Labelling Of Specimens Research Articles

Taxonomic revision of kelp species with rhizome-like holdfast, Laminaria longipes Bory and Laminaria repens Ruprecht, from Russian Far Eastern seas

In this paper, we describe the historical background of one Laminaria J.V. Lamouroux species from the northern Pacific region. In the references, two different Laminaria species were recorded under the same name, Laminaria longipes Bory, due to errors in the labeling of authentic herbarium specimens, a very brief description, confusion of protologues, and the absence of type specimens. One of them, inhabiting the northern Atlantic Ocean, has rhizoids, whereas the second one from the Pacific Ocean has holdfast with rhizomes. The latter species was described by Ruprecht (1850) as Laminaria repens Ruprecht, however, due to various reasons this name was not scientifically accepted and in 19th century, this kelp species has been named differently, until the name L. longipes was universally accepted. None of its previous names were typified. We found original specimens collected in the 18th and 19th centuries that were used to describe these species, designated lectotypes and specified synonyms. We propose to return the name L. repens for the Pacific Laminaria species with rhizomes. Based on molecular- phylogenetic data of our specimens, we confirmed its validity and difference from another species with rhizomes distributed in the Pacific North America, L. sinclairii (Harvey ex JD Hooker & Harvey) Farlow, Anderson & Eaton. We also discuss developmental biology and ecology of L. repens from the Russian Far East, provide data on the geographical distribution of all known forms of this species and show that their areas, except for the Middle Kurile Islands, where they have been known so far, cover almost the entire distribution of this species.

Chemical fluorescence-based dye staining for 3-dimensional histopathology analysis

ABSTRACT Tissue clearing for 3-dimensional (3D) imaging is increasingly utilized in many biomedical applications, including the pathological examination of human biopsy specimens. Although many protocols offer rapid and efficient tissue clearing (>1 d), immunofluorescence labeling of thick specimens is a highly time-consuming process. The use of low molecular weight chemical dyes has potential benefits in terms of speed and quality of 3D labeling. Accordingly, we tested several chemical dyes to assess their potential applications in 3D imaging. The combination of SYTO 16 and eosin (S&E) was found to be a potential fluorescent version of the hematoxylin–eosin (H&E) stain. Furthermore, picrosirius red (for collagen), Congo red (for senile plaques), and fluorescent Nissl (for neurons in the normal brain or blood vessels in the injured brain) stains can be used alone or in combination with antibody labeling. As chemical labeling requires a relatively short incubation time (<1 d), fluorescent chemical dyes could expedite the 3D imaging process.

Some Examples of the Use of Molecular Markers for Needs of Basic Biology and Modern Society.

Simple SummaryThe main issues of the report are focused on four items. (1) A combination of nDNA and mtDNA markers best suits the hybrid identification and estimates of genetic introgression between different biological species. (2) The available facts on nDNA and mtDNA diversity seemingly make obvious the introgression presence among many taxa, although, it is evident that introgression may be quite restricted or asymmetric, thus holding at least the “source” taxon (taxa) intact. (3) If we accept that sexually reproducing species in marine and terrestrial realms are introgressed, as it is still evident for many cases, then we should recognize that the biological species concept, in terms of complete lack of gene flow among species, is inadequate due to the fact, that many zoological species are not biological species yet. However, vast modern molecular data proved that with time they definitely become biological species. (4) The recent investigation of fish taxa divergence using central DNA barcoding database shows that most gene trees are, basically, appeared monophyletic and interspecies reticulations are rare.Application of molecular genetic markers appeared to be very fruitful in achieving many goals, including (i) proving the theoretic basements of general biology and (ii) assessment of worldwide biodiversity. Both are provided in the present meta-analysis and a review as the main signal. One of the basic current challenges in modern biology in the face of new demands in the 21st century is the validation of its paradigms such as the synthetic theory of evolution (STE) and biological species concept (BSC). Another of most valuable goals is the biodiversity assessment for a variety of social needs including free web-based information resources about any living being, renovation of museum collections, nature conservation that recognized as a global project, iBOL, as well as resolving global trading problems such as false labeling of species specimens used as food, drug components, entertainment, etc. The main issues of the review are focused on animals and combine four items. (1) A combination of nDNA and mtDNA markers best suits the identification of hybrids and estimation of genetic introgression. (2) The available facts on nDNA and mtDNA diversity seemingly make introgression among many taxa obvious, although it is evident, that introgression may be quite restricted or asymmetric, thus, leaving at least the “source” taxon (taxa) intact. (3) If we consider sexually reproducing species in marine and terrestrial realms introgressed, as it is still evident in many cases, then we should recognize that the BSC, in view of the complete lack of gene flow among species, is inadequate because many zoological species are not biological ones yet. However, vast modern molecular data have proven that sooner or later they definitely become biological species. (4) An investigation into the fish taxa divergence using the BOLD database shows that most gene trees are basically monophyletic and interspecies reticulations are quite rare.

English

BACKGROUND The present Covid-19 situation has created an era of learning through the electronic devices, where YouTube channel is playing an important role. Neuroanatomy is a complex subject requiring three-dimensional orientation of the structures. Practical teaching by using the cadaveric specimens is a usual practice, but in the current situation the virtual platform is an indispensable and sustainable option for both teaching and learning activities.In the present study the utility of YouTube and digital content on neuroanatomy was assessed among I MBBS students using selfadministered questionnaire during Covid -19 pandemic. METHODS The questionnaire based cross sectional study of prosected neuroanatomy specimens in the department of Anatomy were utilized to create digital content modules. According to the topics, PDF content was generated, and it was shared before the commencement of virtual class. Later YouTube link was shared with our I MBBS students through social media platforms like WhatsApp and Facebook regularly. At the end of completion of whole teaching schedule, a questionnaire was circulated to obtain the feedback on this teaching method. Finally, the responses were collected and interpreted. RESULTS In the present survey, 257 participants (176 females and 81 males) from 10 medical colleges responded to all 12 items of the questionnaire. We observed that 36 % of them graded excellent for content, 25 % for audio quality, 21 % for video quality, 29 % for specimens used, 25 % for labelling of specimens in YouTube videos. Out of 257 responses 35 % of them were graded excellent for pdf content, 30 % for pictorial representation of brain specimens, 30 % for labelling and 24 % for length. For overall rating for teaching learning method 35 % of them graded 8, 17 % graded 9 and 7 % of them have graded 10. CONCLUSIONS This mode of learning can be used for the purpose of distal education as per the convenience of the students, who are presently staying away from the campus. Our students have taken the benefit of teaching where the PDF and YouTube contents were appreciated by large number of students. KEY WORDS Neuroanatomy, YouTube, Digital Content, Technology, Learning Resources

Blood Provision for Cardiac Ablation (CA) Procedures in the Catheterization Laboratory; a Veteran Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) Experience in a Non-Trauma Center Setting

Abstract Introduction/Objective Cardiac perforation is a life-threatening complication (~1% risk, with reported rates between 0.2% to 5%) of CA procedures. As cardiac perforation may lead to extensive bleeding, it would be reasonable for a medical center carrying out CA to be capable of arranging for a massive transfusion protocol and for surgical repair as required. However, there is sparse literature to guide a non-trauma medical center implementing a CA program on what the number of red blood cell (RBC) units for crossmatch should be for each case. Methods In interdisciplinary collaborative meetings, the CA program logistics were agreed to between the multiple clinical services. Given the case series on the amount of drained blood in complicated cases, there was agreement that three units of RBCs would be crossmatched for each case. Education was provided on the massive transfusion protocol and on blood bank procedures. As part of quality assurance/quality improvement, records were reviewed from the beginning of the CA program (10/1/2019) to 1/31/2019 to determine number of patient cases, crossmatched units, and transfused units for quality assurance purposes. Results A total of fifteen patients underwent CA procedures, for which three units were crossmatched for each patient. As there were no cardiac perforations with the cardiac ablation procedures so far, no units were transfused. The organized approach for ensuring adequate blood bank support and education led to the reassurance, alleviation of clinical anxiety, and building of a successful CA program. Education sessions completed with thorough understanding of blood bank procedures including the massive transfusion protocol, labeling of blood bank specimens, and on ordering of blood for crossmatch. Conclusion This study provides a reference that may provide helpful guidance to other blood banks on what the number of RBCs to be crossmatched prior to each CA procedure. Multidisciplinary collaborative meetings in advance are an essential component for ensuring adequate support for CA procedures or any new service that requires blood product support. Thorough education of clinical staff on blood bank procedures particularly the massive transfusion protocol is also recommended. This procedure for massive transfusion should be available to be referred to in real time.

Management of bacteriological specimens of patients suffering from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Management of bacteriological specimens of patients suffering from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Anal squamous cell carcinoma incidentally found at hemorrhoidectomy

BackgroundAnal squamous cell carcinoma incidence is increasing nationally and, more so, in Kentucky. Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus unexpectedly identified at hemorrhoidectomy pathologic evaluation is not uncommon. We hypothesized this is occurring more frequently and sought to evaluate its impact on outcomes. MethodsThe Kentucky Cancer Registry, a premier population database, was queried for all squamous cell carcinoma of the anus cases between 2007 and 2016. Hemorrhoidal squamous cell carcinoma of the anus patients were compared with nonhemorrhoidal squamous cell carcinomas of the anus. Patient demographics, treatments, and outcomes were analyzed. ResultsOf the 722 squamous cell carcinoma of the anus cases identified, 3.05% (n = 22) were within hemorrhoidectomy specimens. Demographics were similar between hemorrhoidal squamous cell carcinoma of the anus versus nonhemorrhoidal squamous cell carcinoma of the anus. Chemoradiation was the most common treatment strategy among all patients, and there were similar rates of disease, persistence, recurrence, and survival between hemorrhoidal and nonhemorrhoidal squamous cell carcinoma. Stage I disease was more common in the hemorrhoid group compared with the nonhemorrhoid group (63% vs 27%, P < .01). ConclusionHemorrhoidal squamous cell carcinoma of the anus comprised 3.05% of our population-based cohort. Hemorrhoidal squamous cell carcinomas of the anus were more likely to receive chemoradiation compared with local excision, but there were similar oncologic outcomes. We postulate that some individuals may receive overtreatment with chemoradiation owing to imprecise labeling of hemorrhoid specimens. For this reason, we advocate for separate submission of each hemorrhoid specimen.

Improving diagnostic specimen management systems in an oral medicine department

Histological, haematological and microbiological investigations are essential in the field of oral medicine and are a crucial adjunct to clinical findings, often being relied on to obtain a definitive diagnosis....

MS06.04 Approaches to Overcoming the Nodal Staging Quality Gap

MS06.04 Approaches to Overcoming the Nodal Staging Quality Gap

In vivo and in vitro neck dissection specimen labelling: a new method for precise orientation of specimens

As the main anatomical and radiological landmarks are lacking in neck dissection specimens, orientation and labelling of the lymph node levels becomes very important for precise histopathological reporting. A few labelling techniques for neck dissection specimens have been described previously, which can aid the histopathologist in orienting the specimen. However, a combined method of specimen labelling in which the ND specimen is labelled during the operation and once it has been resected would improve specimen orientation. This article describes a technique of in vivo and in vitro labelling of neck dissection specimens that specifies the levels of the lymph nodes with proper anatomical landmarks. This technique eliminates the grey areas between levels II and III and between levels III and IV, which are difficult to identify precisely in neck dissection specimens. This technique is easily reproducible and represents a useful tool in attaining precise pathological reporting.

Etikettierung von Laborröhrchen: ein komplexer Prozess mit hoher Fehleranfälligkeit

Errors associated with the labelling of laboratory specimens repeatedly occur in health facilities and are often described in Critical Incident Reporting Systems (CIRS). The analysis of these error reports and the complexity of the specimen collection process pose major challenges for responsible health care professionals. To examine which errors occur in the labelling of laboratory specimens, and what leads to their detection, the error reports of 42 Swiss hospitals within the Critical Incident Reporting & Reaching NETwork (CIRRNET) were systematically analysed. MethodWithin the scope of a reporting month in the year 2016, 42 hospitals were asked to pay particular attention to the issue of mislabelled laboratory specimens, to report these errors in the local CIRS system, and to forward the information to the CIRRNET database. In addition, using a systematic keyword search, a search for old error reports on the mislabelling of laboratory specimens was conducted in the CIRRNET database and the results extracted. 227 error reports were finally included in the analysis. All these error reports were analysed systematically and by content, and the problem areas described in these reports allocated to newly defined categories. The systematic analysis included: the time of error detection, the problem area described, the length of time between error occurrence and error detection, as well as possible safety barriers. ResultsThe majority (52 %) of labelling errors of laboratory specimens are detected in the laboratory, 21.1 % on the hospital ward before the specimens are sent to the laboratory to be processed, and a further 24.7 % at a very late stage when test results are associated with the patient on the ward. The analysis of the problem areas described showed that patient identification (7.9 %) was a key issue. The most frequent errors occurred in connection with the labelling of laboratory test tubes (45.4 %) and analysis forms or requisition slips (33 %). Numerous errors went undetected throughout the entire process, i.e. right up until the moment when the test result was finally assigned to the patient. The analysis also provided information about possible safety barriers for future prevention of laboratory specimen mislabelling. ConclusionsA content-analysis approach is essential to the evaluation of error reports as it is the only way to identify all the problems of laboratory specimen mislabelling described. Furthermore, a deductive approach also facilitates the identification of possible safety barriers. The findings provide valuable information for mislabelling prevention approaches that is not otherwise available. Further analysis of error reports from Critical Incident Reporting Systems is necessary in order to gain more experience with the methodical approach and to draw conclusions as to whether the complex process of analysing each individual error report yields information that is more useful than the analysis of the error reports of an identified problem area.

Plasmonic Nanoprobes for Multiplexed Fluorescence‐Free Super‐Resolution Imaging

AbstractNoble metal nanoparticles (NPs), owing to their unique optical and physicochemical properties, are routinely used for optical imaging and labeling of biological specimens. Even though they can provide vital information for studying multiple cellular events and their interplays at the same time, optically multiplexing and resolving specific NPs within a diffraction‐limited region labeled in complex biological specimens remains a fundamental challenge. By introducing and manipulating plasmonic resonance assisted saturable scattering effects, multiplexed fluorescence‐free super‐resolution imaging of gold NPs in tumor cells with remarkable subdiffraction resolution is demonstrated. The saturable scattering allows fluorescence‐free resolving single plasmonic nanoprobes with significantly improved resolution down to ≈100 nm. The revealed plasmonic resonance assisted saturation effect as well as the associated spectral flexibility to variant sizes provides access to multiplexing capability in complex bioenvironments. The demonstrated feasibility of two‐color super‐resolution cellular imaging is achieved at ultralow suppression powers ≈0.28 MW cm−2, corresponding to a two‐order of magnitude improvement compared to the state‐of‐the‐art of stimulated emission depletion (STED) nanoscopy.

Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Human Aqueous Humor Using iTRAQ 4plex Labeling.

iTRAQ 4plex method enables multiplexing of up to four samples for simultaneous quantitation to improve sensitivity and scope of proteomic analysis. Here, we describe iTRAQ 4plex labeling of human aqueous humor specimens followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) and data analysis for peptide identification and quantitation using Proteome Discoverer software. The protocol can be applied for other animals as well; however, pooling of specimens may be required to obtain sufficient amount of protein for labeling.

An Upgrade Pinning Block: A Mechanical Practical Aid for Fast Labelling of the Insect Specimens.

A new mechanical innovation is described to deal with standard labelling of dried specimens on triangular cards and/or pinned specimens in personal and public collections. It works quickly, precisely, and easily and is very useful for maintaining label uniformity in collections. The tools accurately sets the position of labels in the shortest possible time. This tools has advantages including rapid processing, cost effectiveness, light weight, and high accuracy, compared to conventional methods. It is fully customisable, compact, and does not require specialist equipment to assemble. Conventional methods generally require locating holes on the pinning block surface when labelling with a resulting risk to damage of the specimens. Insects of different orders can be labelled by this simple and effective tool.

Enzyme Histochemistry for Functional Histology in Invertebrates.

In invertebrates, enzyme histochemistry has recently found a renaissance regarding its applications in morphology and ecology. Many enzyme activities are useful for the morphofunctional characterization of cells, as biomarkers of biological and pathologic processes, and as markers of the response to environmental stressors. Here, the adjustments to classic techniques, including the most common enzymes used for digestion, absorption, transport, and oxidation, as well as techniques for azo-coupling, metal salt substitution and oxidative coupling polymerization, are presented in detail for various terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates. This chapter also provides strategies to solve the problems regarding anesthesia, small body size, the presence of an exo- or endoskeleton and the search for the best fixative in relation to the internal fluid osmolarity. These techniques have the aim of obtaining good results for both the pre- and post-embedding labeling of specimens, tissue blocks, sections, and hemolymph smears using both light and transmission electron microscopy.

A Metal-Free Method for Producing MRI Contrast at Amyloid-β.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by depositions of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide in the brain. The disease process develops over decades, with substantial neurological loss occurring before aclinical diagnosis of dementia can be rendered. It is therefore imperative to develop methods that permit early detection and monitoring of disease progression. In addition, the multifactorial pathogenesis of AD has identified several potential avenues for AD intervention. Thus, evaluation of therapeutic candidates over lengthy trial periods also demands apractical, noninvasive method for measuring Aβ in the brain. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the obvious choice for such measurements, but contrast enhancement for Aβ has only been achieved using Gd(III)-based agents. There is great interest in gadolinium-free methods to image the brain. In this study, we provide the first demonstration that anitroxide-based small-molecule produces MRI contrast in brain specimens with elevated levels of Aβ. The molecule is comprised of a fluorene (a molecule with high affinity for Aβ) and anitroxide spin label (a paramagnetic MRI contrast species). Labeling of brain specimens with the spin-labeled fluorene produces negative contrast in samples from AD model mice whereas no negative contrast is seen in specimens harvested from wild-type mice. Injection of spin-labeled fluorene into live mice resulted in good brain penetration, with the compound able to generate contrast 24-h post injection. These results provide aproof of concept method that can be used for early, noninvasive, gadolinium-free detection of amyloid plaques by MRI.

Anatomy museums of southern India and medical education: An original research

Introduction: It is now mandatory for every medical college to have an anatomy museum and the purpose of this study was to analyse the role of anatomy museums in medical education in southern India. Methods: To achieve this objective sixteen anatomy museums across southern India were selected from reputed medical colleges and all aspects of the museum were studied from specimen preparation and preservation techniques to labelling, mounting, and display of specimens using a proforma. Results: It was observed that all the anatomy museums were well maintained and had a huge collection of anatomical specimens arranged in diverse sections such as gross anatomy, evolutionary anatomy, comparative anatomy, cross sectional anatomy, embryology, teratology and plastination. Two museums also had a section for learning within the museum. Conclusion: The study shows that the anatomy museums in medical colleges across south India are well established and play a significant role in medical education. It also provides an insight into the current status of anatomy museums in the country and scope for their improvisation. The modern pedagogic practises are becoming more virtual and digitalized and several modern international museums are now digitalised and this was lacking in all the museums. The author believes that the anatomists should utilise the advances in computer and audio-visual aids to upgrade the museums to international standards. Key words: Anatomy museums; Digitalisation; Medical education; Museum techniques

Collection of gunshot wounds exhibits of the period of the Great patriotic war in the museum of general anatomy department of the S. M. Kirov Military medical academy

Thanks to the vigorous activity of the management of the Head Medical Department, and also prominentpathologists of Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army, in the first years of the war the collection and manufacturing of preparations of gunshot wounds from the fronts of the Great Patriotic War were organized. This served as more effective training for the mobilized civil medical experts in the field of military field surgery. Collected preparations after the Great Patriotic War were more than 40 years in the Militarymedicalmuseum of the Ministry of Defence of the Soviet Union where the part of exhibits lost their demonstrative properties, and some preparations became worthless. In the late 1980s, thanks to the efforts of professors I. V. G aivoronsky and P. S. Paschenko, the rest of athe collection was transferred to the department of general anatomy of Military Medical Academy and became the foundation for the appropriate section in the educational museum. The collection of preparations has been recreated thanks to the enormous initiative work from teachers of the department of general anatomy. They conceived the exposition concept and developed a multi-stage technique for restoring the anatomic preparations which had lost their demonstrative properties. This also included adequate labelling of specimens. The collection includes 4 sections: “Gunshot wounds of the locomotor apparatus” (2 exhibition cases, 73 preparations), “Gunshot wounds of internal organs” (4 cases, 57 preparations), “Gunshot wounds of the central nervous system” (22 preparations) and “Fire damage in modern armed conflicts” (24 illustrations). The collection over the years of its existence was considerably enriched with data on statistics of gunshot wounds of the period of the Great Patriotic War, war in Afghanistan, the Chechen campaign, and also materials illustrating the newest methods of diagnostics and treatment of fire damage. Now the collection is actively used as educational division for systematic studies to increase the interest in military-medical specialties and moral education of future doctors. Refs 20. Figs 3.

A NOVEL METHOD FOR COLORING AND LABELING SPECIMENS IN THE ANATOMY MUSEUM

Introduction: In today’s medical educational programs in various institutes anatomy is an essential part of the curriculum in the first year of the medical course. An attractive and innovative anatomical museum forms a vital role in furthering the interest and educating a medical student. Once a specimen has undergone fixation it is essential to color and label the specimens in order to ensure better visualization of required structures and for its proper placement in the museum. Materials and methods: We have utilized a novel method of using commercially available nail polish as a coloring agent and as a part of the labeling of museum specimens. Results: Nail polish being non- toxic and readily available can be used without causing any complications. Discussion: Commercially available nail polish is cost effective and non-toxic. Its various usages are described along with the techniques of labeling done in our anatomy museum.

Hyaluronan Metabolism in Human Keratinocytes and Atopic Dermatitis Skin Is Driven by a Balance of Hyaluronan Synthases 1 and 3

Hyaluronan (HA) is a glycosaminoglycan synthesized directly into the extracellular matrix by three hyaluronan synthases (HAS1, HAS2, and HAS3). HA is abundantly synthesized by keratinocytes but its epidermal functions remain unclear. We used culture models to grow human keratinocytes as autocrine monolayers or as reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) to assess HA synthesis and HAS expression levels during the course of keratinocyte differentiation. In both the models, epidermal differentiation downregulates HAS3 mRNA expression while increasing HAS1 without significant changes in hyaluronidase expression. HA production correlates with HAS1 mRNA expression level during normal differentiation. To investigate the regulation of HAS gene expression during inflammatory conditions linked to perturbed differentiation, lesional and non-lesional skin biopsies of atopic dermatitis (AD) patients were analyzed. HAS3 mRNA expression level increases in AD lesions compared with healthy and non-lesional skin. Simultaneously, HAS1 expression decreases. Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is upregulated in AD epidermis. An AD-like HAS expression pattern is observed in RHE incubated with HB-EGF. These results indicate that HAS1 is the main enzyme responsible for HA production by normal keratinocytes and thus, must be considered as an actor of normal keratinocyte differentiation. In contrast, HAS3 can be induced by HB-EGF and seems mainly involved in AD epidermis.