to fix ‘women’s deficits’, within formal representations of space. We problematize these views by focusing on the everyday realities of women involved in (informal) entrepreneurial activities in a developing country context, exploring their contradictions with the abstract representations of the informal economy and the development policy goals of reforming women’s work through formalization. Based on Lefebvre’s conceptualization of space to explore these contradictions, we draw on empirical data from entrepreneurs in the informal economy in Nepal, where the International Labour Organisation reports that almost 85% of the economically active population to be in informal employment. We offer an entrepreneurial narrative that focuses on women’s work on the maintenance of local attachments and connections, underpinned by reciprocity, moral obligation and indebtedness often appropriated or disrupted by development strategies. By placing emphasis on informal spatial dynamics, we provide empirical support for the limitations of a policy approach that renders women’s work invisible through its homogenizing economic focus, to contribute towards a richer theorization of entrepreneurial contexts.

Decent work deficit in India: Deterioration and determinants

Abstract India is being projected internationally as a country of good growth and good governance, which in turn, it is asserted, should lead to prosperity for its people, especially in terms of proper employment, income, and overall standard of living. Drawing on certain dimensions of decent work proposed by International Labour Organization to measure the quality of employment in India, this article explores how far the notions of good/high growth and good governance discourse are corroborated by the evidence of good quality employment in India. The study is based on the nationally representative unit/individual-level data published by the Government of India during the three periods 2009–10, 2018–19, and 2022–23. The main findings of analysis are: (a) the overall quality of employment in India is poor and stagnant or deteriorating, and (b) the macro-level (sub-national state-level) aspects, such as the overall volume of economic activities, the extent of quality governance, the flexibility of business regulatory environment and better labour law-related compliance, have had a significant negative influence on the quality of employment. Thus, this paper suggests that the very policy environment and the pattern of economic growth have put a drag on the quality of employment in India. Given this, we suggest a variety of countervailing policy options and emphasise the role of civil society and politics.

Impact Level of Post-COVID-19 Burnout Syndrome in a University in Southeastern Mexico

Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the level of impact of post-COVID-19 Burnout Syndrome in the Faculty of Accounting and Administration at a university in Southeastern Mexico. Theoretical Framework: A diagnosis of post-COVID-19 stress levels and their relationship with tutoring activities in the teaching-learning process is designed and developed, highlighting the importance of mental health as established by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labour Organization (ILO). Method: The universe for this research will be one of the university’s affiliated centers. The methodology will be descriptive, using a questionnaire to measure three important aspects: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. Results and Discussion: The results revealed high levels of emotional exhaustion in both students and tutors, as well as elevated levels of depersonalization. Lastly, most of the evaluated population shows low levels of personal accomplishment. Based on these results, it is suggested to implement actions for the tutorial action plan to prevent stress-related situations like those associated with Burnout Syndrome. Research Implications: This study presents a positive perspective, providing an opportunity to help students adapt to new situations, while tutors remain alert and motivated to prevent dangers such as chronic stress, depression, and suicide. Tutorial action is oriented towards providing the necessary attention to students during their academic journey, enabling them to achieve adequate academic performance. Originality/Value: This article offers an innovative perspective on burnout syndrome in the university environment. The uniqueness of this work lies in its diagnostic approach, which not only reveals the manifestations of burnout through attitudes, emotions, and beliefs, but also emphasizes the importance of early intervention.

COVID-19 and Health-care Business Continuity in Africa: Perceptions of Risks and Vulnerabilities by Mid-level Management Staff in a Tertiary Care Hospital.

The novel SARS-CoV-2 outbreak disrupted businesses globally and created fears in the general public and among health-care professionals. Almost universally, considerations about the coronavirus pandemic and its effects became priority in the daily operations of businesses, leaving hitherto pressing concerns in the back stage. Early in the pandemic, the management of University of Benin Teaching Hospital set up a Business Continuity Team which undertook an evaluation of the perceptions of mid-level hospital managers about their departments' and units' risks and vulnerabilities in the face of the ongoing pandemic. A modified International Labour Organization (ILO) risk profile self-assessment tool which focused on "people," "processes," "profits," and "partnerships" was used to assess mid-level managers' perceptions of their respective departments' and units' risks and vulnerabilities, consequent on the COVID-19 pandemic. Responses were obtained from heads of departments and units using an online survey. Final scores were divided into terciles (three equal groups) in respect of perceived risks and adverse outcomes of the COVID-19 pandemic. Scores in the lower tercile were grouped as low risk/vulnerability, the middle group of scores as medium risk/vulnerability, and scores in the upper tercile as high risk/vulnerability. Responses were obtained from 35 (49.3%) of the 71 clinical and nonclinical departments and units in the hospital. Fifteen of these (42.9%) were clinical. Nineteen (54.2%) departments were assessed to be at high risk/vulnerability, 9 (47.4%) of which were clinical. Twelve (34.3%) departments were assessed to be at medium risk/vulnerability - 4 (33.3%) of them, clinical. No department was assessed to be at low risk. The highest risk ratings were in the domains of "profits" and "partnerships:" 54 (84.4%) mid-level managers assessed their departments and units to be at high risk of the negative impacts of the coronavirus pandemic with respect to "profits" and 51 (79.7%) with respect to "partnerships." Mid-level managers in clinical and nonclinical departments and units assessed their departments and units to be at medium and high risk of the negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, using the ILO's modified tool. Our findings enabled the management of the hospital and the Business Continuity Team to address the specific areas of concerns that were highlighted, develop contingency plans, and frame risk communication during the pandemic, with a view to fostering increased sense of safety in the workforce. This approach to risk assessment is repeatable, and we recommended it to other hospitals in Africa.

Increasing labour productivity by providing innovative activities in when repair and service sector in livestock industry

At present, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus are significantly behind the developed countries in terms of labor productivity and the share of domestic companies implementing technological innovations in the main sectors of the economy (especially in agriculture). One of the significant factors of this lag is the underestimation in past years of the promising potential of various innovative technologies and, as a consequence the very limited and slow implementation of breakthrough innovations in the most signifi cant sectors of the domestic economy. The decisive turn of the state economic policy of neighboring states in the area of deep technological transformation of all sectors of the economy is aimed at an innovative breakthrough and reaching advanced growth rates in the technological and economic development of fraternal countries. However, along with the introduction of the latest technologies the creation of completely new modern high-tech industries, which will require colossal fi nancial investments, the task of comprehensively and thoroughly exploring internal production reserves, searching for new forms and methods of improving the effi ciency of labour organization at existing enterprises, which will also bring a noticeable economic effect, remains relevant. This article describes in sufficient detail practical activities to improve and streamline accounting, planning, certifi cation, rationalization of workplaces of animal husbandry technical service organizations under the current conditions of the developing market. The results of the studies show that certifi cation and rationalization of workplaces are eff ective tools in fi nding internal production reserves to improve the use of labour resources, fi xed production assets, promotes the replacement of obsolete equipment, improves the relationship between workplaces, improves working conditions, and optimally balances the need for labour with the number of existing workplaces. This will significantly increase the overall efficiency of activities and competitiveness of service enterprises in the fi eld of animal husbandry.

Evaluating Employability Skills Integration in a Citizenship Education Textbook

The International Labour Organization (ILO) generated a strategic plan for skills and lifelong learning from 2022 to 2030, aiming to improve students’ access to future jobs. One of the target goals of the ILO's plan was to ensure that educational programs meet the changing needs of labour markets. Therefore, there is a rising need to assess whether teaching programmes can prepare learners for the requirements of future jobs. In this study, we investigate how employability skills are integrated in teaching resources. For this purpose, 54 learning activities from a Grade 6 Citizenship Education textbook in Bahrain were analysed using 56 predefined codes elaborated by the Conference Board of Canada in a document that was developed by the Corporate Council on Education, a program of the National Business and Education Centre since 2000. This study employs quantitative analysis, including Pearson correlation coefficients and regression analysis to evaluate the integration of employability skills in the learning activities using three major factors: Fundamental Skills (FS), Personal Management Skills (PMS) and Teamwork Skills (TS). The results show that Fundamental Skills (Mean = 3.87, Standard Deviation = 1.26) are well integrated, whereas Personal Management Skills (Mean= 3.17, Standard Deviation = 1.54) demonstrate moderate integration with notable variations. In contrast, Teamwork Skills display a low level of integration (Mean = 1.02 Standard Deviation = 1.88). The correlation analysis confirms a relationship (r = 0.615, p < 0.01) between FS and PMS but shows insignificant correlations between TS and the other skill sets. These findings highlight a critical gap in teamwork skill integration and suggest a need for increased focus on teamwork in educational materials, while recommending further research to focus on expanding the sample size, incorporating more qualitative analyses, and exploring effective strategies for integrating employability skills into educational resources.

Distancing skills in remote work: narratives about HRD managers support organisations

Purpose This paper aims to identify the essential skills required by Human Resource Development (HRD) professionals to effectively respond to the various modes of labour organisation implemented due to the mandatory lockdown imposed by the Portuguese government in March 2020 as well as implications for learning and development (L&D) issues. Design/methodology/approach Data is based on 34 semi-structured interviews with HRD professionals from companies in different activity sectors. Findings The results reveal that the COVID-19 pandemic has brought out the development of socio-emotional skills among HRD professionals such as creativity, improvisation, self-exploration, innovation, collaboration, team spirit, resilience, flexibility, problem-solving, adaptability, priority management, emotional intelligence, social influence, social contact, interpersonal relationships, communication and online learning development. Research limitations/implications It will be interesting for future research to explore “what” and “how” HRD managers are planning, organising and implementing training and development plans to improve the skills of remote workers, which tend to grow in a post-pandemic COVID-19 phase. Practical implications This research emphasises the importance of HRD managers’ role in better coordinating the work of employees who are physically distant from the company. It also highlights the need for different skills required for effective digital HRD, support and monitoring of remote employees. The results provide important inputs to design and implement effective L&D programs for professionals working remotely and to reinforce the HRD role in organisations. Originality/value The research is original for twofold reasons: 1) HRD professionals are usually not trained to manage remote workers, which also means that they probably lack the skills to take the most out of remote working models; and 2) HRD professionals and the HRD function need to address the skills required to successfully implement flexible forms of work organisation as well as to implement adequate L&D policies to answer remote work practices.

UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS

The article is intended to analyze the cyclicality of the development of construction, caused by fundamental qualitative changes in the basic generations of equipment, machines, technologies, vehicles and large structures in the leading sectors of the economy, i.e. industrial revolutions. The first industrial revolution created the organizational-economic, scientific-technical and institutional prerequisites for a conceptual rethinking of the principles and norms of construction and brought to life the pre-monopolist-industrial model of the construction sector (Construction 1.0). Its main feature was the active use of metal elements (cast iron, wrought iron, steel), glass, concrete and reinforced concrete in construction production. The industrial-extensive model of Construction 2.0 covers the period from the beginning of the 20th century. until the end of the 1960s and coincides with the Second Industrial Revolution. This model is distinguished by large-scale processes of territorial and spatial concentration of construction based on the accumulation of means of production, labor and capital investments in large construction organizations and complex processes of industrialization of the construction sector. From the first half of the 1970s to the first half of the 2000s, the energy-efficient construction model (Construction 3.0), brought to life by the Third Industrial Revolution, prevails in the world. This period is characterized by the systematic orientation of construction production to the optimization of thermal energy provision of objects, the rationalization of the processes of using energy resources at all stages of the construction and production process, and the minimization of the level of consumption of energy and material resources. Today, marked by the unfolding of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, is characterized by the global development of an ecosystem-type green construction model (Construction 4.0) – an environmentally responsible and resource-saving process of social reproduction of construction products. This model is based on deep integration of green and digital transition technologies and is ensured by large-scale digitization of construction works.

Changes in the problem and subject field of labor sociology against the backdrop of the time challenges (Based on publications in the journal “Sociological Studies” over 50 years)

Trends in the problem and subject field of labor sociology were identified by referring to the Sociological Studies journal publications for 1974–2023. An array of 351 articles on labor sociology was selected for qualitative and quantitative content analysis. Eleven problematic subject areas of research were identified by the criterion of the leading target of the article’s text. Fourtime frames in Russian society and economic development over the past 50 years have been distinguished to identify the time challenges that vary in content. Each period was provided with a brief description of the content of the research problem and subject areas, as well as interpretations thereof with due consideration of the time challenges. Analysis of the publications permitted to reveal that by the criteria of how frequent and stable the sociologists’ referrals to the selected areas have been, the core, the margins, and the mobile realm may be identified in the Russian sociology of labor. The core is formed by the areas related to the studies of labor attitudes, labor incentives, labor values, employee behavior, and job satisfaction. The areas – whose principal object of study is labor itself, along with its role and significance in both the society and the employees’ values as well as social problems of work at the enterprise – are adjacent to the core. The margins are formed by rare areas of research such as the workers’ capacity to act, manifestations of independence and involvement in the organization’s affairs, problems of the socioeconomic standing of workers and degree of labor protection, labor culture, shortage and reproduction of workers. The mobile realm of labor sociology is composed by the areas treated generally depending on the context of time and the aggravation of particular problem situations (labor organization, labor relations, precarity of labor, etc). We observed adequate coverage of the critical time challenges in publications in all those time frames; however, that coverage was reactive and appeared to lack forward-looking ideas that are ahead of theory and practice.

The role of collective interest representatives in enforcing EU labour rights

This article explores the role of collective interest representatives (CIR) in the enforcement of EU labour rights. To that end, the article starts with an analysis of the regulation of CIR in other fields of EU law, particularly consumer protection law and non-discrimination law. The analysis follows the approach of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in cases on the legal standing of actors to enforce EU rights, namely, by defining first the protective scope as a matter of Union law itself based on a textual and teleological analysis and, second, the margin of discretion left to Member States to exercise their own procedural autonomy, including the possibility for Member States to determine locus standi according to their own legal systems. The article continues with drawing inspiration from forms of CIR in international and transnational law, particularly the collective complaints procedure of the European Social Charter (ESC), the representation procedure of the International Labour Organization, and the specific instances of the National Contact Points of the Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (NCP OECD). The article concludes with an assessment of the acceptance of CIR in the enforcement of (EU) labour rights from a substantive perspective and elaborates on the possible tasks, requirements, and powers of CIR in enforcing EU labour rights.

Modern information technologies for studying the cost of working time as an important tool for effective management of business processes

Relevance. In the context of economic, social and socio-political changes, growth and increased competition, it is becoming increasingly interesting to study the issues of scientific organization and labor rationing, as well as factors affecting labor productivity, and, ultimately, the effectiveness and profitability of production processes in general. There is an objective need to improve not only the methods of managing the cost of working time, but also to skillfully apply modern digital technologies. That is why it is so important to develop and modify, in accordance with the requirements of the market environment, methods, tools and methods of analysis using artificial intelligence (AI) when studying the cost of working time of employees of an organization.The purpose is based on the study of theoretical and methodological approaches to improving the system of organization and rationing of labor, to provide a scientific justification for the relevance of the development of the processes of accounting for working hours of employees of the organization through the integration of modern information technologies.Objectives: to analyze the existing approaches to the organization and rationing of labor; to identify the potential of integrating modern information technologies into the processes of working time accounting; to develop practical recommendations for improving the system of accounting for the working hours of employees of the organization using modern information technologies.Methodology. The theoretical and practical basis for the study of modern approaches to the modernization of the system of organization and rationing of labor at the enterprise were the methods of analyzing literary sources, statistical data, expert assessments, as well as using an integrated approach.Results. The result of the research in the work is a comprehensive analysis of the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in studying the cost of working time to modify the processes of rationing labor functions through the integration of information technologies.Conclusions. In the course of the study, we proved the positive effect of the introduction of modern information technology systems at the enterprise, as well as scientifically substantiated the relevance of the development of processes for analyzing the cost of working time and rationing employees of enterprises through the integration of modern information technologies.

Research progress on the association between occupational dust and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has become a global public health problem. Risk factors for COPD include smoking, occupational dust, air pollutants, and genetic, developmental, and social factors. The list of occupational diseases of the International Labour Organization, the European Union and Taiwan, China all includes COPD caused by occupational dust. At present, there is no diagnostic standard for COPD caused by occupational dust in the mainland of China. In order to promote the full protection of workers' rights and interests and better prevent occupational COPD, this paper reviewed the association between occupational dust and COPD, so as to draw public attention to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease caused by occupational dust.

Teaching the January 6th Insurrection: Historical Perspectives on a Crisis in American Democracy

Abstract This article offers a framework for analyzing and teaching the January 6, 2021, insurrection at the US Capitol. The crisis itself offers an opportunity to unpack and better understand American political discourses and institutions. I focus on four historical and contemporary currents that elucidate the January 6th crisis: 1) White supremacy and backlashes against Civil Rights; 2) conservative assaults on the New Deal order and the regulatory state; 3) organized labor’s decline, right-wing populism’s rise, and nativism; 4) political polarization, sectarianism, and minority rule. These themes enable students to assess both crucial challenges posed by January 6th and the vitality of American democracy.

Aspects of rational organization of labor of medical staff

The introduction of new technologies, new organizational forms in the treatment and diagnostic process, the formation of new views on disease prevention, structural reorganization in healthcare require the development of a modern regulatory framework for labor and its continuous improvement. Target. Definition of aspects of rational organization of labor of medical personnel and their application in the practice of nursing specialists. Results. The main types of activities of nurses of the therapeutic department are analyzed, the working time costs of the nursing staff are studied by means of photo timing and interviewing, a comparative analysis of the workload of nurses per shift and the quality of medical care is carried out. Conclusion. The labor costs of the nursing staff are influenced by many, so-called, standardforming factors, which include: qualification, professional level of a specialist; composition of patients by nosological forms of the disease, severity of the course, presence of complications, concomitant diseases; gender and age composition of patients; intensity of treatment and diagnostic measures, stage of medical care; the procedure for admission of patients to the hospital, etc. The effect of these factors on the relationship between themselves is quite complex, determining the possibility of taking them into account will allow adjusting the number of positions in each division of the healthcare institution based on local conditions, ongoing changes in the composition of those hospitalized, and determining specific workload standards for each employee.

Can COVID-19 infection be considered an occupational disease or injury? Analysis to fill up regulatory gaps.

Although the pandemic is nearing its end, the question of whether COVID-19 infection will be considered a work-related or occupational disease remains a legal issue. Therefore, this study aims to provide clarification on this matter. Since the International Labour Organization (ILO) serves as the primary authority on work-related matters, this study is focused on analyzing the ILO's policies regarding the acknowledgment of COVID-19 infections as occupational diseases. It also investigates how States can recognize COVID-19 as such a disease while delving into the connection between the disease or injury and the occupation itself. This study utilizes a doctrinal methodology, focusing on legal research. This approach employs an applied (expository) research method and discusses the topic from a professional constituency perspective, as proposed by Arthurs in 1983. The findings indicate that the ILO does not explicitly mention the pandemic or COVID-19 infection as an occupational disease in its list. However, it does include "infectious-related diseases" or "work that carries a particular risk of contamination" as occupational or work-related diseases, which can logically be interpreted as encompassing COVID-19 infection as an occupational or work-related disease. As the ILO sets guiding principles for its member States, this study recommends that the ILO should establish clear and comprehensive guidelines for member States to recognize COVID-19 infections or any future pandemics as occupational diseases. This study will serve as a valuable resource for policymakers who intend to enact or amend national legislation to align with the ILO. Furthermore, it will assist relevant stakeholders in taking necessary actions based on the study's findings.

Making social protection a reality for people with TB: a perspective on new global guidance.

TB disproportionately affects poorer, vulnerable people and communities, and has severe social and economic impacts on those affected. However, many countries do not yet include social protection in their programmatic response to TB. Here, we provide a critical perspective on the guidance developed by the WHO and the International Labour Organization (ILO) to help countries implement social protection programmes. The guidance emphasises the need for a multisectoral response to TB, and includes practical information on how to design appropriate social protection programmes that respond to the needs of people affected by TB.