La Legion Research Articles

La Vie En Rose - Danièle Sylvie Aron-Rosa

La Vie En Rose - Danièle Sylvie Aron-Rosa

Prof. Masao Ota.

Masao Ota was a Professor of Dermatology at Tokyo Imperial University. He is known to dermatologists around the world as the researcher who identified Nevus of Ota. He is also known for his research on Hansen's Disease. He was critical of the forced isolation policy and the sterilization law. He dreamt of developing chemotherapeutic measures and dedicated himself to cultivating Mycobacterium leprae. Among his accomplishments, those in the area of medical mycology are particularly remarkable. His discovery of Microsporum ferrugineum, his proposal for Trichophytia pompholyciformis, and his work on Ota-Langeron taxonomy based on the findings on fungus colonies are highly regarded and earned him the Ordre Royale de la Legion D'honneur. His accomplishments in the field of mycology are numerous; he has published a total of 39 research papers mostly in foreign languages. He was a leading world-class medical mycologist of his day. This review introduces some of his accomplishments and some episodes in his life.Furthermore, Masao Ota had a detailed knowledge of art and culture. Under the pseudonym of Kinoshita Mokutaro, he wrote poems, plays, and novels. He was also a painter. Particularly, his paintings in botany during his later years were published in the book "One Hundred Flower Sketches" after his death.Ota said, "The consequence of both science and art is global and humanitarian." He was one of the greatest men of culture in his time.

Gabriel Richet (1916-2014).

Raymond A. Ardaillou1 and Pierre M. Ronco2,3 for the Tenon community 1National Academy of Medicine, Paris, France; 2Renal Medicine, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France and 3Department of Nephrology and Dialysis and INSERM 1155, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France Correspondence: Pierre M. Ronco, University Pierre and Marie Curie, INSERM Unit 702, 4 rue de la Chine, Tenon Hospital, F-75020 Paris, France. E-mail: pierre.ronco@tnn.aphp.fr B orn in 1916 during the First World War, Gabriel Richet was the fourth of a lineage of famous academic medical doctors, all professors at the Faculte de Medecine in Paris, including his grandfather Charles Richet, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1913 for the discovery of anaphylaxis. Gabriel Richet was 23 years old at the outbreak of the Second World War. He had just passed the highly competitive residency examination when he was enlisted in the French army and actively participated in the military campaign. After being a prisoner of war in Germany for a short period, he was released and resumed his activities as a physician in the Paris hospital system. During the German occupation all members of the Richet family were actively engaged in the resistance movement. His father, Charles Richet, was deported by the occupational forces to the concentration camp Dachau, his brother Olivier to Dora, and his cousin Jacqueline Richet-Souchere to Ravensbruck, and his mother, Marthe, was jailed at Fresnes outside of Paris. Soon after the liberation of Paris in 1944, Gabriel Richet enrolled in the army under the high command of General Leclerc, whose army freed Strasbourg in November 1944. In the first months of 1945, fights continued in the area of Colmar in the south of Alsace where Gabriel Richet was active as a doctor of the French commandos. He was injured, received three military citations, and was decorated with the award of Chevalier de la Legion d’Honneur by General de Gaulle in April 1945. Demobilized from the army, Gabriel Richet joined the department of Louis Pasteur ValleryRadot, where he met Jean Hamburger, whom he followed to Necker Hospital to establish in 1950 the first French department of nephrology. He worked together with Jean Hamburger for 10 years, and both are considered to rank among the postwar rebuilders of French academic medicine. At Necker Hospital, Richet introduced treatment of acute kidney injury with the artificial kidney, which dramatically improved the prognosis of acute kidney failure associated with sepsis and crush syndrome. Together with the other members of the team of Jean Hamburger, Gabriel Richet was a leading investigator contributing to the worldwide reputation of the Necker ne phrology department. He was involved in the first allogenic kidney transplantation from a mother to her son, opening up exciting new therapeutic perspectives in living related transplantation. Introducing the percutaneous kidney biopsy pioneered by Claus Brun, Richet together with Hamburger contributed to the routine histological diagnosis of glomerular diseases, including the first studies by electron microscopy. The Necker team also demonstrated that most patients with advanced renal failure died from serious electrolyte changes rather than from retention of waste products such as urea. This led Richet together with Jean Hamburger and Jean Crosnier to develop the concept of renal intensive care aimed at correcting disorders of the major fluid, electrolyte, acid–base, and other metabolic functions, thereby markedly improving the prognosis of acute renal failure. In 1961, Gabriel Richet was appointed chief of nephrology at Tenon Hospital, at that time an inconspicuous city hospital in the middle of nowhere. He immediately set out to create a clinical and research nephrology center by recruiting a team that initially included Claude Amiel, Raymond Ardaillou, and Liliane Morel-Maroger. This team was then joined by Francoise Mignon, JeanDaniel Sraer, Pierre Verroust, Pierre Ronco, Eric Rondeau, and many others. This nephrology center was made possible by a new hospital wing supported by the French state through the Assistance Publique–Hopitaux de Paris and by INSERM (the French equivalent of the US National Institutes of Health), the University of Paris, the Association Claude Bernard, and the CNRS (National Center for Scientific Research), which also supported the research. Thereby Gabriel Richet succeeded in his goal of making the nephrology center at Tenon Hospital a place of national and international excellence for renal diseases as well as an intellectual haven, a foyer intellectuel, as he used to call it. The success could be measured by the large number of fellows and visiting faculty from countries all over the world who trained or did research in this multilingual and multicultural Tenon community, a virtual nephrological tower of Babel. Gabriel Richet provided a unique atmosphere of intellecGabriel Richet (1916–2014)

Charles Frederic Rand and Robert Earll McConnell: The Men Behind the Awards

SPE Awards Charles Frederic Rand: A Life of Mining Achievement Born in Canaan, Maine, on 7 August 1856, Charles Frederic Rand was to become, according to the Engineering and Mining Journal-Press (15 July 1922), “one of the leaders in all engineering movements for many years.” Although now little is known about his life, it is evident he was a skilled leader and a man of intense drive—a self-educated engineer, president of numerous companies through-out the world, and developer of iron, steel, and manganese mines and iron mining processes. One can glean some idea of the nature of his achievements from the honors he received. In 1913, the Spanish government presented him with the Grand Cross of Knight Commander of the Orden de Isabel la Catolica (Order of Isabella the Catholic). Since it was established in 1815, this honor has been bestowed upon notable people outside Spain in recognition of services that benefit that country. In 1922, Rand also received the Croix de Chevalier de la Legion d’Honneur [Chevalier (Knight) Cross of the Legion of Honor] from the French government. Normally reserved for French nationals, this honor can be conferred upon those outside France who have served the country or advanced its ideals. The New York Times (NYT) cites, on 3 July 1921, a cable received by the American Institute of Mining Engineers (AIME) headquarters noting Rand’s “election as honorary member of the Iron and Steel Institute of Great Britain.” The NYT describes him as “one of the leaders of post-war [i.e., WWI] research in American industry.” It states further, “He is identified with the construction of railways and the opening and operation of iron mines in Cuba, besides being largely interested in mines of manganese and copper ores.” Beginning his career in the railroad industry, Rand later turned to mining. By 1886, he was president and general manager of the Aurora, Ashland, Atlantic, Iron Belt, Superior, Palms, and Comet iron mining companies, representing oil tycoon John D. Rockefeller’s interests. He went on until 1902 to represent his principals’ interests in the Monte Cristo, Washington, and Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, mining districts. Rand’s attention then turned also to steel and manganese.

La conceptualización de lo "queer" en ¡A mi la legión! Relecturas de la filmografia franquista

New research methods, as well as revision of certain streams currently facilitate reinterpretation and rereading of hidden messages and agendas in a specific political or social context. This occurs with presence of queerness in films, given that any hint of minority or deviant sexuality was ignored and passed over. This happened with films in general, since the establishment of moral codes in Hollywood, but in Spain these patterns of behavior were stronger because with mandatory dubbing any hint of difference was hid. But sometimes in order to fly certain values flag as patriotism or virility, the opposite occured. This is the case of the film iA mi la legion! (1942, Juan de Orduna), in which one of the protagonists, Prince of a central European throne, knows his best friend after volunteering to join with false name into the Legion. He gives up throne and join into the Legion again, after the military coup d'etat of July 18, 1936, to support the subversive forces. That's the way a film that defends the values of virility and machismo, offers another reading in their deep structure, which we can discern in this article.

The Spanish 'Crusade Film': Gender connotations during the conflict

Little work has been undertaken on early Francoist film music, especially those films concerned with the conflict in Morocco prior to the civil war that confronted two sides of Spain and modified enormously the development of the film industry in the forties and fifties. Although improvements have appeared in this field, and a few scholars have been interested in the influence of music on the filmic reality of the time, it is fair to say there is a lack of work from music scholars in this area.After the end of the Spanish Civil War the regime tried to establish a new national cinema that supported pro-Franco values and extolled their feats through the subjective treatment of the armed conflict. The films Raza (Jose Luis Saenz de Heredia, 1941), A mi la legion (Juan de Orduna, 1942) and Harka (Carlos Arevalo, 1941), among others, are prototype working models of 'crusade films', a term attached by Spanish film historians.I shall present here the film music context of this difficult and controversial period,...

John B. Grant international statesman of public health.

JOHN B. GRANT WAS BORN to Canadian medical missionaries in Ningbo, China, in 1890. He graduated from Acadia College in Nova Scotia in 1912 and received his medical education at University of Michigan and his public health degree from the Johns Hopkins University. He would later often refer to Arthur Newsholme and Victor C. Vaughan (his professors in public health), together with George Newman, as the men who had most influenced his thinking about public health.1 Grant joined the International Health Board of the Rockefeller Foundation in 1918 and gained practical experience in a county health program in North Carolina. He went to China to conduct a hookworm survey in 1919. In 1921, Grant was appointed International Health Division representative in China and associate professor of public health of the Peking Union Medical College. Grant believed that public health was an integral part of socioeconomic progress and that health care could be best achieved by combining preventive and curative medicine through a community “health station.” In 1925, he created a health demonstration station, Beijing First Health Demonstration Station, as a “social laboratory” for training public health professionals and medical students of Peking Union Medical College. The station, a project of collaboration with Beijing Municipal Police in a ward of 95 956 people half a mile from Peking Union Medical College, had three divisions of activities: general sanitation, vital statistics and communicable diseases, and medical services. Besides regular teaching and investigative research, the station maintained a school health service for 1800 students and an industrial medical service for 1200 workers. It also served as a health center for a population of 45 000. The health station offered short training courses for traditional midwives and municipal sanitary police.2 The courses for the midwives developed into the First National Midwifery School in 1928, which represented a significant advance toward modern maternity and child health work in China. The health station experiment was extended into rural China in 1929 when Grant and his colleagues established a health station in Ding Xian, a county of 400 000 people west of Beijing. The Ding Xian experiment integrated health work into a comprehensive rural education and reform movement. It provided affordable health care to the peasants and short training courses for village health workers. These efforts provided the models for the training of barefoot doctors and rural health reforms in the 1950s to 1970s.3 Grant’s ideas of health work on a community basis constituted an innovative experiment in the 1920s, but they matured in the following decades as Grant applied the lessons learned in China to many other countries. In 1939, after 18 years of health work in China, Grant was appointed director of the All-India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health in Calcutta and served in this position until 1945. He was instrumental in shaping the recommendations of the Bhore Committee in 1944, which provided a blueprint for the organization of medical education and health care in India. After World War II, Grant worked with international and US governmental organizations including the Economic Cooperation Administration, President Truman’s Commission on the Health Needs of the Nation, and the World Health Organization. He conducted surveys of medical care plans in the United States, Canada, Asia, and Europe. From 1954 until his death in October 1962, Grant advised the Puerto Rican government on a plan for regionalization of their health services, showing how the hospitals and medical services belonging to different agencies could be coordinated into a smoothly working system to provide even the most isolated villages with access to excellent medical care. Grant also taught as professor of public health at the University of Puerto Rico.4 Many countries awarded Grant with high honors for his contributions to public health. China presented him with the Jade Order in 1940; Britain honored him with Commander of the Most Excellent Order in 1945, France with Chevalier de la Legion d’Honneur in 1952, and Denmark with Commander of the Order of the Elephant in 1952. The United States awarded him the Lasker Award in 1960 “in recognition of more than forty years of inspired leadership in promoting the health and well-being of mankind throughout the world.”5

The genius of Roger Stanier

The genius of Roger Stanier

Boarding Schools, Women Teachers, and Domesticity: Reforming Girls' Secondary Education in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century

Rebecca Rogers is associate professor of history at the University of Iowa, currently on leave as a maitre de conference at the University of Strasbourg in France. She has published Les Demoiselles de la Legion d'honneur: Les Maisons d'&Iucation de la Legion d'honneur au XIXe si~ee (Paris, 1992) and is working on articles about girls' education in the nineteenth century. Research for this article was sponsored in part by an Old Gold summer fellowship from the University of Iowa and a National Endowment for the Humanities Summer Travel Fellowship. The University of Iowa granted me a developmental leave in which to write. Special thanks go to the following people for their comments and suggestions: Ken Cmiel, Mary Louise Roberts, the anonymous readers for the journal, and the participants in the French Cultural Studies Conference at the University of South Dakota. My research assistants, Andy Seehusen, Mark Stemen, and Sara Kimble provided invaluable services, as did Franois Debarre in the archives of the Seine.

The Name of the Rose: Meyerbeer's opéra comique, Robert le Diable

Robert le Diable was perhaps the greatest operatic success of the early nineteenth century. Its 1831 premiere catapulted its composer not only to the centre of Parisian musical and theatrical culture but also to those of every European stage 1. Meyerbeer immediately found himself at the head of what Paris saw as the German School, and secured the coveted position as Weber's successor. Evidence of the unique nature of the opera's immediate impact was extensive and varied. Gauging a work's success or failure from contemporary press reports is a familiar approach to this question, and the material pertaining to Robert le Diable is well known. In addition to reflecting popular views of the composition, the press provided a forum for the discussion of contemporary French music theatre and Meyerbeer's position in it 2. Meyerbeer was affected by the work's success both publicly and privately. Letters of congratulation survive from the civil servant, Edmond Blanc, the editor Jacques Coste, and Henri Berton. Le Sueur wrote a long letter of congratulation that ranged widely over the musical and dramatic subjects raised by the work. But perhaps Meyerbeer would have been touched most by the comments penned immediately after the premiere by his distinguished friend Alexander von Humboldt. More public approbation came in January 1832 when Meyerbeer was nominated Chevalier de l'Ordre Royal de la Legion d'Honneur 3

Conversation with Dr Pierre Fouquet.

Dr Pierre Fouquet has been a member of the Haut Committée d'Étude et d'Information sur l'Alcoolisme for over 30 years and is founder and President of La Société Frangaise d'Alcoologie. He has the considerable distinction as a civilian to be a Chevalier de la Legion d'Honneur.

Introductory Comments on Ménière's Disease

In 1861 Prosper Meniere first reported a new and epoch-making theory that human vertigo can be caused by inner ear disturbance.The probable factors which might have led him to this excellent theory can be recapitulated as follows. (1) First of all, we must consider him to be a genius endowed with excellent power of inspiration and insight. (2) Because he was a doctor in the Institute for Deafness for a long time, he saw many patients suffering from deafness and tinnitus combined with vertigo. (3) His senior doctor in the institute, J. M. Itard, had also been interested in this disease and had often told him about it, which aroused and fortified his interest in it. Itard, however, had no idea that the cause of vertigo lay in the inner ear. (4) Meniere's was an excellent, particularly attentive and thoughtful observer of patients. (5) He knew well and was extremely interested in Prof. Flourens's experiment on pigeons showing ataxia from inner ear destruction. (6) His excellent power of speculation could connect human vertigo with this pigeon ataxia. (7) Through the kindness of a doctor friend, he fortunately encountered an autopsy case of a patient suffering from vertigo and could discover the pathological change—bleeding—in the inner ear, which was unaccompanied by any changes in the brain.One of the most remarkable topics in Menierology is that his apparently lost tomb and descendants have recently been discovered in Paris. Mme. Baroness Meniere is the 5th generation of the Meniere's family. It is admirable that 5 members of the Meniere's family including him received the medal of “la legion d'honneur”.Although the existence of endolymphatic hydrops in the inner ear has been confirmed since the first reports of Yamakawa and Hallpike in 1938, the real cause of this disease still remains obscure.We speculate that its real cause is not a simple one, but a compound of several factors which form a serial or/and parallel pattern.

Entente cordiale

In a gallant gesture, the French government has recognized that British scientists can be as European as the best Continentals. Appreciating the work done by two British scientists in furthering cooperation between France and Britain it has created Sir Brian Flowers a Chevalier de la Legion d'Honneur and Professor Bill Bright a Chevalier de l'Ordre du Mérite.

The Aeronautical Industry in the Europe of Tomorrow

The Sixteenth Louis Bleriot Lecture, “The Aeronautical Industry in the Europe of Tomorrow,” was given in London in the Society's Lecture Theatre by Captain R. M. Bloch, F.N., F.R.Ae.S., A.F.A.I.A.A. Mr. B. S. Shenstone, M.A.Sc, F.R.Ae.S., F.A.I.A.A., F.C.A.S.I., President of the Society, was in the chair.Introducing the Lecturer, the President reminded the audience that the Bleriot Lectures were given alternately in Paris and London. This year was London's turn and their lecturer was a Frenchman, Captain Rene Bloch. Captain Bloch had many duties: he was Assistant Director of Aeronautics for International Affairs in the French Ministry of Defence, he was the French Representative of the NATO Maritime Patrol Aircraft Steering Committee and Permanent Chairman of the Technical Sub-Committee. He was also French Co-Chairman of the Anglo-French Naval Aviation Committee. Captain Bloch had a number of degrees, including the diploma of the Ecole Polytechnique and he was an M.A. of Harvard. He was a Chevalier de la Legion d'Honneur, a Combatant Volontaire de la Resistance and he held the Medaille de la France Libre and the Medialle de l'Aeronautique. He was a member of A.F.I.T.A.E., an Associate Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, a member of the Institute of Radio Engineers, New York and he had recently been elected a Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society. They would appreciate that Captain Bloch's background and experience was certainly wide enough for him to speak with authority on his subject—“The Aeronautical Industry in the Europe of Tomorrow.”

NATO's Firstborn: The Atlantic

The Seventh Sir Henry Royce Memorial Lecture of the Derby Branch of the Society —"NATO's Firstborn: The Atlantic" by Captain R. Bloch, F.N., F.R.Ae.S., A.F.A.I.A.A., given on 5th November 1962—was also the 53rd Main Lecture of the Society to be given at a Branch Centre. Mr. A. A. Rubbra, F.R.Ae.S., Chairman of the Derby Branch opened the proceedings by welcoming the members of Council who were present, the visitors from other Branches and, especially, their distinguished visitors from Belgium, France and Germany. He expressed the regrets of the Branch that the President was unable to be present because of his absence overseas, but welcomed the President-elect, Professor A. R. Collar, M.A., D.Sc, F.R.Ae.S., F.A.I.A.A., F.C.A.S.I., Professor of Aeronautical Engineering at Bristol University, who would preside for the rest of the evening.Professor Collar said how delighted he was to be at Derby again on such an occasion; it was also the first time he had presided at a Main Lecture of the Society. Introducing Captain Bloch, Professor Collar said that although he was not yet 40 years of age he had had a distinguished career. He had achieved distinction at the Ecole Polytechnique, and at the Licencié es-Sciences and was also an M.A. of Harvard University. Captain Bloch was an Ingénieur du Génie Maritime and Ingénieur de l'Aéronautique and held the Diploma du Centre de Perfectionnement dans l'Administration des Affairs. He was a Chevalier de la Legion d'Honneur and a Combatant Volontaire de la Resistance and held the Médaille de la France Libre and the Médaille de l'Aéronautique. From 1952 to 1961 Captain Bloch had been head of Research and Development for French Naval Aviation and since 1961 had been Assistant Director of Aeronautics for International Affairs in the French Defence Ministry. He was also the French Representative of the NATO Maritime Patrol Aircraft Steering Committee and Permanent Chairman of the Technical SubCommittee; since 1957 he had been French Co-Chairman of the Anglo-French Naval Aviation Committee. He was an Associate Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, a member of the American Institute of Radio Engineers, a member of AFITAE and a Fellow of the Society.

Sir Henry Wellcome, F.R.S

THE President of the French Republic has paid a notable tribute to English medical and chemical research by conferring the honour of La Croix de Chevalier de la Legion d'Honneur upon Sir Henry Wellcome, who has also just been awarded the Remington medal of the American Pharmaceutical Association for distinguished service to pharmacy. Sir Henry is founder of the Wellcome Research Institution and head of Burroughs Wellcome and Co., London, manufacturers of fine chemicals and galenicals, with establishments in the United States, Italy, Canada, Australia, India, China, South Africa, the Argentine and other countries. Apart from the research and experimental laboratories of the establishments of Burroughs Wellcome and Co. which have carried out many original researches in pharmacy, Sir Henry Wellcome has established a number of scientific research laboratories and research museums which are co-ordinated under separate and distinct direction, such as the Wellcome Research Institution with its magnificent new building in Euston Road, London. In these associated chemical and medical research laboratories and museums, much original work has been done to throw light on abstruse problems in medicine and pharmacy and to settle hitherto uncertain points in the history of pharmacy.

News and Views

ON April 14 Sir James G. Frazer, O.M., was officially invested by M. de Fleurian at the French Embassy in London with the most distinguished title of Commandeur de la Legion d'Honneur, which had recently been conferred on him by the French Government. This rank in the Legion of Honour is, we believe, the highest which is conferred upon a private individual, and is a fitting recognition of one who for many years has held an outstanding position in the field of thought and scientific investigation. It is a little more than a year ago that Sir James Frazer's contributions to the study of the development of human consciousness as manifested in the religious beliefs and social organisation of primitive and early man received the signal recognition of the Order of Merit. This testimony to his pre-eminence among scientific workers in Great Britain is now supplemented by an honour which will serve to remind his fellow-countrymen, should such reminder be needed, that his reputation stands equally high on the Continent, and that his lectures in France and translations of his works have made the name of the author of “The Golden Bough” almost equally familiar on both sides of the Channel. We offer Sir James Frazer our sincere congratulations on this latest honour.

Prof. Gaston Bonnier

WE regret to announce the recent death at Paris of Prof. Gaston Bonnier, professor of botany at the Sorbonne, member of the Institute (Academie des Sciences), of the Academy of Agriculture and the Council of the University of Paris, Officier de la Legion d'Honneur, foreign member of the Linnaean Society of London, and member of many other scientific bodies.

Bibliographical Notices A Manual of Etherization, containing directions for the employment of Ether, Chloroform and other Anœsthetic Agents, by Inhalation, in Surgical Operations; with Instructions for the Preparation of Ether and Chloroform, and for testing them for Impurities; comprising, also, a brief History of the Discovery of Anaesthesia . By Charles T. Jackson, M.D., F.G.S.F., Chevalier de la Legion d'Honneur;

Bibliographical Notices A Manual of Etherization, containing directions for the employment of Ether, Chloroform and other Anœsthetic Agents, by Inhalation, in Surgical Operations; with Instructions for the Preparation of Ether and Chloroform, and for testing them for Impurities; comprising, also, a brief History of the Discovery of Anaesthesia . By Charles T. Jackson, M.D., F.G.S.F., Chevalier de la Legion d'Honneur;