People In Labour Market Research Articles

“Every day you are working you have to prove it”: Navigating the costs of work and ableism with visual impairment

BACKGROUND: People with visual impairment often need many items that their sighted counterparts do not, such as assistive devices, transportation services, and other disability-related goods and services. Acquiring these items represents a major barrier to the employment of people with visual impairment. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the nature of disability-related employment costs as they relate to engagement in the labor market of people with visual impairment. METHODS: The research consisted of a qualitative analysis of interviews and focus groups with 15 visually impaired adults from the New York metro area. RESULTS: What emerged were the costs of accessing and maintaining employment— particularly related to meeting the expectations of expediency in the modern world— in areas like communication and transportation. These costs interacted with perceived ableism in the labor market and created a climate of job scarcity and anxiety, which came at additional cost to participants who felt stuck in low-paying work. CONCLUSIONS: Further research is needed on the impact of perceived ableism and disability-related employment costs, and on decreasing barriers to programs that may ameliorate these costs, such as vocational rehabilitation services. Such research would inform policy interventions geared toward enhancing disabled people’s participation in the labor market.

Problems and prospects of youth employment in the digitalization of the Russian economy

The goal of the article lies in the analysis of the position of young people in labor market in the conditions of the digitization of the Russian economy. The carried out analysis showed that the issue of unemployment remains extremely relevant to young people in spite of their rapid downsize. As a result, a lot of them have to look for work in other specialty, appeal to informal employment and individual practices of carrying out labor activity. Although digital technologies provide additional opportunities in this regard, they can lead to impairment of labor and everyday life. Pursuant to the obtained conclusions the paper offered the measures, aimed at the assistance in employment of young people via elimination of objective and subjective barriers.

Workers with disabilities and significance of the Health-Work process. Making visible keys for prevention

People with disabilities at work have great potential and their incorporation into organizations would mean taking advantage of efficient and responsible human resources for the company. This research aims to frame some social elements related to the world of work from the perspective of workers with disabilities, as a phenomenon and invisible social reality. The structuring of training strategies for the protection of health at work, elaborated according to the specific limitations that these workers face in their work environment and their daily life, as well as the representations of these limitations in society, is identified as a key. Which condition their inclusion in the world of work. That is to say, the investment in the establishment of alliances for the differentiated training of workers with disabilities gains strength, taking into account their perspective, towards health, the prevention of occupational risks and accidents in the workplace, with the purpose of strengthening an environment of preventive culture and revealing the positive pole and the negative pole of the work process, with a view to favoring the quality of life of these workers. The incorporation into the labor market of people with disabilities must start from a process of social awareness from the very condition of disability, understanding it as a social construction that historically relegated millions of individuals to a diminished and inferior social position

Old‐age poverty in a pension latecomer: The impact of basic pension expansions in South Korea

AbstractPension systems and old‐age poverty have been studied mainly from comparative perspectives, but causal evidence on the relationship between the two is still rare. This study investigates to what extent implementing non‐contributory pensions to a latecomer contributory pension system with a wide coverage gap alleviates old‐age poverty, based on the case of recent Basic Pension expansions in South Korea. Using nationally representative household data from 2011 to 2019, we employ a quasi‐experimental difference‐in‐difference design to estimate the impact of policy expansions on a set of outcomes measuring old‐age poverty, employment and household income components. The results show that three reforms in 2014, 2018 and 2019 have significantly reduced older people's poverty rate, and they were more effective in reducing extreme poverty. While policy effects after the 2014 expansion are robust in our set of alternative estimations, those after the joint reforms of 2018 and 2019 are less consistent and show signals of a stronger ‘crowding‐out’ effect on private transfer income than those after 2014. We found no convincing evidence that non‐contributory pensions discourage older people's labour market participation. Our findings contribute to the literature on public pension evaluations by elucidating how non‐contributory pensions affect old‐age poverty and tackle social and economic inequalities via various channels of income components, while also mitigating endogeneity biases observed in previous studies.

FACTORS OF BUDGETARY FUNDING FOR HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: EXPERIENCE FOR UKRAINE

The experience of the EU countries in the formation of the general government expenditures on tertiary education in order to adapt it to the social and economic conditions of Ukraine has been investigated. The purpose of the article is to find out the peculiarities and basic regularities of governmental funding for tertiary education in the EU countries in view of sustainable and human development and to define prospects for improving budgetary support for this sector in the economy of Ukraine. Such scientific methods as induction, deduction, comparison and econometric modelling have been applied. The author has worked out the scientific and methodological approach to identifying factors influencing the governmental financing of tertiary education in the EU countries for sustainable and human development: to carry out a comparative analysis of the dynamics of key indicators of the general government expenditures on tertiary education and evaluate their variation; to determine the main factors which influence the general government expenditures on tertiary education by means of multiple econometric modelling. The following public financing features of higher education in the EU countries are specified: the tendency to increase the volume of the general government expenditures on tertiary education per capita; changing in their structure; their sustainability by GDP. The analysis of the variation indicators has showed the existence of a significant level of differentiation inthe general government expenditures on tertiary education per capita in these countries and relative homogeneity for other indicators (general government expenditures on tertiary education (% of GDP and% of the general government expenditures), their growth rates (% of the previous year). Based on the multiple econometric models, it is determined that GDP at market prices, the total annual net earnings of a single person without children, the situation in the labour market for people with tertiary education, the number of students enrolled in tertiary education (on bachelor’s or equivalent level and at public education institutions) influenced the budgetary funding of higher education in the EU countries. Taking into account the experience of the EU countries, the author has substantiated that in Ukraine, upgrading the government funding of tertiary education for the sustainable and human development is associated with macroeconomic stability, improving the material well-being of individuals and a decrease in unemployment.

Samoorganizacja pracy i planowanie działań z perspektywy oczekiwanych kompetencji w gospodarce 4.0. Przykład badań nad młodym pokoleniem

Economy 4.0 will be based on a labour market of people who have both technological Economy 4.0 will be based on a labor market of people who have both technological and professional competences. This means that the role of human capital as a launching technology factor will increase, and people who can function in the cyber-physical world will become the most sought-after employees. In this context, it becomes important to reflect on the expected competences of people who are active on the labor market, especially those who will co-create the new economy. These individuals are the young generation who will enter the labor market, and their decisions will affect social and economic processes. The article is based on the results of empirical research carried out as part of the project “New Generation in the New Economy”. The project aims to develop a methodology for cyclical assessment of the economic preparedness of youth for technological revolutions. The research team have developed tools that successfully simulate future challenges which the young generation will face while choosing their career paths. The results presented in this study are based on the task entitled “Self-organization of work and planning activities”. The task is structured according to the idea that realization of plans is possible only when an individual can put them into practice, facilitating economic and social success. The results of the study have shown that students, while remaining in the current education system, have not acquired the analyzed competences at a sufficient level.

Influence of Corona on IT Specialist's Jobs

The field of Information Communication Technology (ICT) is a rapidly developing and expanding arena. With the expansion of it, the need for specialists, skilled in ICT, is in high demand. The recent outbreak of Covid-19 virus has reshaped the current labor market for people with IT skills. People with tech skills in place need to evolve under new circumstances as the business where they work faces huge changes influenced by remote work. In this study, we set out to investigate what challenges may rise in IT-students skill sets and competences after the Covid-19 pandemic due to remote work, lack of formal and informal face-to-face communication and other factors. Further the paper analyzes how the IT specialists feel in a changing environment, and recommends how businesses and people need to change themselves to adapt to the Covid-19 effects based on the analysis and how to grow in their future skills.

ESTABLISHING WORK PRACTICES OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES

This article reveals the opportunities and limitations that arise in the employment of people with disabilities, as well as their interaction with employers in the labor market. Most people with disabilities experience significant difficulties in finding work and employment due to many socio-economic factors. This research aims to consider the practices of job search and employment of people with disabilities, opportunities and limitations, barriers that arise in the process of employment. The authors present Russian and global experience in promoting the employment of disabled people and analyze the most common practices of vocational rehabilitation, including job quotas, special legislation, and support programs. To collect and analyze data, a qualitative method was used — an in-depth semi-structured interview with 19 informants aged 18 to 54 who have a disability and work experience and live in Tyumen. The analysis of work biographies showed that people with disabilities experience significant difficulties in finding a job. Among the positive changes that have manifested themselves in recent years, they noted the active work of the Employment Center, improved transport accessibility. The main barriers in the labor market for people with disabilities include a small number of vacancies, high competition, lack of internships, lack of support from employers, and stigmatization. The results have revealed various types of barriers to employment — physical, economic, legal, symbolic. Additionally, the authors provide recommendations for improving social policy and facilitating the employment of persons with disabilities.

The importance of an inclusive alumni network for ensuring effective transitions into employment and future destinations for people with learning disabilities

Accessible summary Sometimes people go back to their school to talk to students about the experiences that they have had to help the current learners think about what they would like to do in the future. People with learning disabilities do not often get to talk about their future careers and aspirations, and we think this is unfair. We wanted to find out how older students with learning disabilities could help current students with learning disabilities think about their future. We believe that people with learning disabilities are often left out of careers events, and we think this needs to be changed. We talked to school and college staff about how they thought people with learning disabilities could be better included. AbstractBackgroundResearch has previously been undertaken around the subject of alumni networks, yet it remains to touch upon the inclusivity of these networks, particularly relating to people with learning disabilities. Referring to Law's “Community Interaction Theory”, this study sets out to explore how education providers understand and implement alumni networks and how these networks can be adapted to enhance career and life course aspirations for people with learning disabilities.MethodsThe data collection process was part of a larger, innovative project that set out to address the issue of inclusion in the labour market for people with learning disabilities. Six education providers participated in focus groups. In one special educational needs college two students with learning disabilities also participated.Participants were asked about what alumni means to them, their experiences of engaging alumni and what impact an inclusive alumni network could have on their educational setting.FindingsThe findings show that participants are aware of the importance of creating an inclusive alumni network and recognised the benefits it could bring to their institute and their learners with learning disabilities, but any signs of an alumni network were yet to be implemented.ConclusionThis research contributes to data and debate on the relationship between social inclusion and education for people with learning disabilities. The research demonstrates the impact that an inclusive alumni network could have for young people with learning disabilities and how it could promote confidence and aspirations not only in the young people themselves but the whole community with whom they interact. It initiates a discussion about the importance of an inclusive alumni network in education to further support people with learning disabilities to take part in society and be reciprocally active in its spaces.

ADAPTATION OF YOUNG PEOPLE ON THE LABOR MARKET: DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN EXPERIENCE

The article considers the process of adaptation of young people in the labour market. It has been determined that the main adaptation barriers for young people in the modern Ukrainian labour market are: low competitiveness; lack of the majority of young people with the necessary knowledge and skills for self-determination in the labour market, career development, negotiating with employers on employment issues; inconsistency of the professional qualification structure of youth with the needs of the economy and the available vacancies; lack of a mechanism to ensure the
 relationship between the labour market and the market of educational services; backwardness of personnel policy of most organizations, focused mainly on achieving current results, rather than on long-term development. It is analyzed that the successful adaptation ends, as a rule, with stable employment, adoption of laws of the labour market functioning. Violations of young people's adaptation in the labour market can have serious consequences, the main of which are chronic unemployment of large groups of young people, negative impact on socio-psychological development of young people, frustration at work as a means of personal self-realization.

Young people's labour market patterns and later mental health: A sequence analysis exploring the role of region of origin for young people's labour market trajectories and mental health.

•Experiencing early employment disadvantage could lead to long-term labour market instability and labour market exclusion.•Migrants showed more turbulent transitions between labour market states than natives.•Belonging to a turbulent labour market trajectory is association with poor mental ill health in mid-life.

Стратегический анализ трендов на рынке труда старшего поколения

Modern society is faced with the negative impact on the economies of population ageing, therefore there is an urgent need to develop a strategy for silver economy. A long-term strategy will help to avoid or to reduce the negative effects that are caused by population ageing, as well as to help to use opportunities that will have a positive effect on the development of the economy as a whole. One of the areas associated with the ageing population that needs to be developed is the labor market for the older workers. Due to increase of the retirement age as in Russia and as in other countries this topic is particularly relevant. Creating conditions of work, changing attitudes towards the elderly, their health, retraining, development of technologies that contribute to the improvement of the labor infrastructure are integral directions for strategic development. It is also necessary to pay attention to the specific vector of development of labor market, which is moving towards the automatization of technology and job cuts, which rather complicates the process of introducing the elderly to the labor market. All of the above areas should be considered when writing a long-term strategy for the development of a labor market for the elderly. The aim of the work is to identify existing trends in labor market for older workers in foreign countries and in Russia. The goal was achieved by analyzing international documents, scientific monographs, official data of state statistics of various countries, ministries of labor, health, internal affairs, and reports of international public organizations. The article discusses general demographic trends, the experience of using the labor potential of older people in Indonesia, Japan, the USA and Russia, reveals global strategic trends in the labor market for older people. The data reflect heterogeneity of attitudes towards older people in labor market in different countries. The rate of protection of elder from dismissal and discrimination is also multiple-valued. For the successful development of labor market and support of high quality of life, it is necessary to create a regulatory framework that will protect older employees, establish government policy and change the culture of perception of older people.

A new labor market for people with 'coolabilities'

How the unique perspective and enhanced strengths accompanying disabilities can benefit the workforce.

Risk of Reduced Earning Capacity Pension due to Cardiovascular Diseases after Medical Rehabilitation: An Event History Analysis based on German Statutory Pension Insurance Data

Not much is known on risks for reduced earning capacity pensions (RECP) for patients with specific diseases. Our study focusses on individuals who have completed a course of rehabilitation due to cardiovascular disease. This study is based on a scientific use file from the German statutory pension insurance that covers completed rehabilitations between 2006-2013. Using survival analysis, we modeled the transition into RECP in general and for specific diagnostic groups. We used Kaplan-Meier-estimates and age-standardized and sex-specific transition rates. Multivariate Cox Proportional Hazard models are used to identify the most important socio-demographic risk factors for RECP. Patients who completed rehabilitation after cerebral infarction, cardiomyopathy or cerebrovascular diseases were most likely to transition into RECP due to these diseases. The most important socio-demographic risk factors for RECP were low educational attainments, part-time or no employment and living in Eastern Germany. Especially patients with cerebral infarction, cardiomyopathy or cerebrovascular diseases require successful medical rehabilitation. In case of multimorbid patients, these diagnoses require special attention. Also, the reintegration into the labor market of people from lower social strata after medical rehabilitation to avoid RECP appears to be especially difficult.

Complementarities between Labour Market Institutions and Their Causal Impact on Youth Labour Market Outcomes

We analyse theoretically and empirically the effects on young people's labour market outcomes of two specific labour market institutions and their interaction: employment protection legislation andactive labour market policy. The paper examines recent policy reforms in Italy focusing on the impact of the 2012 Fornero reforms of employment protection legislation as well as the initial impact of the EU-wide Youth Guarantee scheme introduced in Italy in March 2014. The paper then examines how these two policy reforms interacted. The analysis first confirms the finding that the Fornero reform increased permanent hires particularly amongst the very youngest workers; it then goes on to find that the YG was indeed successful in increasing the hires of young people, although this operated through a statistically significant increase in female hires on temporary contracts. Third, it finds some evidence of dampening effect of the YG on EPL reforms as predicted by theory.

Young people's labour market transitions: The role of early experiences

We use UK longitudinal survey data to model young people's transitions between employment, unemployment, education and a residual category made up of those neither in education nor economically active. Transitions from employment are shown to exhibit negative duration dependence regardless of destination, while transitions from unemployment only do so when the destination is employment. The results suggest the nature and length of males’ preceding spells affect transitions from unemployment to employment but that this is not the case for females. The combination of modelled effects is captured through simulations. These show that, for both males and females, a period neither in education nor economically active has more damaging long-term consequences for future employment than a period of unemployment.

(Fighting Poverty and Social Exclusion)

Russian Abstract: Согласно «Национальной стратегии для борьбы с бедностью и социальной изоляцией 2020» недостиг занятости – одна из основных причин бедности и социальной изоляции. Вот почему основным преимуществом активного включения в рынок труда неохваченных занятостью людей – экономически неактивных, молодежи, продолжительно безработных, лиц, получающих социальные помощи, с незаконченым образованием и без профессиональной квалификации, инвалидов, рабочих пожилого возраста и других. Путем развития жизнеспособных социальных предприятий можно обглегчить доступ до занятости и обеспечить поддержку социального вступления уязвимых групп через создание подходящих условий их профессиональной интеграции в сферу социальной экономики. English Abstract: According to the National Strategy for Poverty Alleviation and Social Exclusion 2020, unreached employment is one of the main causes of poverty and social exclusion. That is why the main advantage of active inclusion in the labor market of people who are not employed is economically inactive, young people, long-term unemployed, people receiving social assistance, with incomplete education and without professional qualifications, disabled people, elderly workers and others. By developing viable social enterprises, access to employment can be facilitated, and social access by vulnerable groups facilitated through the creation of suitable conditions for their professional integration into the social economy.

OCENA SKUTECZNOŚCI DZIAŁAŃ NA RZECZ OSÓB W WIEKU NIEMOBILNYM W KRAJACH UNII EUROPEJSKIEJ

The purpose of the paper is to assess the effectiveness of the applied solutions in individual EU countries in terms of supporting non-mobile people. Demographic aging affects most EU countries. It results in an increase in the number and proportion of older people and an increasing share of the post-working population. In such conditions, it is very important to maintain the activity on the labor market of people in the so-called non-mobile age. Maintaining professional activity depends on a number of factors, including, first and foremost, the assurance of openness in the labor market, adequate financial standing and medical care, and the ability to develop competencies and keep pace with technological change. This requires, on the one hand, the application of appropriate policies to this group and, on the other, the possibilities of the country. The study compared the situation of people in the indicated age group with the situation of the general population at working age.

Labor market integration of returned educational migrants in Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan has experienced increasing educational migration, and many of these students hope to return home after graduating. The ability of returned migrants to succeed in Turkmenistan’s labor market is complicated by a variety of factors, including variation in educational quality across countries, intrusive state regulation of foreign education, and Turkmenistan’s large informal sector. Based on a survey of 98 Turkmen citizens, this study compares the career trajectories and perceptions of the labor market of people educated in Turkmenistan to those educated elsewhere. Because men and women undertake different strategies of educational migration, it also compares patterns of labor market integration by gender. Country of education does appear to matter for employment in Turkmenistan, but the effect is most prominent immediately after graduation. Women were less likely to be employed in Turkmenistan, partly because they were more likely to have been educated abroad, and more likely to have a partner abroad.

Молодые и пожилые работники на российском рынке труда: являются ли они конкурентами?

This article explores possible competition between the young and older workers in Russia. For the last 15 years, the employment level of 60-64 year old people rose while the employment level of 20-24 year old people fell and their unemployment was near constant. In the article, we show that this trends were independent. First, because of the peculiar properties of supply and demand of young and older people's labor force, direct competition between two groups is limited. By the supply side young and older workers have significant differences in qualifications they have. By the demand side even though their wages are almost equal, workplaces they occupy are also different if we compare them with the jobs occupied by 30-49 year old workers. Second, we used regional characteristics of the labor market and showed that there is no effect of the one of the groups' employment on the employment and unemployment of the other group. Therefore, the young and the older workers are not competitors on Russian labor market. On the contrary specialization of each group on their own professions and sectors creates the possibility for interaction in Russia. That is why we can expect position of young people in labor market wouldn't change after rising of pension age in Russia.