Las Grutas Research Articles

Tres representaciones de Arte y Geología en el reinado de Carlos III: el Vesubio, la mina de Gualgayoc y la Gruta de Posillipo

During the reign of Charles III, the search for information about the different places in his kingdom was constant. The compilation of images culminated, on many occasions, in the commission of artistic objects that were not only limited to the decoration of rooms, but also had the function of transmitting information to their observers. This occurred within the spirit of the Enlightenment, so this information was, in many cases, not easily available the observers. Sometimes the artists in charge of their representation would not have first-hand access to these natural phenomena or landscapes, so they would have to make use of images made by others in order to carry out their commissions. This is the case of the paintings Vista de la erupción del Vesubio by A. Carnicero, Quadro de Historia Civil y Geográfica del Reyno del Perú by J.I. Lequanda and L. Thiebaut and La gruta de Posillipo en Nápoles by the Real Laboratorio de Piedras Duras del Buen Retiro. The three works analyzed in this work, and belonging to Madrid collections, show the interest that geological nature aroused in various artists of the time.

Bioerosion on Late Pleistocene Marine Mollusks: A Paleoclimatological and Paleoecological Comparison of MIS 7 and MIS 5e with Modern Beaches (Río Negro, Argentina)

AbstractThe Late Pleistocene littoral ridges of southern South America, especially those of the north of Argentinean Patagonia, contain remains of mollusk shells with bioerosion traces. Eleven sites from marine isotope stages (2 from MIS 7, 4 from MIS 5e) and five sites from modern beaches from northern Río Negro Province, with 40 taxa (17 bivalves and 23 gastropods) were analyzed, in the area between west of Baliza San Matías and Las Grutas (41°S). Three ichnogenera were identified in deposits of MIS 7: Entobia, Gastrochaenolites (Domichnia) and Oichnus (Praedichnia) with one ichnospecies (G. torpedo). Six ichnogenera were identified in deposits of MIS 5e: Entobia, Meandropolydora, Pinaceocladichnus, Iramena, Caulostrepsis and Oichnus with one ichnospecies (O. simplex). Seven ichnogenera were identified from modern beaches: Entobia, Meandropolydora, Iramena, Caulostrepsis, Pinaceocladichnus, Gastrochaenolites (Domichnia) and Oichnus (Praedicnia), with two ichnospecies (O. simplex and O. paraboloides). On this basis, it is inferred that Pleistocene benthic communities were constituted from cheilostome bryzoans and polychaete annelids, together with drilling bivalves, predatory gastropods and overall warm‐water species of mollusks. Of these, Chama iudicai was found on Plicatula gibbosa from MIS 7 and MIS 5e. The record of warm temperature species suggests a higher sea surface temperature (SST) than the present one and/or the influence of the warm southward Brazilian Current affecting the waters of Golfo San Matías. On the modern beaches surveyed, there is an increase in polychaete annelids, cheilostome bryzoans, temperate‐cold species and drilling bivalves, as well as sandy substrate species, which together with an increase of Gastrochaenolites and Caulostrepsis, suggest a colder climate due to the greater influence of the Malvinas Current during the Holocene.

Abstract PR04: CRISPR-mediated PTPN2 deletion in CAR T cells enhances anti-tumor efficacy

Abstract Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cell (CAR T) immunotherapy has been remarkably successful in the treatment of B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (B-ALL). However, beyond hematological malignancies, CAR T cells have been ineffective in treating solid tumors. Novel approaches for enhancing the ability of CAR T cells to combat solid tumors are urgently required. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are enzymes that regulate a wide range of physiological processes including metabolism, cellular growth, proliferation and differentiation by controlling tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent signaling. PTPs are key regulators of T cell signaling and contribute to the maintenance of immune tolerance. Studies from our group have shown that PTPN2 plays pivotal role in negatively regulating T cell receptor (TCR) signaling by dephosphorylating and inactivating the Src family protein tyrosine kinase LCK (Wiede, Shields et al. 2011). PTPN2 also attenuates cytokine signaling by dephosphorylating JAK-1, JAK-3 and their target substrates STAT-1, -3 and -5 in a cell context-dependent manner (Simoncic, Lee-Loy et al. 2002, ten Hoeve, de Jesus Ibarra-Sanchez et al. 2002, Wiede, Shields et al. 2011, Wiede, La Gruta et al. 2014). Since CARs signal via LCK, and cytokine signaling is critical for CAR T cell function, we postulated that inhibiting PTPN2 might bolster the anti-tumor activity of CAR T cells. Here we used CRISPR-Cas9-ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-mediated genome editing to delete PTPN2 in CAR T cells. Using this approach PTPN2 was efficiently deleted in CAR T cells and the deletion of PTPN2 significantly enhanced the anti-tumor efficacy of CAR T cells in vitro and in vivo. This abstract is also being presented as Poster P004. Citation Format: Xin Du, Florian Wiede, Phillip K. Darcy, Tony Tiganis. CRISPR-mediated PTPN2 deletion in CAR T cells enhances anti-tumor efficacy [abstract]. In: Abstracts: AACR Virtual Special Conference: Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2021 Oct 5-6. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2022;10(1 Suppl):Abstract nr PR04.

Nueva información referida a la transición Pleistoceno-Holoceno y al Holoceno temprano en el extremo sur del Macizo del Deseado (Patagonia, Argentina)

El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar los nuevos resultados obtenidos en torno a las ocupaciones tempranas en el sitio La Gruta 1, área de La Gruta, extremo sur del Macizo del Deseado, Patagonia argentina. Ã?stos se refieren tanto a la transición Pleistoceno-Holoceno como al Holoceno temprano y abarcan aspectos paleoambientales, nuevos fechados radiocarbónicos, además de la disponibilidad y utilización de materias primas. Se presentan los resultados de los nuevos análisis polínicos, realizados en un mallín del área ubicado en la meseta central, cerca de la localidad arqueológica Viuda Quenzana, con una edad basal de ca. 12.500 años A.P. (14.500 cal AP). Por otra parte, a partir de los resultados obtenidos se infiere una vegetación similar a la reconstruida por otros registros polínicos del área que sugieren condiciones húmedas durante el segundo período de ocupación humana del sitio arqueológico La Gruta 1, comprendido entre ca. 11.000 y 8000 cal AP Las evidencias procedentes de la ampliación de las excavaciones en este sitio muestran la falta de continuidad entre los fechados correspondientes a la transición Pleistoceno-Holoceno y los del Holoceno temprano. En ambos períodos existe evidencia de transporte de materias primas desde otros espacios, que incluyen artefactos bifaciales, lo que es consistente con la información obtenida previamente.

MHC Restriction: Where Are We Now?

MHC Restriction: Where Are We Now?

El arte rupestre de la localidad arqueológica La gruta (Patagonia, Argentina)

En este trabajo se presentan los resultados iniciales del análisis del arte rupestre registrado en seis sitios distribuidos en dos sectores vecinos de la localidad arqueológica La Gruta (Santa Cruz, Patagonia, Argentina), de los cuales sólo dos habían sido previamente descriptos e interpretados -en forma aislada- por otros investigadores (Menghin, 1952; Gradin & Aguerre, 1983; Belardi & Carballo Marina, 2005). Los resultados del estudio comparativo entre el arte rupestre de estos dos sectores de La Gruta muestran diferencias entre ellos a tres escalas: de sitio, de panel y de motivos. Se sostiene que estas diferencias son indicativas de la existencia de dos formas distintas de marcación visual del terreno vinculadas con diferentes estrategias de ocupación del espacio en dos sectores relativamente similares de una pequeña localidad arqueológica de ca. 6,5 km2.

Evaluación de la estructura del ensamble de peces de un arrecife costero norpatagónico sometido a diversos impactos antrópicos

Fil: Jeres, Pablo. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Escuela de Ciencias Marinas; Argentina

Pigments, binders, and ages of rock art at Viuda Quenzana, Santa Cruz, Patagonia (Argentina)

The first direct AMS radiocarbon dating of two rock art motifs in separate rock shelters (VQ1 and VQ2) at the Viuda Quenzana (VQ) archaeological locality in Patagonia, has provided median probability ages of 3190 cal BP for two reddish dots, and 520 cal BP (1430 CE) for a pink negative hand. These ages are consistent with evidence of occupation of sites in the locality and in the nearby region during the later part of the Middle Holocene (8200–4200 cal BP) and Late Holocene (4200 cal BP to present), as indicated by ages for bones and charcoal from sediments in the VQ8 and VQ7 rockshelters, and the nearby La Martita 4 and La Gruta 1 and 3 rockshelters ranging from ca. 5470 to 305 cal BP (Rubinos Perez 2003; Franco et al. 2013; Brook et al. 2015). The pink hand is relatively recent, which supports the notion that such artwork continued through the Late Holocene despite changes in other artistic motifs. Characterization by Raman spectroscopy, powder x-ray diffraction, and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy shows that: 1) hematite is the main pigment in both the dot and hand motifs, 2) the reddish dot paint includes a specific type of hematite, microplaty hematite, and 3) animal fat appears to have been added as a binder to the reddish dot paint. Thus, rock art paint production at VQ involved two distinct processes. One, used to paint dots, entailed mixing a mineral coloring substance (hematite) with an organic binder (animal fat), which was then applied to the rock substrate with a painting tool and/or fingers. The second process, used to produce the hand motif, entailed using a mineral coloring substance (hematite) with no binder (or with a binder that left little chemical trace), which was then applied to the rock substrate by spraying, probably with the mouth.

Bonamiosis status in natural Ostrea puelchana beds in San Matías Gulf (Patagonia, Argentina), 14 years after an epizootic.

Between 1995 and 1996, Bonamia exitiosa caused an epizootic in San Matías Gulf, Argentina, that spread from a commercial culture site of Ostrea puelchana to natural beds located at the northeastern coast of the gulf. A mortality rate of 95% was registered in cultured oysters, and oysters from natural beds were also affected. The aims of this study were to assess the parasite prevalence in oyster beds and the demographic structure 14 yr after the epizootic. Two different oyster beds were studied during 2009 and 2010. Parasite prevalence was studied related to oyster aggregation, density, sex, and oyster size. Prevalence reached 35.3% at Las Grutas and 18.9% at Banco Reparo and was proportionally associated with density. Prevalence was also associated with the type of aggregation in Banco Reparo, where carrier oysters were more infected. Infection was independent of sex category, and infected oysters were larger than the non-infected ones. Oyster density decreased markedly compared to previous studies in both beds and mean sizes were lower, while prevalence doubled. Because of the persistence of the beds in this period, disease seems to control the population structure.

Evidence of the earliest humans in the Southern Deseado Massif (Patagonia, Argentina), Mylodontidae, and changes in water availability

Mylodontidae bones from La Gruta 3 rockshelter, which date to 11,077–10,571 cal BP (9560 ± 30–9470 ± 30 14C BP) and 9539–9466 cal BP (8540 ± 30 14C BP), indicate that the extinct giant ground sloth was in the area after it was first occupied by humans during the late Pleistocene at 12,799–12,049 cal BP (10,845 ± 61–10,477 ± 56 14C BP). Sediment characteristics at La Gruta 1 and 3 rockshelters (LG1 and LG3) suggest that conditions were wetter during major periods of human occupation and this is supported by pollen data. Lacustrine silts and clays in La Barda, and La Gruta Lagoons 1 and 3, provide evidence of an arid interval prior to about 6500 cal BP (5690 ± 35 14C BP) followed by wetter conditions. This may explain why there is no evidence of humans between ca. 7760 and 5583 cal BP (7500 ± 250 and 4770 ± 25 14C BP) either at La Gruta or at La Martita and Viuda Quenzana, which are ca. 25 km away. There is considerable evidence for occupation at Viuda Quenzana after 5581 cal BP and scanty evidence for occupation at La Gruta around 3800 cal BP with more abundant evidence after 1880 cal BP. In the last 1500 years, six radiocarbon ages show that humans occupied LG1 and LG3 before (1372–1271 cal BP) and after (539–156 cal BP), but not during, the Medieval Climate Anomaly, which may have been a time of increased aridity in the area. The findings at La Gruta show that Mylodontidae was probably present in the southern Deseado Massif after the first humans arrived but data from southern Patagonia show that it became extinct soon afterwards.

A geographic comparison of the resting site fidelity behaviour in an intertidal limpet: Correlation with biological and physical factors

Many organisms vary their behaviour in response to environmental change. In stressful habitats motile organisms often exhibit behavioural patterns that are consistent with stress-minimizing strategies. In the present study we analysed the proportions of individuals with strong site fidelity and distances travelled by “unfaithful” individuals from their home scar at different temporal and spatial scales in the intertidal gastropod Siphonaria lessoni. We also assessed the behavioural response of S. lessoni to biological pressures such as conspecific population density and food availability (assessed by measures of chlorophyll a). The experiments were carried out in the arid climate of Patagonia on the rocky intertidal of Las Grutas (LG), and in the humid climate of The Pampas on the rocky intertidal of Mar del Plata (MDP) Argentina. At each site, shells of five hundred animals were marked with epoxy paint. Movement was measured as distance to a reference point after periods of one, five and ten days. Our results showed a positive relationship between food availability, site fidelity and distance to home scar for almost all observation days, but no relationship between population density and behavioural variables. Limpets in LG were more “faithful” than in MDP. Unfaithful limpets had the same mean displacement for all days and seasons except for Spring day-1 where MDP was higher than in LG and in Autumn day-10 where MDP was smaller than LG. The present results thus show differential response behaviour in intertidal limpets probably driven by the environmental conditions in which they live.

Two Stories

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsIris García CuevasIris García Cuevas (Acapulco, 1977) is a journalist, fiction writer, and playwright. Her books include the play Basta morir in the anthology Teatro de la Gruta VIII (2008) and the short-story collection Ojos que no ven, corazón desierto (2009), which includes the following stories.

Ostrea puelchana (D'Orbigny 1842): a new host of Tumidotheres maculatus (Say, 1818) in northern Patagonia, Argentina

Tumidotheres maculatus has been reported as a commensal of Mytilus platensis and Atrina seminuda and suggested as a parasite of Aequipecten tehuelchus in San Matias Gulf (SMG). The native flat oyster, Ostrea puelchana, has been studied in SMG for decades, and no crab-oyster association has been reported. In autumn-spring 2009 and 2010, oysters were collected from four banks in SMG, and the occurrence of T. maculatus inside the pallial cavity of O. puelchana was recorded. The prevalence varied between sites, with 0-12.5% at El Sotano, 0-16.7% at Caleta de los Loros, and no crabs found in the samples from Las Grutas and Puerto Lobos. Infected oysters hosted a single crab. Oysters were infested by either one male (47.7%) or one female (15.1%). A positive but low correlation was found for male crab size and oyster size. The presence of these crabs inside the oysters could be due to the overlap of the distribution areas of O. puelchana and other bivalve hosts. Our findings may also be a consequence of local fishing. Commercial extraction of traditional hosts may have caused crabs to look for new hosts.

Neogene reef coral assemblages of the Bocas del Toro region, Panama: the rise of Acropora palmata

Temporal patterns are evaluated in Neogene reef coral assemblages from the Bocas del Toro Basin of Panama in order to understand how reef ecosystems respond to long-term environmental change. Analyses are based on a total of 1,702 zooxanthellate coral specimens collected from six coral-bearing units ranging in age from the earliest Late Miocene to the Early Pleistocene: (1) Valiente Formation (12–11 Ma), (2) Fish Hole Member of the Old Bank Formation (5.8–5.6 Ma), (3) La Gruta Member of the Isla Colon Formation (2.2–1.4 Ma), (4) Ground Creek Member of the Isla Colon Formation (2.2–1.4 Ma), (5) Mimitimbi Member of the Urraca Formation (1.2–0.8 Ma), and (6) Hill Point Member of the Urraca Formation (1.2–0.8 Ma). Over 100 coral species occur in the six units, with faunal assemblages ranging from less than 10% extant taxa (Valiente Formation) to over 85% extant taxa (Ground Creek Member). The collections provide new temporal constraints on the emergence of modern Caribbean reefs, with the La Gruta Member containing the earliest occurrence of large monospecific stands of the dominant Caribbean reef coral Acropora palmata, and the Urraca Formation containing the last fossil occurrences of 15 regionally extinct taxa. Canonical correspondence analysis of 41 Late Miocene to Recent reef coral assemblages from the Caribbean region suggests changes in community structure coincident with effective oceanic closure of the Central American Seaway (~3.5 Ma). These changes, including increased Acropora dominance, may have contributed to a protracted period of elevated extinction debt prior to the major peak in regional coral extinctions (~2–1 Ma).

On Cache Recognition

Caches are places where people store and hide artifacts, food, medicine bundles and/or equipment for their future recovery and utilization. In this paper, we discuss the existence of a cache in La Gruta area, north of Chico river, argentine Patagonia, being this an area with chronological data ranging from ca. 10,845 years to 1,450 uncalibrated years B.P. The position of the assemblage recovered at El Escondrijo site suggests that the artifacts were deposited together. The place where the artifacts were found can be easily seen and reached and, besides, it can be easily located too. Recovered artifacts differ from other assemblages of the area. The main macroscopic differences lie in the excellent quality of raw material used, which was not identified within natural sources in the surroundings, in its color and in the high frequency of bifaces in early stages of manufacture. The fragmentation index of this site is the lowest one identified in the area. Microwear analysis shows that these artifacts have very few microwear traces, which could be related to hide. These data suggest that El Escondrijo is probably a banking cache, which existence could be related to the lack of raw material of a similiar quality to the south of this area, outside the Deseado Massif.

Tidal and Residual Currents Observations at the San Matías and San José Gulfs, Northern Patagonia, Argentina

Abstract Four current time series, collected at costal locations of the San Matias and San Jose gulfs, Argentina, are analyzed for tidal and residual currents. Tides dominate San Matias Gulf dynamics, accounting for more than 72% of the variance, whereas winds dominate at San Jose Gulf, explaining approximately 70% of the variance. Tides display a dominating semidiurnal regime, in compliance with what is know from the few tidal stations available and numerical simulations. At San Matias, coastal tidal currents speed increases northward, exceeding 0.6 m s−1 at San Antonio Este. Higher order harmonics because of nonlinear interactions are large; in every sampled site, M4 and M6 currents are stronger than the diurnal constituents and have amplitudes around 5% of those from M2. At Las Grutas (San Matias Gulf), simultaneous wind observations were collected. Currents respond almost instantaneously to wind variability in the form of two modes. The first one results from winds blowing along the northwest–southeas...

Potholing: Skin and Stone

be treated alongside illnesses of all kinds. But also, caves have always had their other dark and mysterious side, as the lairs of witches and dragons. Some of these rock shelters or caves were assimilated into the Christian tradition and have become sanctuaries, as is the case at Covadonga. Caving, like dermatology, has its own language. Some of the common terms include: stalactites, stalagmites, columns. Others are less well known but easy to interpret: crawl holes, chambers, flowstones, potholes. Some are more exotic: gours, cave pearls, cone karsts, etc. Also the kit and The incident involving the Belgian caver Annette van Houtte in early August last year, in the Navarre region of the western Pyrenees, had enormous repercussions in the media and brought public attention to a hobby both little known and discrete: speleology or caving. This science is, simultaneously, a hobby, a sport, an adventure, and, above all, a passion. Caves may be naturally or artificially formed. The former are more common in areas of limestone rock formed at the bottom of seas in the Mesozoic and Paleozoic eras and pushed up by tectonic forces to form the highest mountain ranges on the planet. Rainwater dissolves the calcium carbonate in the rocks and deposits it again, shaping the most capricious cavities. Spain has a rich limestone heritage, including the Pyrenees and the Picos de Europa, which are both peppered with caves and potholes. Many are extremely well-known: El Soplao in Cantabria, Valporquero in Leon, the Drach cave in Majorca, Las Grutas de las Maravillas in the Onuba mountains of Aracena, or the Nerja caves in Malaga. Some caves were formed by volcanic action, like the famous Los Verdes cave in Lanzarote, and there are caves in granite areas produced by the direct erosion of subterranean rivers, like the Folon system in Pontevedra province, north-western Spain. The conquest and study of caves has no objective other than knowledge itself—geological, topographical and mineralogical—and the personal challenge. Now that people have reached both poles and all the highest peaks in the world, the only unknown territories left for our adventurous spirit to explore and master are the ocean depths and bowels of the earth. Entering a space previously untouched by any human being is a magical, almost mystical, event. The human relationship with caves dates back to prehistory. For thousands of years they were home to our distant ancestors, providing shelter against the cold and inclement weather, and protection from animals and enemy clans. In fact, only a few decades ago, some Spaniards still lived in caves carved out of the rock itself. It is more than likely that, at some point in time, an inhabited cave or rock shelter formed the first rudimentary hospital, in conjunction with huts in surrounding camps where injured hunters could Potholing: Skin and Stone

The diatom genus Thalassiosira: species from the northern San Matias Gulf (Rio Negro, Argentina)

This study deals with the morphology, taxonomy and distribution of species belonging to the diatom genus Thalassiosira found in the marine waters along the northern coast of San Matias Gulf, Argentina. Net samples were collected from the surface layer of the water column at Punta Orengo, Las Garzas, Banco Reparo, Los Alamos, Las Grutas, Piedras Coloradas, Bajo de Oliveira and El Fuerte from April 1998 to February 2000. Untreated and cleaned diatom samples were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. Eighteen taxa were identified. T. frenguelliopsis is reported for the first time after its original description. T. mediterranea is a new record for the southwestern Atlantic Ocean, T. mala is a new record for Argentina, and T. angulata, T. endoseriata, T. hendeyi, T. nanolineata, T. pacifica and T. proschkinae are new records for Patagonia. Descriptions, illustrations, analysis of valve morphology and distribution are provided for the species not previously studied in detail from Argentinian coastal waters. New observations on T. frenguelliopsis and comparisons with related species known to have, or suspected of having, a similar ultrastructure are also included.

Alternative reproductive strategies of Ostrea puelchana

Three reproductive strategies of Ostrea puelchana from the San Matias Gulf (Rio Negro, Argentina) are described and discussed. These relate to the degree of grouping shown by the oysters; i.e., (a) Carriage (this strategie is unique to the Ostreidae); (b) clusters and (c) isolation. Incidence of these strategies differed among three study sites (Banco Reparo, Las Grutas and Bajo Oliveira). Carriage incidence was maximal at Bajo Oliveira (69.4 % of the individuals), intermediate at Banco Reparo (49.7 %), and minimal at Las Grutas (19.7%), where clusters and isolated individuals predominate. Clusters constituted only a small fraction at Bajo Oliveira (1.1 %) and Banco Reparo (3.5%). The percentage of males larger than 50 mm was notedly lower at Banco Reparo (8.0 %) than at Las Grutas (39.3 %). The Las Grutas oysters associated in clusters have a higher percentage of males (57.9%) than at other locations and in any other type of association.

Vicente Huidobro and futurism: convergences and divergences (1917–1918)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeBSS Subject Index: COMPARISONS IN LITERATURE & CULTUREFUTURISM/FUTURISMOHUIDOBRO, VICENTE (1893–1948) Notes 1. Huidobro earned the epithet ‘creacionista’ when he gave a conference at the Ateneo in Buenos Aires in 1916. He stressed that the lirst obligation of the poet was to create, the second, to create, and the third, to create. 2. The similarity of some aspects of El espejo de agua and Reverdy's verse has led some critics to believe that Huidobro updated the 1916 edition. See my article ‘Huidobro y El espejo de agua: nuevas observaciones’, Ínsula, XXXII, 367 (1977), 1 and 12. 3. See Ana Pizarro's revealing article on this topic, ‘El creacionismo de Vicente Huidobro y sus orígenes’, Mapocho, XIX (1969), 67–71 4. Obras completas de Vicente Huidobro, I (Santiago de Chile 1964), 684. Henceforth all references to this book will be followed by parentheses and the abbreviation OC and page number. 5. Later Huidobro admitted (in a rare show of modesty) that these books were somewhat immature. He gave himself credit for some originality in La gruta del silencio (1913) where he does, indeed, come up with something new. 6. From La ville charnelle (1908); reproduced in Marinett ie il futurismo, ed. Luciano De Maria (Verona 1973), 310. 7. F. T. Marinetti, Selected Writings, trans. R. W. Flint and A. A. Coppotelli (New York 1972), 42. Henceforth (MSW, page number). 8. ‘Construction’, in Dix-neuf poèmes élastiques, OC, I [Du monde entier au cœur du monde] (Paris 1963), 80. 9. From Baudelaire to Surrealism, trans. G. M. (New York 1950), 224. 10. In a similar way cubist pictures were often hung upside down by unknowing museum workers. T'his did not bother the artists who often left them that way. 11. See good use of freed-words in ‘Orage’ (OC, 266), ‘Paysage’ (OC, 274), ‘Soleil’ (OC, 282) and ‘Fin’ (OC, 283–84). 12. The futurists strongly criticized Apollinaire for this, claiming that Delaunay had received his ideas from them. See Umberto Boccioni, T Futuristi plagiati nella Francia’ Lacerba, I (1913), 99–101. 13. Quoted in Rosemary Ann Clough, Futurism (New York 1961), 128. 14. ‘The Exhibitors to the Public’ (1912). Reproduced in Joshua C. Taylor, Futurism (New York 1961), 128. 15. Clough, 138. 16. Fundadores de la nueva poesía latir, ‘americana (Barcelona 1973), 81. 17. Historia de las literaturas de vanguardia (Madrid 1971), I, 144.