Labor Inclusion Research Articles

Нормирование труда: некоторые теоретические и практические проблемы

This paper examines some theoretical and practical problems of labor rationing, which is of crucial importance for regulating labor and other directly related relations. The interrelation of labor rationing with the task of labor legislation in the form of optimal coordination of the interests of the parties to labor relations and the interests of the state is presented, the inclusion of labor rationing relations in which the employer is in a relationship with employees and (or) their representatives in the content of labor organization and labor management relations is justified. The author presents the relationship between labor rationing and the principles of legal regulation of labor relations. It is noted that it is necessary to consolidate the obligation of the employer to carry out rationing in the organization.

Public policy and labor inclusion: employment strategies for people with disabilities in Ecuador

Introduction: This study aims to analyze and relate public policy and labor inclusion variables to identify improvement actions for compliance in favor of people with disabilities working in the GAD cantonal of La Libertad. Methods: The research used a quantitative approach, collecting data through surveys and interviews. Surveys were administered via Google Forms to 194 workers from the GAD cantonal of La Libertad, Ecuador and an interview was conducted with the Social Worker. Also, a bibliographic review of documents and scientific articles was conducted, focusing on the employment rights of people with disabilities in Latin America and Ecuador. Results: The SPSS statistical program was used for data analysis, revealing that the GAD cantonal of La Libertad complies with Ecuadorian legal requirements to hire 4% of people with disabilities in public and private companies with 25 or more workers, and with physical accessibility regulations. The methodology and analysis were validated using Cronbach's Alpha, KMO and Bartlett, Communalities, and Spearman's Rho coefficients. Conclusion: Implementing, promoting, and ensuring inclusive local policies, with constant monitoring and encouraging the participation of people with disabilities in decision-making for their full integration, is recommended.

Inclusion of gender and labour standards in preferential trade agreements: evidence from North American and Canada-Chile agreements

ABSTRACT This article analyses the causes of the incorporation of gender provisions into preferential trade agreements (PTAs), based an analysis of the reasons for the inclusion of both labour and gender provisions in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), and in the Canada-Chile Free Trade Agreement (CCFTA). Drawing upon feminist and constructivist analysis, it argues for the importance of ideational factors such as policy emulation, social learning, the formation of transnational advocacy networks (TANs), as well as the role of Global South actors. Gender provisions often contain neoliberal elements that promote female entrepreneurship rather than more transformational approaches. The comparison of the USMCA and the CCFTA shows that the inclusion of stronger gender provisions in labour chapters (as in the USMCA) may be a more effective way to promote the interests of vulnerable workers than the inclusion of a gender chapter.

Assessment of adaptive behavior in people with intellectual disabilities: Design and development of a new test battery

BackgroundAdaptive behavior is an important characteristic of people with intellectual disabilities, and it has been associated with a person's performance in social and work contexts. Indeed, adaptive behavior denotes what a person does independently, without help, support, reminders, or prompts. In Peru, available measures of adaptive behavior are commercial; thus, there is a need for an open-access tool to assess the adaptive behavior of people with intellectual disabilities. For this reason, the aim of the study was to design and develop a new Adaptive Behavior Test Battery for people from 13 to 60 years old with intellectual disabilities who have an interest in being part of the economically active population. MethodsA cross-sectional design was defined, starting with a qualitative approach to designing and constructing the item pool for the test battery. Then, quantitative indexes Aiken's V for content validity and Krippendorff's alpha for inter-observer reliability were estimated, resulting in a first version of the three subscales that comprised the test battery. The initial versions were tested on a sample of 566 persons with intellectual disabilities from two regions of Peru: Lima (Coast) and San Martín (Jungle). The internal structure was analyzed under a factor analysis approach, along with internal consistency measures of reliability. Further analyses of invariance regarding gender, region, and age were carried out. ResultsThree observer subscales were proposed: Daily living activities (11 items), Instrumental skills (4 items), and Communication (9 items). All subscales showed excellent psychometric properties denoted by the Aiken's V coefficient, Krippendorff's alpha, factor analysis, internal consistency analysis, and invariance analyses. ConclusionThe developed a new Adaptive Behavior Test Battery is a useful tool for the measurement of adaptive behavior and the monitoring of social and labor inclusion programs for people with intellectual disabilities.

Labor inclusion of deaf individuals: the education/work relationship

Many discussions have brought up the issue of Special/Inclusive Education as an essential factor for people with disabilities. However, after the educational period, a question is important to ask about the lives of these social actors. Survival is crucial and perhaps some will start to live off the charity of others or the state. It is believed that the insertion into the job market is also crucial for them to have autonomy and more independence. Therefore, this research presents the scenario of labor inclusion of deaf people, seeking to understand the education/work relationship. The primary objective of this article is to analyze the proportion of influence of the educational process on the inclusion of deaf people in the formal job market in São Luís/MA. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews in the city of São Luís/MA, with four deaf participants, formally linked to federal spheres and private companies, in the following federal public institutions: the Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA) and the National Institute of Social Security (INSS) and two private companies in the retail sector. The results showed that education strongly influences the inclusion of deaf people in the job market. Therefore, access to higher education is a big step towards seeking vacancies in public positions, with better salaries, while a process interrupted in secondary education could allow for more exhaustive jobs in private companies that hire deaf people just to comply with what the quotas law recommends.

Targeted placement for people with disabilities in Italy: a perspective from Lombardian companies

PurposeThe United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006) recognizes the right of disabled people to access work. Against this legislative backdrop, this study explores the strengths and weaknesses of the Italian system of targeted placement for disabled people, based on Law 68/1999, which delegates to regional authorities the management of the labor market. The examination centers on the perspective of companies, the primary stakeholders in the inclusion of persons with disabilities within organizational structures.Design/methodology/approachThe article discusses the results of focus groups conducted with 28 managers of large, medium and small enterprises in Lombardy (Italy). Qualitative analysis was employed, and the results were structured using a simplified strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis, incorporating practical recommendations.FindingsThe analysis leads to practical suggestions to improve the entire targeted placement process at the regional level, from selection and accompaniment to evaluation, such as improving the networking of local stakeholders who deal with the inclusion of disabled people, homogeneity of the procedures in different regions, making all employees aware of diversity management, etc. The territorial network and the welfare environment are particularly important in achieving a successful targeted placement and to promote an inclusive corporate culture.Research limitations/implicationsThis study is not representative of Italy as a whole, as it remains a qualitative investigation focused on a single region.Originality/valueThis contribution accomplishes an in-depth study of the law of labor inclusion of people with disabilities observed from the point of view of companies, which are still usually reluctant to integrate people with disabilities into their organizations or encounter difficulties in doing so.

РОЛЬ И ВЛИЯНИЕ РАЗВИТИЯ ПРОТЕЗОСТРОЕНИЯ ВЕРХНИХ И НИЖНИХ КОНЕЧНОСТЕЙ НА ПОЛНОМАСШТАБНУЮ СОЦИАЛЬНУЮ ИНТЕГРАЦИЮ ТРУДОСПОСОБНЫХ ИНВАЛИДОВ

The research touches upon the issues of legal and financial accessibility of upper and lower limb prostheses (hereinafter - ULP) provided at the expense of budgetary funds to disabled people of working age, their functional capabilities for domestic and labor activities, as well as the introduction of innovative technologies in the production of ULP and the impact of the market of assistive products on increasing the motivation of disabled people to be involved in labor inclusion, including by expanding the range of employment opportunities. The aim of the research is to highlight the importance of the development of domestic scientific and technologically innovative production of technical rehabilitation devices and prosthetic and orthopedic products (TSR and prosthetic devices), as well as a wide market for their provision, including as mandatory and compensatory tools to increase the participation of disabled people in the creation of products and services in the actively developing labor market. The object of the research is scientific and technological achievements, industries, and clusters involved in the development and creation of technologically advanced rehabilitation aids to increase the inclusion of disabled people. The subject of the study is the impact of assistive technologies on the reintegration of disabled people into society. The scientific hypothesis is an attempt to prove that with the development of domestic scientific and technical production of assistive technologies, including prosthetics, the level of inclusion of persons with disabilities in society and the labor market should increase, and the financial accessibility of their suspension should be ensured. In the process of the research, the method of analysis and structuring of domestic and foreign experience in the development and creation of multifunctional rehabilitation devices as an instrument of inclusive mechanism that helps persons with disabilities to socialize and realize their labor potential in the labor market was used. The following conclusions were made based on the results of the research: state guarantees of accessibility and quality of rehabilitation equipment products, and their constant innovative modernization are essential for the disabled, which has a positive impact on the reintegration of persons with disabilities into the actively developing society and labor market; authorities at all levels need immediately begin to create a labor market for the disabled in connection with the actively advancing robotization and digitalization, and the use of artificial intelligence.

Development and psychometric properties of the Attitudes Towards Intellectual Disability Scale in the workplace

Background: A new instrument was designed to measure attitudes towards intellectual disability in the workplace. This tool provides the opportunity to identify underlying cognitive and emotional patterns that may influence people's interaction and performance in such environments. Objective: To construct, validate, and ensure the reliability of a scale measuring attitudes towards intellectual disability, establishing its suitability in labor inclusion programs. Method: A psychometric design was used that incorporated qualitative techniques, such as focus groups and cognitive interviews, in the instrument construction phase. The content validation of the items involved the participation of 15 experts in the field, which resulted in a reduced version with 10 items distributed in two dimensions: Perception and Social Distance. Subsequently, both the validity of the internal structure and the reliability of the instrument were evaluated in a sample of 255 individuals, composed of 35% (n=88) women and 66% (n=167) men. Result: The third-factor model evaluated with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was the one that demonstrated excellent fit indices (CFI= .991; TLI=.988; RMSEA= .076; SRMR =.038), with an adequate inter-factor correlation (0.82) and adequate consistency coefficients (α=0.825; ω=0.916). Conclusion: A tool of invaluable value is presented for planning public health programs aimed at reducing stigma and promoting the socio-labor inclusion of people with intellectual disabilities.

Disability and employability in the audio-visual sector: the (dis)connection between corporate social sustainability goals and the employment experiences of people with disabilities

People with disabilities (PwD) have made significant progress in having their rights acknowledged, yet the ongoing presence of stigmas continues to hinder their full inclusion. The approach of the 2030 Agenda, as well as legislative developments focussed on improving the employment status of this group, have encouraged companies to express growing concern for this issue in their sustainability reports. However, such efforts have not resulted in a substantial increase in employment of PwD. The aim of this research is to gain knowledge regarding the dis(connection) between the corporate discourse of large Spanish audio-visual companies and the reality experienced by PwD employed in this sector. Using Atlas.ti software, a thematic relational analysis of two discourses has been carried out: firstly, the corporate narrative, which has been published in the sustainability reports of the three most prominent audio-visual groups in Spain; and secondly, the discourse regarding the experiences of three focus groups consisting of PwD employed in the audio-visual job market. The findings reveal that while these companies disseminate a positive view of diversity and inclusion, workers with disabilities continue to have a pessimistic outlook towards the situation. Moreover, companies are acutely interested in issues such as the commitment to inclusion and social equality, which they promote as part of their image. Furthermore, these companies include a variety of socially diverse factors, such as race, gender, age and/or general ability. On the contrary, the experiences related by the focus groups convey special concern for the role of different agents involved in the employment of PwD, such as companies, governments and associations, as well as apprehension regarding the policies and resources needed to achieve labour inclusion. Such discrepancies highlight the lack of cohesion between corporate policies of the audio-visual sector and the professional reality experienced by PwD.

Quality of life and labor inclusion of people with disabilities

Introduction: Disability is a generic term that includes deficits, limitations in activity and restrictions in participation indicate the negative aspects of the interaction between an individual and its contextual factors, environmental and personal factors. Objective: The objective of this study was to identify the characteristics of labor inclusion and health-related quality of life of people with disabilities in a population group from the city of Neiva (Colombia). Materials and methods: Descriptive, analytical, cross-sectional study with quantitative approach and non-experimental design, in a sample of 64 people with disabilities. Demographic variables such as age, sex, marital status, education, socioeconomic status, link to the social security system in health, and type of disability were considered. The WHOQOL-BREF, 2004 quality of life scale was applied. Central tendency measures were also calculated with their dispersions and 95% confidence intervals in the continuous quantitative variables. Results: The most frequent disability was physical with 78.13%, followed by visual with 17.18%. The highest percentage of impairment of the quality of life concerning disability is given by the need to move from one place to another, to feel dissatisfaction with their sexual life and the perception of an unhealthy environment. Conclusions: The main factors for the labor inclusion of a person with a disability are subject to sex, the type of disability, access to decent employment, and remuneration according to their potentialities.

University education, labor inclusion and industrial safety: a comprehensive approach to sustainable development

This scientific article addresses the interrelation between university education, labor inclusion and industrial safety, and its impact on sustainable development. A comprehensive analysis of the challenges and opportunities faced by educational institutions, companies and governments in promoting an inclusive university education, which prepares students for successful job placement and ensures high safety standards in work environments is carried out. A methodology based on literature review and analysis of case studies is presented, and the results obtained are discussed. The conclusions highlight the importance of adopting comprehensive strategies that promote equal opportunities in education, promote inclusion in the labor market and strengthen industrial safety as fundamental pillars to achieve sustainable development.

LGBTI+ inclusion in companies in Nuevo León, Mexico: impact on employee motivation

Mexico continues to be a country where discrimination prevails and where lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, transsexual, travesties and intersexual (LGBTTTI) employees do not feel comfortable openly expressing their sexual orientation and/or gender identity in and outside their working areas. This phenomenon accentuates in the northern state of Nuevo Leon. This study documents the variations in degree of implementation of policies and strategies to prevent discrimination and promote labor inclusion of these minorities among large employers in Nuevo León México, and ponders the correlation between the correct implementation of this policies with an increment of motivation within the LGBTTTI. The resulting Pearson correlation between inclusion and motivation variables were found to be 0.242 (p > 0.005) and therefore considered as not significant. The evaluation of every element of motivation, resulted in an only element with a significant correlation (recognition) of 0.307 (p< 0.005), indicating that LGBTTTI employees may perceive themselves as less recognized in companies with lower degree of inclusion policies and programs. The results show that there is much to do in terms of LGBTTTI inclusion in organizations located in the study area, since no single organization was perceived by employees to have more than 65 out of 100 points of the inclusion scale proposed, considering the policies and programs for LGBTTTI diversity and inclusion

Labor Inclusion with a Gender Perspective in Complex Environments: Firm Steps for the Post-Pandemic Economic Recovery

Labor Inclusion with a Gender Perspective in Complex Environments: Firm Steps for the Post-Pandemic Economic Recovery

Надання соціальної допомоги внутрішньо переміщеним осо-бам за принципом соціально-трудової інклюзії

The article is devoted to the issues of further social integration of internally displaced persons (IDPs) on the basis of institutional reduction of social exclusion of this category of the population, which requires improvement of legal regulation of their social protection by strengthening cooperation between such institutions as the State Employment Service of Ukraine. Overcoming the extractive nature of the national labor market requires social and labor inclusion, which involves the process of participation of employable citizens, including IDPs, in socially useful activities by forming a system of incentives for reintegration into the labor market and creating conditions for the realization of labor potential. In connection with these issues, there was a study of the legal framework for social protection of IDPs in Ukraine which proposes a model for calculating social assistance to IDP workers in social and labor inclusion. To achieve this goal, the following general and special methods are used: the method of theoretical generalization, systematic, dialectical method of scientific comprehension in the process of determining the approach to the provision of social assistance to IDPs; historical and logical analysis - in the study of social protection; comparative analysis, synthesis and generalization - in research on the practice of social support for the population to enter the labor market; methodological and functional analysis - to determine the directions of institutionalization of social protection of IDPs. Weaknesses in the procedure for providing financial assistance to able-bodied IDPs have been identified, including: artificial determination of the amount of financial assistance; the lack of correlation between the amount of financial assistance and social standards; the discrepancy between the amount of Unified Social Contribution paid by IDP staff, salaries and the amount of cash benefits. According to the author, the improvement of social assistance to IDP workers is possible by identifying two components: non-compensatory, which is tied to the subsistence level, and compensatory, which is tied to the amount of wages. This approach stimulates official employment and forms the preconditions for the development of social insurance in Ukraine.

Zhenskaya prestupnost' v istoricheskom aspekte

The article examines the trends and features of women's crime in Russia in the 19th and 20th centuries, the evolution of views on the causes of women's crime and the means to combat it. It is noted that with the development of public relations and the more active inclusion of women's labor in the economy, the structure of women's crime has changed significantly.

Labour market institutions and long term adjustments to health shocks: Evidence from Italian administrative records

We investigate how labour market institutions shape the labour response to acute cardiovascular shocks in a highly regulated labour market over the long run. Using Italian administrative data that covers the history of employment, social security and hospitalization of workers, we exploit several identification strategies to remove bias from observable and unobservable confounders. Significant reductions in employment and labour income emerge in the short run and persist over time, with no evidence of re-entry in the longer run. No adjustment is detected in working hours or wages for those who maintain employment. While the Disability Insurance (DI) system contributes to insure workers against the consequences of health shocks, we offer new evidence on the value of employment protective institutions in strengthening unhealthy workers’ labour inclusion, in particular for blue-collar workers.

Generating Women Empowerment Index through Principal Component Analysis

Lack of women’s empowerment is a critical aspect of gender equality but despite all government initiatives, the empowerment barrier exists in many forms and the empowerment level did not reach its anticipated level. This study attempted to generate a women empowerment index from all direct and indirect indicators related to empowerment anchored on the identity empowerment theory using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Utilizing the data from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the 10 independent indicators of 145 countries were analyzed and reduced into two principal components, namely: women development and labor inclusion. Results showed that of the two extracted components, women development has the higher weight of 75% compared to labor inclusion with only 25%. Furthermore, countries that are more developed and have high development index have high empowerment index as well. Results also showed that developing countries have low human development index and low index in women empowerment. The study recommends that initiated programs and all forms of research to improve the empowerment index must put emphasis on the developing countries.

Cultural meanings of the concept labor inclusion in postgraduate professionals in Safety and Health at Work

Objective: To explore the cultural meanings of the concept of labor inclusion in postgraduate professionals in safety and health at work who attended a refresher course at a university in Cali Colombia. Material and Method: It was a qualitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study. The information was obtained using the free word listing technique and was analyzed using the cultural domain model. The group of participants was made up of 37 professionals who work in the administration of the occupational health and safety management system. Results: The concept of inclusion was defined by the perceived barriers to labor inclusion around the central elements disability and opportunity, the intermediate elements exclusion, bias and unemployment and the peripheral elements accessibility and redesign. Conclusions: The culture of inclusion is mainly circumscribed around disability and as a right of the worker and a responsibility of the company enshrined in the regulations.

Social transfers: conditionality of employment in the military economy of Ukraine

The article is devoted to the improvement of the system of social protection of the population in the context of the institute of conditioned social transfers. The losses of the economy due to hostilities on the territory of Ukraine and changes in social protection to support the income of the population are analyzed. The peculiarities of the institute of conditioned social transfers in the system of social protection are considered. Possibilities of institutionalization of this institute due to conditionality by employment, socially useful activity that is important in the military economy of Ukraine are determined. Proposals have been made to improve the legal framework for social protection through social transfers due to employment, which, according to the author, is important in the context of labor mobilization and strengthening social and labor inclusion during and after the war to support and restore the economy.

Ethnic Wage Penalty and Human Capital Transferability: A Comparative Study of Recent Migrants in 11 European Countries

This article examines the ethnic wage penalty among migrants in 11 Western European countries. It aims to extend the literature on the models of migrant occupational inclusion in European labor markets by studying the wage gap and to disentangle whether the gross wage penalty experienced by foreign-born residents can be explained by human capital-related factors and/or by migrants’ occupational segregation. Estimating probit models with sample selection on European Labour Force Survey data (2009–2016), we find that both male and female migrants experienced a larger gross wage penalty in Southern Europe, where they had lower education levels and faced stronger occupational segregation. In the other countries under study, we find a smaller gross wage penalty among foreign-born women. Results show that migrants from Eastern Europe were not systematically less penalized than migrants from Africa, Asia, and Latin America, except for men in Italy and Greece. Wage penalties were higher among tertiary-educated migrants, compared to their less-educated counterparts, only in Mediterranean countries, where the former were mainly concentrated at the bottom of the occupational structure. Finally, the acquisition of the highest education after migration reduced migrants’ wage penalty, thanks to a better match between educational credentials and job allocation, especially in Southern Europe. Focusing on the ethnic wage penalty and on both human capital- and occupation-related factors of ethnic penalization highlights cross-country differences not yet explored by existing comparative research, allowing a new and more comprehensive picture of migrants’ penalization in Europe.