Labeling Conditions Research Articles

Exploring Mean Cordial Labeling Possible Combination Position of Vertices in Graphs: A Computational Approach

Objectives: We have developed the Python module of mean cordial labeling for the different types of graphs, like Path, Cycle, and Subdivision of Star graphs. We aim to identify the number of combination positions of vertices that satisfy the mean cordial labeling rules. We have found mathematical equations that describe the labeling behavior in these graphs. Methods: In this paper, a Python program was developed to find the mean cordial labeling of the Path, Cycle, and Subdivision of the Star graph. We have obtained the number of combination positions of vertex obeying the mean cordial labeling condition using this Python module. We have drawn the graph between the number of vertices and the number of combination positions of the vertex. Findings: We have found that the different graph types like Path, Cycle, and Subdivision of Star graph satisfy the mean cordial labeling condition. The result indicates that the number of combination positions of the Path and cycle graph fulfill the power equation Y=a*xb and the Subdivision of the Star graph meets the exponential growth equation Y=a*bx. Novelty: In this paper, a new method has been developed to find the number of combination position of varies graphs using the Python module. This computational approach will be useful to analyze the biological networking and protein-protein interaction study. Keywords: Mean Cordial, Path, Cycle, Subdivision of Star graph, Computational graph theory

Fuzzy Range Labeling of Fuzzy Star Graph and Helm Graph

Objectives: To find a new labeling technique in Fuzzy Graph Theory called Fuzzy Range Labeling. This concept helps to handle the uncertainty in graph labeling areas. Methods: Fuzzy graph labeling condition - and Range labeling condition - (that is, the edge membership value is calculated as the difference between the maximum and minimum values of the vertex incident to that edge) are used. Findings: In this study, we have found that the fuzzy star graph and helm graph are fuzzy range graphs. Novelty: The fuzzy range labeling technique was not yet studied. Thus, this new notion will motivate many researchers to study further. Keywords: Fuzzy graph labeling, Range labeling, Fuzzy range labeling, Fuzzy range graph, Fuzzy star graph, Helm graph

Effects of behavioral interventions on stress reactivity in adults with substance use disorders.

Heightened reactivity to stress is associated with poor treatment outcome in people with substance use disorders (SUDs). Behavioral strategies can reduce stress reactivity; however, these strategies are understudied in people with SUDs. The objective of this study was to test the effect of two behavioral strategies (cognitive reappraisal and affect labeling) on stress reactivity in people with SUDs. Treatment-seeking adults with SUDs (N = 119) were randomized to receive brief training in cognitive reappraisal, affect labeling, or a psychoeducational control, followed by a standardized stress induction. Markers of stress reactivity were collected before and following stress induction and included self-reported negative affect and substance craving, as well as salivary cortisol, and skin conductance response. Analyses of covariance did not indicate a significant effect of treatment condition on negative affect, cortisol, or skin conductance response. Participants in the affect labeling condition had greater increase in craving than those in the cognitive reappraisal condition; neither condition differed from control. Results indicated that, although participants were able to implement behavioral skills following a brief training, training condition did not modify stress reactivity, on average, relative to control. Future directions include consideration of individual differences in response to training and determination of whether higher "dosing" of skills via multiple sessions or extended practice is needed to influence stress reactivity in people with SUDs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

How labels shape visuocortical processing in infants.

The current study examined the extent to which labels shape visuocortical processing during the first year of life during a brief (~6-min) associative learning task. Images of computer-generated artificial objects were paired with either individual-level (e.g., Jimmy, Boris) or category-level labels (e.g., Hitchel) while event-related potentials were recorded in response to the onset of the visual stimulus in 6- (n=41), 9- (n=27), and 12-month-old (n=28) infants. Analyses examined experience-dependent visuocortical changes within and across trials, label conditions, and ages. Overall, results demonstrate that infants deploy greater visuocortical resources during the first half of associative learning trials and to stimuli paired with category-level relative to individual-level labels. Waveform morphologies also differed between stimuli paired with individual- and category-level labels and across the age groups, with more complex deflections and amplitude differences between label type at 9- and 12-month-olds, but not 6-month-old infants. The present results highlight the importance of associative learning during infancy and suggest that category- versus individual-level labels differentially direct infant attention and visuocortical processing.

113mIn]In-PSMA: high potential agent for SPECT imaging of prostate cancer

Abstract The prevalence rate of prostate cancer is very high and unfortunately causes many deaths worldwide. This study aimed to prepare [113mIn]In-PSMA as a novel agent for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging of prostate cancer. 113mIn was eluted from an in-house made 113Sn/113mIn generator in chloride form, and its radionuclide, chemical and radiochemical purities was studied. [113mIn]In-PSMA was prepared with radiochemical purity (RCP) > 99 % under optimal labeling conditions. The biodistribution of the labeled compound was studied in normal rats, showed the major activity in the urine and kidneys as the main excretion route from the body. Considerable uptake was observed in the prostate and salivary glands as the PSMA-expressing organs. These data are in complete agreement with the other published data on PSMA-labeled compounds both in animals and humans. The results demonstrated [113mIn]In-PSMA can be considered as a good option for SPECT imaging of prostate cancer.

79 - Parent and child choice of sugary drinks under four labelling conditions

79 - Parent and child choice of sugary drinks under four labelling conditions

Generation (not production) improves the fidelity of visual representations in picture naming.

The production effect refers to the finding that participants better remember items read aloud than items read silently. This pattern has been attributed to aloud items being relatively more distinctive in memory than silent items, owing to the integration of additional sensorimotor features within the encoding episode that are thought to facilitate performance at test. Other theorists have instead argued that producing an item encourages additional forms of processing not limited to production itself. We tested this hypothesis using a modified production task where participants named monochromatic line drawings aloud or silently either by generating the names themselves (no label condition) or reading a provided label (label condition). During a later test, participants were presented with each line drawing a second time and required to reproduce the original color and location using a continuous slider. Production was found to improve memory for visual features, but only when participants were required to generate the label themselves. Our findings support the notion that picture naming improves memory for visual features; however, this benefit appears to be driven by factors related to response generation rather than production itself.

Cyclohexanediamine Triazole (CHDT) Functionalization Enables Labeling of Target Molecules with Al18F/68Ga/111In.

The Al18F-labeling approach offers a one-step access to radiofluorinated biomolecules by mimicking the labeling process for radiometals. Although these labeling conditions are considered to be mild compared to classic radiofluorinations, improvements of the chelating units have led to the discovery of (±)-H3RESCA, which allows Al18F-labeling already at ambient temperature. While the suitability of (±)-H3RESCA for functionalization and radiofluorination of proteins is well established, its use for small molecules or peptides is less explored. Herein, we advanced this acyclic pentadentate ligand by introducing an alkyne moiety for the late-stage functionalization of biomolecules via click chemistry. We show that in addition to Al18F-labeling, the cyclohexanediamine triazole (CHDT) moiety allows stable complexation of 68Ga and 111In. Three novel CHDT-functionalized PSMA inhibitors were synthesized and their Al18F-, 68Ga-, and 111In-labeled analogs were subjected to a detailed in vitro radiopharmacological characterization. Stability studies in vitro in human serum revealed among others a high kinetic inertness of all radiometal complexes. Furthermore, the Al18F-labeled PSMA ligands were characterized for their biodistribution in a LNCaP derived tumor xenograft mouse model by PET imaging. One radioligand, Al[18F]F-CHDT-PSMA-1, bearing a small azidoacetyl linker at the glutamate-urea-lysine motif, provided an in vivo performance comparable to that of [18F]PSMA-1007 but with even higher tumor-to-blood and tumor-to-muscle ratios at 120 min p.i. Overall, our results highlight the suitability of the novel CHDT moiety for functionalization and radiolabeling of small molecules or peptides with Al18F, 68Ga, and 111In and the triazole ring seems to entail favorable pharmacokinetic properties for molecular imaging purposes.

A versatile approach to quality control of protein-based receptor layers by reversible, nonspecific staining for multiplex SPRi immunosensing

SPRi protein arrays for rapid, label-free immunodetection offer an attractive approach for high throughput biosensing and analysis of molecular interactions. However, their routine use for quantitative analysis requires adequate reproducibility and homogeneity of receptor assemblies manufactured ex-situ using microdispensing techniques. There is also an emerging need to develop versatile and non-destructive methods for the determination of protein surface density for quality control of the immobilization process. Here, we report on a simple, one-step method of surface proteins visualization by their reversible, non-specific staining with anionic dyes: Ponceau S (PS), Amido Black (AB) or Coomassie Brilliant Blue G (CBB-G). Using rabbit IgG antibody and transferrin as model receptors, we demonstrate the possibility of protein surface density determination in a broad range up to ∼ 3 ng∙mm−2 (for a 2D monolayer) and up to at least 12.5 ng∙mm−2 (for a 3D hydrogel-coated substrate). The ranges of dynamic response for the developed methods cover the typical surface densities required for biosensing and studies of the binding kinetics. It was demonstrated that each of the investigated dyes manifests advantages in specified applications. While CBB-G shows the highest sensitivity of SPRi response, AB requires the gentlest labeling conditions, and PS shows the highest association rate and ease of washing out, even from protein layers of high density. The feasibility of the developed method for the quality control of SPRi microarray was confirmed. The advantages of the new, dye-based, non-specific labeling method over immunolabeling in terms of simplicity of implementation and versatility have also been highlighted.

Children's understanding of demonstratives: an experimental study with German-speaking children between 5 and 7 years of age.

Demonstratives ("this"/"that") express a speaker-relative distance contrast and need to be substituted for each other systematically: depending on their relative position, what one speaker refers to by saying "this" another speaker has to refer to by saying "that." This substitution aspect of demonstratives poses additional difficulties for learning demonstratives, because it requires recognizing that two speakers have to refer to the same thing with different words, and might be one reason for the reportedly protracted acquisition of demonstratives. In an online study conducted in German, it was investigated whether children in the estimated upper age range of demonstrative acquisition (5 to 7 years) understand demonstratives' substitution aspect with familiar ("dies"/"das") and novel ("schmi"/"schmu") demonstratives, and whether they understand novel words ("schmi"/"schmu") when used non-demonstratively as labels (N = 73; between-subject). Children's accuracy was compared with adult performance (N = 74). The study shows that children between 5 and 7 years of age perform less accurately than adults in all conditions. While adults' performance was highly accurate in all conditions (between 75% and 92% correct), children performed below chance in both demonstrative conditions and above chance in the labeling condition. This suggests that children do not understand demonstratives in the presented setup. More detailed analyses of children's response patterns indicate that they instead treat words as mutually exclusive labels in any condition.

Oxidative Nitrogen Insertion into Silyl Enol Ether C═C Bonds.

Here, we demonstrate a fundamentally new reactivity of the silyl enol ether functionality utilizing an in situ-generated iodonitrene-like species. The present transformation inserts a nitrogen atom between the silyl enol ether olefinic carbons with the concomitant cleavage of the C═C bond. Overall, this facile transformation converts a C-nucleophilic silyl enol ether to the corresponding C-electrophilic N-acyl-N,O-acetal. This unprecedented access to α-amido alkylating agents enables modular derivatization with carbon and heteroatom nucleophiles and the unique late-stage editing of carbon frameworks. The reaction efficiency of this transformation is well correlated with enol ether nucleophilicity as described by the Mayr N scale. Applications presented herein include late-stage nitrogen insertion into carbon skeletons of natural products with previously unattainable regioselectivity as well as modified conditions for 15N labeling of amides and lactams.

Preparation of Radiolabeled Zolbetuximab Targeting CLDN18.2 and Its Preliminary Evaluation for Potential Clinical Applications.

Claudin18.2 (CLDN18.2), due to its high expression in various gastric cancer tissues, is considered an optimal target for antitumor drug molecules. In this study, we obtained the labeled compounds of [125I]I-zolbetuximab using the Iodogen method. Under the optimum labeling conditions, the molar activity of [125I]I-zolbetuximab was 1.75 × 102 GBq/μmol, and the labeling efficiency was more than 99%. The labeled compounds exhibited excellent in vitro stability in both phosphate buffer saline (PBS, pH = 7.4) and fetal bovine serum systems (FBS) (radiochemical purity >90% at 72 h). The uptake percentage of [125I]I-zolbetuximab in MKN45-CLDN18.2 cells is 24.69 ± 0.84% after 6 h. The saturation binding assay and specificity assay further demonstrated the high specificity of [125I]I-zolbetuximab for CLDN18.2. The long retention at the tumor site and rapid metabolic clearance at other organ sites of [125I]I-zolbetuximab were observed in small-animal SPECT-CT imaging. The same trend was also observed in the biodistribution study. Due to the excellent targeting ability of zolbetuximab for CLDN18.2, [125I]I-zolbetuximab exhibits strong specific binding and retention with cells and tumors highly expressing CLDN18.2. However, the balance between mAb's longer cycle time in vivo and targeting binding and retention ability should be intensively considered for using this kind of radiopharmaceutical in the diagnosis and treatment of CLDN18.2-positive gastric cancer.

Effect of alcohol health warning labels on knowledge related to the ill effects of alcohol on cancer risk and their public perceptions in 14 European countries: an online survey experiment

Alcohol health-warning labels are a policy option that can contribute to the reduction of alcohol-related harms, but their effects and public perception depend on their content and format. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of health warnings on knowledge that alcohol causes cancer, the perceptions of three different message topics (responsible drinking, general health harm of alcohol, and alcohol causing cancer), and the role of images included with the cancer message. In this online survey experiment, distributed in 14 European countries and targeting adults of the legal alcohol-purchase age who consumed alcohol, participants were randomly allocated to one of six label conditions using a pseudorandom number generator stratified by survey language before completing a questionnaire with items measuring knowledge and label perceptions. Effect on knowledge was assessed as a primary outcome by comparing participants who had increased knowledge after exposure to labels with the rest of the sample, for the six label conditions. Label perceptions were compared between label conditions as secondary outcomes. 19 110 participants completed the survey and were eligible for analysis. Our results showed that a third of the participants exposed to the cancer message increased their knowledge of alcohol causing cancer (increase for 1131 [32·5%, 95% CI 29·8 to 35·2] of 3409 participants [weighted percentage] for text-only message; increase for 1096 [33·3%, 30·4 to 36·2] of 3198 [weighted percentage] for message inlcuding pictogram; and increase for 1030 [32·5%, 29·6 to 35·4] of 3242 [weighted percentage] for message including graphic image), compared with an increase for 76 (2·4%, -1·2 to 6·0) of 3018 participants who viewed the control message. Logistic regression showed that cancer messages increased knowledge compared with the control label (odds ratio [OR]text only 20·20, 95% CI 15·88 to 26·12; ORpictogram 21·16, 16·62 to 27·38; ORgraphic-image 20·61, 16·19 to 26·68). Cancer messages had the highest perceived impact and relevance, followed by general health harm and responsibility messages. Text-only and pictogram cancer messages were seen as clear, comprehensive, and acceptable, whereas those including an image of a patient with cancer had lower acceptability and the highest avoidance rating of all the labels. The only identified interaction between perceptions and experimental conditions (with gender) indicated higher comprehensibility and acceptability ratings of cancer labels than responsibility messages and control labels by women, with the results reversed in men. Health warnings are an effective policy option to increase knowledge of alcohol causing cancer, with a generalisable effect across several countries. Europeans consider alcohol health-warning labels to be comprehensible and acceptable, with cancer-specific health warnings having the highest perceived impact and relevance. EU4Health.

How do emotion words impact children's emotion learning?

Previous research suggests that the use of emotion labels helps children to learn about emotions. However, the mechanism behind this relation remains somewhat elusive. The present study examined 3-year-old children's (N = 72; Mage = 3.51 years; 42 female) ability to match faces to emotional vignettes, and the role that the use of emotion labels plays in this process. Parents identified participating children as White (N = 37), multiracial (N = 17), African American/Black (N = 5), Asian (N = 5), Hispanic (N = 3), Latino (N = 2), South Asian/Indian (N = 1), Middle Eastern (N = 1), and other (N = 1), and most children had a parent with a college degree (N = 66). After a pretest, children heard either explicit emotion labels ("she feels annoyed"), novel labels ("she feels wuggy"), or irrelevant information ("she sits down") paired with a vignette and associated facial configuration. Children were then tested again at posttest for evidence of learning. Results revealed that children only improved from pre- to posttest in the explicit label condition, demonstrating that explicit emotion labels, which are likely to be familiar to children, facilitate children's learning of emotion information. Altogether, our results suggest that familiarity with emotion words from prior daily experience may best explain how emotion words influence children's learning about emotions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Enhanced collaborative intrusion detection for industrial cyber-physical systems using permissioned blockchain and decentralized federated learning networks

In the digital economy, the security of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) is paramount. Despite the deployment of various Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) in industrial CPSs, the primary obstacles to the advanced research include class imbalance, privacy gap, model homogenization, and arbitrary aggregation. Thus, in this paper, a Permissioned Blockchain-enabled decentralized federated distillation Generative Adversarial Network (GAN), namely PB-fdGAN, is proposed for Collaborative IDSs (CIDSs) in industrial CPSs. The novel Local Differential Privacy (LDP)-external classifier GAN (ecGAN) addresses class imbalance and privacy concerns by integrating label conditions into the latent space and using Wasserstein distance for stability in semi-supervised learning. Additionally, a Decentralized Federated Distillation (DFD) scheme allows for collaborative model building without data exchange, enhancing privacy and diversity. Moreover, a Quality of Service (QoS)-consortium blockchain framework with a new QoS evaluation strategy ensures reliable and effective model aggregation. The experimental evaluation demonstrates the high effectiveness of PB-fdGAN in detecting various types of cyber threats and the superiorities over state-of-the-art IDS solutions.

Impact of nutrient warning labels on Colombian consumers' selection and identification of food and drinks high in sugar, sodium, and saturated fat: A randomized controlled trial.

This study assessed the impact of nutrient warnings on product selection and ability to identify food products high in nutrients of concern in Colombia. In an online experiment (May-June 2023), Colombian adults were randomized to a nutrient warning, guideline daily amounts (GDA), Nutri-Score, or no-label condition (n = 8,004). Participants completed selection tasks between two fruit drinks labeled according to their condition, one high in sugar and one not. Next, participants answered questions about products high in sugar, sodium, and/or saturated fat ("high-in" product). Finally, they selected which label would most discourage them from consuming a high-in product. Fewer participants (17%) exposed to the nutrient warning indicated they would purchase the high-sugar fruit drink compared to Nutri-Score (27%, Holm-adjusted (adj) p<0.001) and no label conditions (31%, adj p<0.001); there were no differences between the nutrient warning and GDA label (14%, adj p = 0.087). Compared to the nutrient warning, the GDA label was slightly more effective at helping consumers identify which drink was high in sugar (89% versus 92%, adj p<0.001), while the Nutri-Score and no-label conditions were less effective. Compared to all other conditions, nutrient warnings were more effective at helping participants identify that products were high in nutrients of concern, were more effective at decreasing intentions to purchase these high-in products and were perceived as more effective. Nutrient warnings were most often selected as the label that most discouraged consumption. Nutrient warnings are a promising policy to help consumers identify and discourage consumption of products high in nutrients of concern. Trial Registration: NCT05783726.

Proteomic Profiling of Antimalarial Plasmodione Using 3-Benz(o)ylmenadione Affinity-Based Probes.

Understanding the mechanisms of drug action in malarial parasites is crucial for the development of new drugs to combat infection and to counteract drug resistance. Proteomics is a widely used approach to study host-pathogen systems and to identify drug protein targets. Plasmodione is an antiplasmodial early-lead drug exerting potent activities against young asexual and sexual blood stages in vitro with low toxicity to host cells. To elucidate its molecular mechanisms, an affinity-based protein profiling (AfBPP) approach was applied to yeast and P. falciparum proteomes. New (pro-) AfBPP probes based on the 3-benz(o)yl-6-fluoro-menadione scaffold were synthesized. With optimized conditions of both photoaffinity labeling and click reaction steps, the AfBPP protocol was then applied to a yeast proteome, yielding 11 putative drug-protein targets. Among these, we found four proteins associated with oxidoreductase activities, the hypothesized type of targets for plasmodione and its metabolites, and other proteins associated with the mitochondria. In Plasmodium parasites, the MS analysis revealed 44 potential plasmodione targets that need to be validated in further studies. Finally, the localization of a 3-benzyl-6-fluoromenadione AfBPP probe was studied in the subcellular structures of the parasite at the trophozoite stage.

Point based weakly semi-supervised biomarker detection with cross-scale and label assignment in retinal OCT images

Background and ObjectiveOptical coherence tomography (OCT) is currently one of the most advanced retinal imaging methods. Retinal biomarkers in OCT images are of clinical significance and can assist ophthalmologists in diagnosing lesions. Compared with fundus images, OCT can provide higher resolution segmentation. However, image annotation at the bounding box level needs to be performed by ophthalmologists carefully and is difficult to obtain. In addition, the large variation in shape of different retinal markers and the inconspicuous appearance of biomarkers make it difficult for existing deep learning-based methods to effectively detect them. To overcome the above challenges, we propose a novel network for the detection of retinal biomarkers in OCT images. MethodsWe first address the issue of labeling cost using a novel weakly semi-supervised object detection method with point annotations which can reduce bounding box-level annotation efforts. To extend the method to the detection of biomarkers in OCT images, we propose multiple consistent regularizations for point-to-box regression network to deal with the shortage of supervision, which aims to learn more accurate regression mappings. Furthermore, in the subsequent fully supervised detection, we propose a cross-scale feature enhancement module to alleviate the detection problems caused by the large-scale variation of biomarkers. We also propose a dynamic label assignment strategy to distinguish samples of different importance more flexibly, thereby reducing detection errors due to the indistinguishable appearance of the biomarkers. ResultsWhen using our detection network, our regressor also achieves an AP value of 20.83 s when utilizing a 5 % fully labeled dataset partition, surpassing the performance of other comparative methods at 5 % and 10 %. Even coming close to the 20.87 % result achieved by Point DETR under 20 % full labeling conditions. When using Group R-CNN as the point-to-box regressor, our detector achieves 27.21 % AP in the 50 % fully labeled dataset experiment. 7.42 % AP improvement is achieved compared to our detection network baseline Faster R-CNN. ConclusionsThe experimental findings not only demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach with minimal bounding box annotations but also highlight the enhanced biomarker detection performance of the proposed module. We have included a detailed algorithmic flow in the supplementary material.

Assessing the toxicity of one-step-synthesized PEG-coated gold nanoparticles: in vitro and in vivo studies.

To evaluate the in vitro and in vivo toxicities of polyethylene glycol-coated gold nanoparticles synthesized using a one-step process. Gold nanoparticles were prepared via a co-precipitation method using polyethylene glycol, and the synthesis product was characterized. For the in vitro evaluation, a flow cytometry analysis with Annexin V and iodide propidium staining was used to assess cytotoxicity in MG-63 cells labeled with 10, 50, and 100µg/mL of nanoparticle concentration. For the in vivo evaluation, nanoparticles were administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 10mg/kg dose in 10-week-old mice. Toxicity was assessed 24 hours and 7 days after administration via histopathological analysis of various tissues, as well as through renal, hepatic, and hematopoietic evaluations. Synthesized nanoparticles exhibited different hydrodynamic sizes depending on the medium: 51.27±1.62nm in water and 268.12±28.45nm (0 hour) in culture medium. They demonstrated a maximum absorbance at 520nm and a zeta potential of -8.419mV. Cellular viability exceeded 90%, with less than 3% early apoptosis, 6% late apoptosis, and 1% necrosis across all labeling conditions, indicating minimal cytotoxicity differences. Histopathological analysis highlighted the accumulation of nanoparticles in the mesentery; however, no lesions or visible agglomeration was observed in the remaining tissues. Renal, hepatic, and hematopoietic analyses showed no significant differences at any time point. Polyethylene glycol-coated gold nanoparticles exhibit extremely low toxicity and high biocompatibility, showing promise for future studies.

Radio Contra Harmonic Mean Number of Graphs

Objectives: To explore the least upper bound of graphs by radio contra harmonic labeling. Methods: Contra harmonic mean function or , radio mean labeling condition and radio harmonic mean labeling are used. Findings: Here we introduce radio contra harmonic mean labeling and its least upper bound, designated as radio contra harmonic mean number, by formulating the constraints. Novelty: Based on radio mean labeling and contra harmonic mean labeling, the new concept of radio contra harmonic mean labeling was established. The bounds of some special graphs are encountered here. This kind of labeling is employed in secure communication networks and is also applicable in X-rays, crystallography, coding theory, computing etc. Keywords: Radio contra harmonic mean labeling, rchmn (G), Order, Diameter, Smallest span