Sector Of Labor Market Research Articles

READINESS OF MIGRANTS FROM UKRAINE FOR SOCIAL RISKS

The article aims to research the readiness of migrants from Ukraine to social challenges abroad. Research methods: analysis and generalization of literature and sociological research and theoretical generalization. The high rate of uncertainty avoidance and slow feedback to the employer show us that most migrants from Ukraine belong to the administrative type of organizational culture. The peculiarities of the organizational culture of migrants can lead to the fact that they can face significant social risks, namely the risk of being in the second or third sector of the global labor market. It also leads to a loss of competence and initiative, self-confidence, the ability to make decisions, seek and use feedback from the environment in the host countries, and the threat of "brain waste". Willingness to take risks among Ukrainian youth shows a consistently low rating against the background of the growing desire for material values. Risk readiness of the older generation among migrants from Ukraine practically does not differ from risk readiness among young people. The shares of migrants of both age groups who risked working abroad in the absence of any agreement are almost the same. This completely distinguishes them from young people abroad, who, according to surveys, are almost 100% ready to take risks. So, we can say that the competitiveness of young migrants from Ukraine is not enough for their status as "missionaries of market ideas". Moreover, the main source of resistance is the reluctance to take risks and the fear of private defeat. Rejection of risks in itself represents the most dangerous risk of building a non-market Ukraine.

The gender gap in earnings growth at the early stage of work careers in Korea

Previous research analyzing Western societies reported no gender gap in earnings growth after accounting for initial job allocation, attributing the widening gender gap in mid-career to the impact of family formation. This pattern is often referred to as the “last chapter” of gender inequality, but there is no consensus that this phenomenon is universal or place-specific. The applicability of these findings to non-Western contexts remains unclear. This study examines the gender gap in earnings growth in a non-Western advanced economy, South Korea, net of initial job assignment and factors related to family formation. The 2008–2010 Graduates Occupational Mobility Survey is used and the gender differences in job allocation and family formation are balanced with the application of the inverse probability of treatment weights. The results of individual-fixed effects models show that college-educated women in Korea face lower earnings growth and lower promotion prospects than their male counterparts. The magnitude and mechanisms of this female disadvantage vary across labor market sectors. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Book review: Rajib Bhattacharyya, Ramesh Chandra Das, and Achintya Ray (Eds.), COVID-19 Pandemic and Global Inequality: Reflections in Labour Market, Business and Social Sectors

Book review: Rajib Bhattacharyya, Ramesh Chandra Das, and Achintya Ray (Eds.), COVID-19 Pandemic and Global Inequality: Reflections in Labour Market, Business and Social Sectors

A Study on Problems of the Street Vendors in Lalbandi Municipality

Due to their lack of education and skills, street vendors are among the most vulnerable and impoverished groups in the urban informal labor market and business sector. They are also unable to obtain permanent positions in the lucrative formal sector. They constantly attempt to use their limited financial means to address the issues affecting their way of life. They serve as the primary distribution routes for a wide range of goods used on a daily basis, including fruits, vegetables, shoes, ready-made clothes, toys, household appliances, stationery, newspapers, and periodicals. A serious dilemma would arise for small-scale businesses that cannot afford to retail their products through pricey formal sector distribution networks, as well as fruit and vegetable growers, if they were to be removed from urban markets. So is found in the case of street vendors of Lalbandi Municipality. Thus, main purpose of conducting this study is to find out the problems faced by street vendors in Lalbandi Municipality. For this, descriptive research design is adopted to explore street vendors’ problems. Out of two hundred seventy-three street vendors of Lalbandi Municipality, thirty street vendors are chosen randomly. The street vendors who sell fruits, vegetables, prepared foods, and household appliances via local vehicles and permanent shelter are the subjects of the current study. The study showed that there is a noteworthy correlation between the issues encountered by the street vendors. The respondents’ general opinion of street sellers and the issues they encountered do not significantly correlate. In nutshell, the street vendors of Lalbandi Municipality have been facing various sorts of problems such as lack of security, price fluctuation, lack of sufficient amount, bribes to the authorities etc. and for that a comprehensive strategy that includes social protection measures, infrastructure and service investments, policy reforms, and initiatives to organize and empower street vendors is needed. Furthermore, the present study is useful to the stakeholders, policy makers and to those who have just started up their small-scale businesses.

The fourth industrial revolution and the agri-food labour market: a systematic literature review

Purpose The fourth industrial revolution (4IR) technological development has undeniably brought major challenges to the agricultural labour market, hampering the adoption of smart technologies in the sector. This study aims to explore a series of literature on the 4IR aspects surrounding agri-food research. In particular, this study will evaluate the challenges faced by the agri-food labour market in response to the emergence of 4IR and propose solutions to strengthen the agri-food sector in response to 4IR. Design/methodology/approach The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses methodology was used to systematically screen, review and synthesize the literature on 4IR surrounding agri-food research. Findings While applying 4IR technologies spells opportunities for productivity growth and food security, the results revealed that these advanced technological innovations also create challenges to the agri-food sector labour market. Some identified challenges are financial constraints, lack of “Industry 4.0” knowledge and skills, lack of awareness and interest and inadequate government support. Correspondingly, to smoothen the transition to 4IR workplaces, the proposed solutions include offering relevant education and training, gaining access to government support and engaging in collaborative public-private partnerships. Originality/value Given the limited understanding of how technological applications can affect the agri-food sector, this study offers a more nuanced understanding of the gaps related to 4IR within the agri-food sector. By assessing the labour market challenges and addressing solutions for the adoption of digital technologies in agriculture, this study presents valuable insights into how relevant stakeholders in the agri-food sector should embrace Agriculture 4.0.

Artificial intelligence and its role in the labor market and financial sector itself: US point of view

Artificial intelligence and its role in the labor market and financial sector itself: US point of view

Digital nomadism and the tourism industry labor markets

PurposeThis paper aims to develop a vision for the future identifying how digital nomadism affects the labor markets in the tourism industry.Design/methodology/approachThe qualitative research method was used. The research data were collected using a semistructured interview form developed by the researcher. The sample consists of twenty people working in the tourism industry as tour guides, travel agency owners, accommodation sector employees and professional managers. The content analysis method was used to analyze the data.FindingsIt was found that employees in the tourism industry are familiar with digital nomadism, interact with employees working as digital nomads and may prefer the digital nomad way of working, while employees in the accommodation sector cannot work as digital nomads due to the nature of their work. It is shown that digital nomadism can be applied to tour guides and travel agency owners.Research limitations/implicationsThe data was collected from employees of the accommodation sector, travel agencies, tour guides and employees of the Turkish tourism labor market. It is recommended that the tourism labor markets adapt to the digitalized world and adjust their working models in this context.Originality/valueThis is one of the first studies on the impact of digital nomadism on the tourism labor markets.

Sociological Types of Precarity Among Gig Workers: Lived Experiences of Food Delivery Workers in Riga

In this article, we examine the lived experiences of precariousness in gig work, a growing sector of the modern labor market, through the case of Latvia, a former Soviet republic that has experienced radical neo‐liberalization over the last 30 years. Many studies, mainly focusing on the Global North, have demonstrated precarious aspects of gig work—its short‐term engagements, the lack of legal protection and social benefits, and algorithmic management as an autonomy‐limiting control mechanism. Given the precarious nature of gig work, we examine why people engage in it. Building on literature that distinguishes precarity as a condition and precariousness as a subjective experience, we analyze reasons for engaging in gig work in Latvia. We identify five types of gig workers based on 56 in‐depth interviews with food delivery gig workers in Riga, the capital of Latvia. We analyze differences in our respondents’ motivations for choosing this work, their position, and historical mobility in the social structure. Based on this analysis, we find three factors that serve as a basis for a typology of food delivery workers in Riga: gig workers’ view of gig work as a temporary vs. a long‐term engagement, the breadth of perceived opportunities available, and their emotional satisfaction with the job. We discuss how these findings compare with other studies on gig work and gig workers’ subjective experiences.

Participation of Female Workforce in the Construction Sector in Sri Lanka: Challenges and Policy Implications

It is widely accepted that women do not have equal rights and status, particularly in developing nations. The various theoretical and empirical studies show gender inequalities in salaries, earnings, income and pay scales, and the construction sector is no exception. This study highlighted potential areas for women in the construction sector labour market by analyzing market and employment related trends and requirements on the demand and supply sides. Further, the study identified the challenges and necessary policy implications for enhancing female labour force participation in the construction sector in Sri Lanka. Many female workforces believe that developing a critical mass of women in different occupations in the construction sector would encourage more women to enter the business. Many studies have shown that since women have poor levels of skills and are either not given or unaware of skill upgrading opportunities, they are unable to enter or flourish in construction-related industries. In addition, interruptions in careers, limitations on flexible working hours, engaging in precarious work due to household responsibilities, and the gender pay gap are some other important factors that limit labour market activities by women, thus lowering social protection coverage for females. Besides socio-cultural and religious barriers, the data also revealed that women face sexual harassment, which discourages them from continuing their jobs in the construction sector for a long time.

Headmaster Management in Improving Teacher Quality at MAN 2 Langkat

This research is to describe how the Management of the Madrasah Principal in Improving Teacher Quality at MAN 2 Langkat is one of the studies that reveals the improvement of teacher quality in madrasas. It is time for the head of the madrasa as a manager to optimize the quality of learning activities to meet the expectations of education customers, madrasas have the function of fostering creative and innovative human resources, so that graduation meets the needs of the community, both the formal sector and informal sector labor market. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method with a naturalistic approach. Collection of research data obtained by observation techniques, interviews and documentation studies. The data analysis step is to collect data, reduce data and then conclude the data. To test the validity of the data, credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability were carried out. The findings of this study reveal three related findings regarding: 1) The role of the madrasa head in improving teacher quality at MAN 2 Langkat are: The role of the madrasa head as an administrator, The role of the madrasa head is as an innovator, The role of the madrasa head as a motivator. 2) The efforts of the Head of Madrasah in improving the quality of teachers at MAN 2 Langkat include: a) Education and training (inservice training), study assignments, seminars, workshops, conferences, b) Participate actively in social organizations, c) Writing papers scientific, d) Mobilizing the teacher evaluation team with the aim of knowing how far 3) Obstacles in improving the quality of teachers at MAN 2 Langkat are as follows: a) Lack of Mastery of Technology, b) Lack of Research/Scientific Works Produced by Teachers, c) Lack of Creativity Teachers, d) Learning systems that focus more on the quantity of results than the quality of the process. e) Putting importance on teacher administrative completeness rather than developing the quality of learning being taught.

Harmonizing Human Capital: Insights from the Malaysian Labor Market

The misalignment between workforce skills and qualifications and the demands of available job opportunities, poses a pervasive concern with far-reaching implications for economic growth and labor market efficiency. This phenomenon extends across geographical boundaries, impacting both developing and developed nations. In this study, we focus on the Malaysian context, where the intersection of labor market dynamics and educational expansion has yielded both positive and concerning outcomes. Despite an expansion in the labor market and education sector in Malaysia, the underemployment rate increased to 37.4% in the fourth quarter of 2022, revealing a noteworthy challenge. This study presents empirical evidence on job matching among Malaysian employees, specifically investigating the likelihood of job mismatch attributed to human capital factors, including working experience and education attainment. The analysis is this study notably emphasizes the pivotal role of working experience and educational attainment in influencing job-matching outcomes. Individuals with a wealth of working experience, quantified in years, exhibit a reduced likelihood of job mismatch, highlighting the significance of accrued expertise in securing suitable employment. Similarly, those holding tertiary education qualifications are found to be better positioned in the job market, further diminishing the risk of job mismatch. In essence, this study serves as a clarion call for policymakers, educators, and stakeholders in the Malaysian labor market to recognize the crucial role of human capital development in addressing the pressing issue of job mismatch. The implications of these findings extend beyond Malaysia, resonating with global efforts to foster labor market efficiency and sustainable economic growth by ensuring a harmonious alignment between workforce capabilities and the demands of the contemporary job landscape.

Predicting Student's Soft Skills Based on Socio-Economical Factors: An Educational Data Mining Approach

Recent changes in the labor market and higher education sector have made graduates' employability a priority for researchers, governments, and employers in developed and emerging nations. There is, however, still a dearth of study about whether graduate students acquire the employability skills that businesses want of them because of their higher education. To determine a student's future employment and career path, it is critical to evaluate their soft skills. An emerging area called educational data mining (EDM) aims to gather enormous volumes of academic data produced and maintained by educational institutions and to derive explicit and specific information from it. This paper aims to predict students' soft skills such as professional, analytical, linguistic, communication, and ethical skills, based on their socio-economic, academic, and institutional data by leveraging data mining methods and machine learning techniques. All five soft skills were predicted using prediction models created using linear regression, probabilistic neural networks, and simple regression tree techniques. This study used a dataset from an open source that Universidad Technologica de Bolivar published. It covers academic, social, and economic data for 12,411 students. The experimental results demonstrated that the linear regression algorithm performed better than the others in predicting all five soft skills compared to machine learning methods. This finding can assist higher education institutions in making informed decisions, providing tailored support, enhancing student success and employability, and continuously modifying their programs to meet the needs of students.

Recontextualising graduate employability in support of pedagogical reform in public universities in the Kurdistan Region‐Iraq

AbstractIn light of the high graduate unemployment rate and migrant crisis, graduate employability in the Kurdistan Region – Iraq is an ever more pressing issue. Reducing the issue of graduate employability to a skills gap between Kurdish graduates and the private sector labour market is too simplistic and dismisses other sociocultural and structural factors that are external to graduates and higher education institutions (HEIs), and which impact the former’s employability. Through a qualitative study and using Bourdieu’s (1977) habitus as an explanatory framework for the analysis, this article aims to recontextualise graduate employability by exploring five stakeholders’ perceptions of what impacts graduate employability in the region. The findings uphold previous labour market reports that there is a skills gap, but also reveals other sociocultural and structural factors that also impact graduate employability. The Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (MHESR) has introduced a programme of pedagogical reform in KRI’s public HEIs and is in the process of training its academic practitioners in the tenets of Freire’s (1970) critical pedagogy. This article supports the implementation of Freire’s critical pedagogy in KRI’s public HEIs as a critical pedagogy can address the skills gap while also creating spaces for students to explore, question, analyse and evaluate the sociocultural and structural factors that impact graduate employability in KRI.

Territorial Impact of the Agriculture Vocational Education in Albania

The agricultural vocational education secondary school (AVESS) system in Albania, is organized through 8 institutions located in various regions, that tend to respond to entire the national demand, giving equal opportunities to all interested students, regardless of their place of residence. In these regards, the Albanian government has implemented several measures to attract students to integrate AVESS and facilitate their integration in the labor market. Despite the various measures, including financial support or adapted facilities for students coming from families with low income or from remote areas. The territorial impact of AVES remains limited and shows a relatively low coverage. This phenomenon is not exclusive to agricultural professional schools that do not have dormitories, but even to vocational schools that have dormitories and adequate facilities. Aiming towards a sustainable agricultural sector development and an efficient sectoral labor market, that tends to guarantee equal opportunities for the new generations, the objectives of the study are AVESS Gap identification, factors that impact AVESS attendance, assessment of the impact of governmental measures, and proposing recommendations for a sustainable AVESS system. To understand what are the main factors that influence the territorial impact of AVESS, a consolidated assessment has been performed during 2020-2021, passing through desk research, screening, focus groups, working groups, experts and agricultural representative interviews, and visit to relevant agricultural businesses, workshops, and dedicated surveys targeting teachers, students, and local businesses. Out of the assessment results, family income is the main factor influencing AVESS attendance. Regardless if schools have dormitory facilities or not, as the distance between students’ homes and the vocational school’s location increases, family income also tends to increase, but at a decreasing rate. Students coming from families with modest incomes show a lower mobility and beyond a certain distance they are less likely to register in AVESS located far from their residence. By testing three main hypotheses, it has been noticed that home-school distance negatively affects the attendance of students coming from families with lower incomes. In other words, family income plays a significant role in determining school attendance, particularly when considering the distance between students' homes and AVESS. Considering this finding and the low AVESS territorial impact, imply that the governmental financial incentives have a low impact and do not offer equal opportunities to all students, especially the ones residing far away from AVESS and coming from families with low incomes. In this context, new policies could be taken into account, such as enlarging the number of AVESS or evaluating the possibility to open agricultural vocational education secondary classes in general high schools located in rural areas.

Application of the Hamiltonian System in Deriving Solution to Dynamic System of the Sectoral Labour Market

The paper describes the application of the Hamiltonian System in deriving a solution to the dynamic system of the sectoral labour market. The aim is to determine the best control that would allow maximum sector participation in a three-sector labour market. The three sectors of the labour market are the goods-producing sector, the service-providing sector, and the agriculture sector. The sectoral labour market is formulated as an optimal control problem whose solution is sought using the Hamiltonian system by following the necessary conditions for optimality in the Hamiltonian System of Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle. The paper considered that the optimal control would be the measure of labour market efforts to produce the general worker’s population, and any split would mean there is production of active sector productive workers. The sector with the highest optimal allocation of effort, defined as the control within a fixed time, is identified as the best-performing sector. Service-providing sector, in this case, presented the best control. The obtained optimal control parameter is later applied to the experimental data to check on the effect of the control on the sectoral labour market participation rate. The results of the problem indicated that the application of the control had a significant effect on the sectoral labour market participation rate as compared to when there was no control. The sector with the highest annual growth rate measured as the sectoral participation rate was identified as the goods-producing sector

Cluster analysis of the Russian labour market sectors

Subject. In the face of significant change, with companies suspending or completely terminating their operations in the Russian Federation, there are supply and logistical challenges, and planning issues arise. It is still necessary to plan financial support for industries that are most likely to be affected by these changes. The changes affect not only the output, but also the employment and wages in the sectors. A comprehensive analysis of the developments is required to make the most effective decisions. In this study, we considered the relationship between sectors of the economy in terms of average wages, which is an important factor reflecting the development vector in the sector.Objectives. The purpose of the study was to analyse the specific features of the Russian labour market, based on average wages by sector and to identify similar sectors.Methodology. In the study, we used the classification of economic sectors based on the methodology developed by the Federal State Statistics Service. Throughout the study, the terms “economic sector” and “industry” are used as synonyms. The following scientific methods were used: measurement, description, and modelling. The research is based on reviewing topical scientific literature, both Russian and foreign.Results. We grouped economic sectors based on characteristics such as chained rate of increase, average rate of increase, minimum and maximum value, standard deviation, and the range of the studied time series. The resulting clusters reflect the specific features of the industries included, which supports the results of the analysis.Conclusions. The analysis revealed three clusters with industries sharing a common development dynamic. The first cluster includes industries that are part of the primary sector of the economy. The second cluster includes state-supported industries, while the third cluster represents industries that are part of the manufacturing sector.

Economic study of development prospects and challenges of real estate business

Indian real estate business is one of the largest sectors in our country after agriculture and primary sector. These sectors contribute about 6 percent to 7.5 percent and are a major source of jobs for the unorganized sector of the Indian labor market. The sector was one of the main beneficiaries of the post-liberalisation period, where India became one of the hot FDI assets, with a lot of new enterprises opening up day by day and a rapid rise in the salaries of the Indian middle class. Hui. It shows a huge growth since 1990s and Indian metro cities like Chennai Mumbai Delhi Kolkata feel the boom in realty sector. Real estate sector in India is growing at the rate of around 20 percent per annum and this sector is contributing around 6-7 percent to India's GDP but it is not able to balance the supply demand constant. The demand for housing has been increasing rapidly over the past decade. In spite of government efforts and efforts through various schemes, it has not been able to cope up with the increasing demands. Taking advantage of the situation, private businessmen usurped control of the real estate sector with almost no concern for consumer demand. Over the past decade, the sector feels a slowdown due to various factors which include business constraints, frequent changes by the government in regulatory policies, and economic slowdown. In our paper we study the present trend and pattern of various factors of real estate sectors and do critical analysis. In this paper we outline the issue and details of the actual obstruction. But also present some corrective steps which should benefit the sector and try to take it back to its glorious past where it was growing very fast.

The effects of labor market opportunities on education: The case of a female hiring ceiling in Iran

This paper estimates the effects of reduced labor market opportunities on women’s college education outcomes. To do so, we exploit discontinuity generated by a 2010 policy in Iran limiting female hiring in the public sector, which greatly worsened employment opportunities for college-educated women. We find that the reform immediately reduced women’s college attendance by 11.4% points while it slightly increased men’s college attendance. We also find that it decreased women’s enrollment in college majors wherein employment probabilities are more reduced after the reform. In contrast, we do not observe any significant impact on other outcomes, including high school education decisions, labor supply patterns of high school graduates, and spillover effects into the private sector labor market. Lastly, we note that those who do not attend college are more likely to get married and/or have children at younger ages. This paper shows labor market returns as an important determinant of education pursuit even in a country, where the society is highly conservative and women’s employment possibilities are low.

Digitalization: The Economic and Policy Potential of the Crucial Labor Market

The purpose of this study is to determine the analysis of the technological adaptability of countries in the world and its comparison to readiness in Indonesia. This is because the ability to adapt technology has a close relationship to the economy in a country, both in terms of economic contribution and the labor market sector. This study hypothesizes that Indonesia's level of technological adaptation in particular has increased with the rate of large labor market changes. The parameter data used are Gross Market Value (GMV), Global Connectivity Index (GCI), and GDP. As well as data on industry development in Indonesia. This research was conducted with a descriptive analysis method that uses content analysis steps to interpret the results of existing statistical exposure. The results of the research analysis show that a very significant government policy today is an investment in technology and communication infrastructure. Then to boost the economy, financing is the most needed factor today. Readiness to meet the demographic bonus can be done by developing the digital skills of the workforce in all sectors. Therefore, infrastructure, financing, and scientific integration of technology are the most crucial policies today. Keywords: GMV, GCI, GDP, MSME, Digital Talent

Study of the Digitalization for the Labor Market

The discovery of various efficient technologies has become a benchmark in development in all sectors. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) are growing rapidly. This study aims to determine the analysis of the technological adaptability of countries in the world and its comparison to readiness in Indonesia. This is because the ability to adapt technology has a close relationship to the economy in a country, both in terms of economic contribution and the labor market sector. This research uses data with parameters such as Gross Market Value (GMV), Global Connectivity Index (GCI), and GDP. As well as data on industry development in Indonesia. This research was conducted with a descriptive analysis method that uses content analysis steps to interpret the results of existing statistical exposure. The results of the research analysis show that a very significant government policy today is an investment in technology and communication infrastructure. Then to boost the economy, financing is the most needed factor today. Readiness to meet the demographic bonus can be done by developing the digital skills of the workforce in all sectors. Therefore, infrastructure, financing, and scientific integration of technology are the most crucial policies today.