L-shaped Tube Research Articles

Experimental study on concrete-filled L-shaped steel tubular columns and beam-columns

Concrete-filled L-shaped steel tube (CFLST) is an efficient structural form for corner columns in high-rise buildings, which avoids column protrusion. This paper presents an experimental and theoretical study on the structural behavior of CFLST columns and beam-columns. A total of nine full-scale specimens (i.e., three stub columns, two slender columns, and four slender beam-columns) was tested under compressive loads and the specimen ends were free to rotate about a geometric axis. Plastic local buckling was observed for the stub columns and the confinement effect was not obvious. Flexural buckling occurred for the slender columns and beam-columns. With the increase in the applied load, the neutral axis shifted to the compressive side of the beam-column. Performance of current design codes, which apply for rectangular CFSTs, on predicting the ultimate capacities of CFLSTs was assessed. The prediction for section capacity was conservative and it was likely caused by the reduction in the design strength of concrete. The buckling curve in design codes for rectangular CFSTs was applicable for CFLST columns whereas the interaction relationship specified in design codes underestimates the ultimate capacities of CFLST beam-columns. Based on fiber element analysis, out-of-plane bending moment was found in the tested CFLST slender members and the values were quantified. A new interaction relationship was proposed for CFLST beam-columns, which exhibited good agreement with experimental and numerical results. Finally, design methods were recommended for CFLST columns and beam-columns.

Development of SIMPATEC-USP: An abbreviated impactor for rapid testing of inhalation devices

Cascade impactors like the Andersen Cascade Impactor (ACI) and Next Generation Impactor (NGI) are complex and costly due to multiple stages. This study introduces SIMPATEC-USP (Simplified Impactor Developed at the University of São Paulo), a low-cost, single-stage alternative meeting US Pharmacopeia standards for testing dry powder inhalers (DPIs). SIMPATEC-USP simplifies particle retention into a single Petri dish stage, eliminating multi-stage complexity. Its design includes a straightforward closure system for easy assembly/disassembly. A collection chamber holds a glass Petri dish with filter paper for final filtration, ensuring efficient aerosol product collection. SIMPATEC-USP also offers potential use with culture media for applications like antibacterial screening. Operating at 30 L/min, SIMPATEC-USP consists of three parts: a single-stage chamber, an L-shaped tube mimicking the trachea, and a vacuum pump. Aerosol particles are deposited onto the Petri dish via a nozzle, and the collected sample is weighed to determine drug concentration. Tested with inhalation-grade lactose, SIMPATEC-USP effectively collects and analyzes particles, allowing for rapid aerodynamic comparison of formulations, capsule retention assessment, and sample collection for drug release studies. The results demonstrate that it is possible to evaluate the performance of three inhalation devices regarding the mass migrating to the collection plate and that retained within the device itself. In conclusion, SIMPATEC-USP is highly suitable for exploratory studies and educational activities in pharmaceutical technology and pulmonary drug delivery systems.

Overall stability design of L-shaped batten-connected multi-cell concrete-filled steel tube columns under axial compression

This paper proposes the L-shaped batten-connected multi-cell concrete-filled steel tube columns (L-BCMC-CFSTCs) and presents its overall stability design method under axial compression. First, the test study is conducted to investigate the failure mechanism and load-carrying capacity of L-BCMC-CFSTCs under axial compression, and the comparison between the test result and the simulation by finite element method (FEM) in Abaqus software is carried out. Then the buckling behaviors and stability load-carrying capacity of the pin-ended L-BCMC-CFSTCs under axial compression is studied theoretically and numerically. The eigenvalue buckling analysis is conducted to investigate numerically into the buckling modes of L-BCMC-CFSTCs, indicating that slender L-BCMC-CFSTCs could mostly buckle in global flexural buckling, while short L-BCMC-CFSTCs could mostly buckle in independent chord buckling. Based on the simplified theoretical formula of the buckling loads corresponding to each buckling mode, the results obtained from FEM are used to establish the modified coefficients for the design formula of each buckling load. On the other hand, the inelastic analysis is carried out to investigate the failure mechanism and overall stability capacity of L-BCMC-CFSTCs under axial compression, which are used to develop the φ-λn curve accordingly. In addition, to attain an economical design, it is recommended that the batten-to-column height ratio should be taken as 30%–50 %, and for slender L-BCMC-CFSTCs, increasing the length of batten in the design could be more efficient than increasing the length of flange column.

A Simple Tube Escape Assay to Test Learning and Memory in Zebrafish with Minimized Habituation.

Various methods have been used in rodents to evaluate learning and memory. Although much less frequently used, the zebrafish emerges as an alternative model organism in this context. For example, it allows assessing potential behavioral deficits because of neurodevelopmental disorders or environmental neurotoxins. A variety of learning tasks have been employed in previous studies that required extensive habituation and training sessions. Here, we introduce a simpler and faster method to evaluate learning and memory of zebrafish with minimum habituation. A new apparatus, a transparent L-shaped tube, was developed in which we trained each zebrafish to swim through a long arm and measured the time to swim through this arm. We demonstrate that in this task, zebrafish could acquire both short-term (1 h) and long-term memory (4 days). We also studied learning and memory of a gene knockout (KO) zebrafish that showed social impairments related to autism. We found KO mutant zebrafish to show a quantitative impairment in habituation, learning, and memory performance compared with wild-type control fish. In conclusion, we established a novel learning apparatus and sensitive paradigm that allowed us to evaluate learning and memory of adult zebrafish that required only a brief habituation period and minimal training.

Centimeter-scale micro air vehicle using explosive evaporation due to underwater electrical discharge

Developing a powerful micro-engine capable of continuous operation is vital for a next-generation micro-air vehicle (MAV). Here, we propose a centimeter-scale MAV using explosive evaporation due to underwater electrical discharge. Specifically, by fabricating the MAV (which is tethered to a pendulum and consists of an L-shaped tube and a pair of discharge electrodes), we demonstrate that the MAV can continue to move in air with a maximum velocity of ∼0.4 m s−1. Moreover, through an additional experiment, we find that our device can be used in an untethered state by using a pair of electrodes as an antenna with a pair of external electrodes. Our findings should contribute to next-generation MAVs in the future.

Experimental and numerical investigations on cyclic performance of L-shaped-CFT column frame-buckling restrained and unrestrained steel plate shear walls with partial double-side/four corner connections

L-shaped concrete-filled tubes (CFTs) column is adopted in frame-buckling restrained and unrestrained steel plate shear walls (BRSPSWs and SPSWs) to enhance the lateral performance of high-rise buildings. Four single-bay, two-story specimens are tested under cyclic quasi-static loads. Partial double-side and four-corner connection types connect the steel plate with beams and columns. To deeply analyze the buckling behavior of the steel plates, concrete panels are installed on both sides of the steel plates for two specimens. Moreover, the concrete infill and panels were made from recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). The hysteretic curves corresponding to failure modes and characteristic capacities are reported and examined. The outcomes infer that both SPSWs and BRSPSWs reflect excellent seismic behavior. Double-side connection improves ductility, energy consumption and displacement, while the four-corner greatly contributes to the bearing capacity and stiffness. Besides, sandwiching the steel plates with concrete panels grooves the buckling of the steel plates, so the characteristic capacities are influenced moderately. In addition, the four tested specimens' hysteretic responses and failure patterns are emulated using the finite element (FE) application ABAQUS and compared to test results. The FE modeling method can simulate the failure modes and load-displacement curves. Based on validated FE models, out-of-plane and equivalent plastic strains are deeply discussed to reflect the effect of connection forms and the use of concrete panels on bucking restrained and overall seismic behavior. Parametric analyses are performed to investigate the key factors on the overall cycle performance of BRSPSWs. The parametric analyses imply that varying the configuration of steel plates impacts the bearing capacity and stiffness significantly, whereas modifying the concrete panels influences the characteristic capacities slightly. Furthermore, the columns expose excessive damage with increasing the axial compression ratio; hence, the overall seismic performance is impacted negatively. Ultimately, a design method of yield-bearing capacity is suggested and compared to the test and FE model results, showing excellent agreement.

Shock losses and Pitot tube measurements in non-ideal supersonic and subsonic flows of Organic Vapors

The present work documents extensive experimental campaigns involving the first ever L-shaped Pitot tube measurements in non-ideal subsonic and supersonic flows of siloxane MM (hexamethyldisiloxane, C6H18OSi2), a fluid commonly employed in high-temperature Organic Rankine Cycles (ORCs).The objective is to establish reliable methodologies for pressure probes usage in flows relevant to ORCs, contributing to power generation efficiency through the improvement of current components design and plant regulation capabilities.Experimental campaigns were carried out on the Test-Rig for Organic Vapors (TROVA) at Politecnico di Milano, with a total-static Pitot tube designed according to ISO 3966, in non-ideal subsonic flows at Mach numbers M=0.2,0.5 with total pressure and temperature in the range PT=1−7bar, TT=195−205°C and a corresponding compressibility factor ZT≥0.8. Adequate performance of the complete system was verified and Pitot tube behavior was found to be unaffected by flow non-ideality, requiring no calibration in the investigated conditions.A simple Pitot tube was then employed for direct total pressure loss measurements across normal shock waves in non-ideal supersonic flows at M≃1.5, with total conditions of PT=1.5−12.8bar, TT=212−233°C and ZT≥0.66. The good agreement between measured losses and theoretical ones calculated from conservation equations attests the validity of the developed methodologies even with supersonic flows.

Pneumatic system for pressure probe measurements in transient flows of non-ideal vapors subject to line condensation

This paper presents the design, construction and commissioning of a pneumatic system for pressure probe measurements in flows of organic vapors in non-ideal conditions, namely in the thermodynamic region close to the liquid–vapor saturation curve and the critical point where the ideal gas law is not applicable.Experiments were carried out with fluid siloxane MM (hexamethyldisiloxane, C6H18OSi2), commonly employed in medium/high temperature Organic Rankine Cycles (ORCs), in the Test Rig for Organic VApors (TROVA), a blow-down wind tunnel at the Laboratory of Compressible fluid dynamics for Renewable Energy Applications (CREA lab) of Politecnico di Milano. TROVA operation is intrinsically transient due to its batch nature, with a low frequency content (∼1Hz) related to the emptying of the high-pressure reservoir feeding the test section.The challenges linked to possible condensation in pneumatic lines, such as vapor–liquid menisci, hydrostatic head and mass-sink effects, were evaluated by means of theoretical calculation and experiments. To avoid these issues, a nitrogen-flushed pneumatic system for absolute and differential pressure measurements was designed and successfully tested with superheated MM vapor expanding in planar choked converging nozzles characterized by a portion with constant cross-sectional area yielding design Mach numbers of 0.2, 0.5 and 0.7. Commissioning of the complete system including a probe was performed with the first ever testing of an L-shaped Pitot tube in non-ideal subsonic flows of siloxane MM vapor at Mach numbers M=0.2 and 0.5. Measurement delay issues were identified and assessed through a dynamic testing procedure, and were solved by reducing the overall pneumatic lines volume including the one hidden within pressure transducers. The correct performance of the complete system was therefore verified for probe measurements of total, static and dynamic pressure in non-ideal flows of organic vapors. This sets the foundation for future directional pressure probes calibration and use in the characterization of such flows, as in direct measurement of total pressure losses across shocks and in testing of ORC turbine blade cascades.

Numerical study on the mechanism of spontaneous ignition of high-pressure hydrogen in the L-shaped tube

There have been reports of ignition of high-pressure hydrogen during its sudden release for unexplained reasons and ignition mechanism still need to be further investigated. In this paper, mechanism of spontaneous ignition of high-pressure hydrogen during its sudden release into the L-shaped tube is investigated. LES, EDC model, 10-step like opening process of burst disk and 18-step detailed hydrogen combustion mechanism are employed. Three cases with burst pressures of 2.16, 6.21, and 9.10 MPa are simulated. It is found that shock wave is strongly reflected after it hits the tube corner wall, forming a reflected-shock-affected region and an energy conversion region with higher temperature, greater pressure and lower velocity. Afterwards, the reflected shock wave moving forward is reflected several times by the tube wall until it disappears and oblique shock is generated. After the hydrogen/air mixture enters the corner, it extends downstream along inner wall and separated from the main hydrogen/air mixture. The reflected shock wave moving backward interacts with the expansion waves and increases the temperature and pressure again, but spontaneous ignition cannot be initiated. Three mechanisms of spontaneous ignition of high-pressure hydrogen in the L-shaped tube are proposed eventually. The results reproduce the experimental spontaneous ignition conditions and positions, indicating that the numerical models can be applied as a tool for hydrogen safety engineering.

Performance of Special-Shaped Concrete-Filled Square Steel Tube Column under Axial Compression

The axial compressive performance of novel L-shaped and T-shaped concrete-filled square steel tube (L/T-CFSST) column was assessed in this study. Ten L/T-CFSST columns were tested to failure under axial load. The experimental data were used to determine various failure modes, bearing capacities, and load-displacement curves. The test parameters included the section form, steel tube thickness, steel yield strength, and slenderness ratio. The axial compressive performance of the L/T-CFSST column proved favorable, and each square steel tube showed strong cooperative performance. The failure mode of the stub column specimen (H/D ≤ 3) was strength failure caused by local buckling of the steel tube and that of the medium-long column member (H/D > 3) was instability failure caused by overall bending of the specimen. A finite element analysis (FEA) model was established and successfully validated by comparison against the test results. Based on the FEA model, parametric analyses were conducted to investigate the effects of steel tube thickness, concrete strength, steel yield strength, and slenderness ratio. The ultimate loads obtained from the experiments and FEA were compared to the results calculated by the available design codes. A formula was established to calculate the axial compressive strength and stability bearing capacity of the L/T-CFSST column accordingly. The calculation results are in close agreement with the FEA and experimental results, and the proposed formula may provide a workable reference for practicing engineers.

Effect of new simple breathing apparatus on oxygen therapy in patients with severe and critical coronavirus disease 2019

To make a new simple respirator and observe the oxygen therapy effect of the respirator on patients with severe and critical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Based on the infectivity and hospital requirements of COVID-19, a new simple respirator was designed by the medical staff of the Department of Anesthesiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, which was applied on the 22 patients with severe and critical COVID-19 who needed oxygen therapy admitted to the Cancer Center of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology from February 15th to March 15th in 2020. The new simple respirator contained two National Utility Model Patents (a respirator: ZL 2015 2 0410623.6, a fluid switch and oxygen suction device: ZL 2017 2 0873509.6), which was mainly composed of anesthesia mask and filter, L-shaped connecting tube, soft breathing bladder, connecting tube and elastic fixing belt. When in use, the anesthesia mask was fixed to the patient's mouth and nose with elastic straps, the connecting tube was inserted into the oxygen meter interface, the oxygen flow was adjusted to 6-10 L/min, and the L-shaped connecting tube was opened immediately after the soft breathing bag was full. The carbon dioxide and excess oxygen in the body was discharged from exhaust port. The oxygen flow was lowered to 2-3 L/min, the patient's respiratory rate (RR) was observed through the soft breathing bag fluctuations, and the oxygen flow was adjusted at any time. The changes of pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2), RR and heart rate (HR) before and after application of new simple respirator were observed, and the blood gas test results of part of the patients were collected. Twenty-two patients with severe and critical COVID-19 had significantly higher SpO2 at 10 minutes after application of the new simple ventilator than before application (0.994±0.007 vs. 0.952±0.017, P < 0.01), and RR was significantly lower than that before application (times/min: 27.59±3.63 vs. 29.64±3.81, P < 0.01); after 1 day of application, each index was further improved. All 13 patients who received blood gas analysis indicated no carbon dioxide accumulation. The new simple respirator can significantly improve the oxygen therapy effect of patients with severe and critical COVID-19. At the same time, 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) can be filtered through the filter to reduce the formation of aerosol and protect the medical staff and patients.

A novel differential lubrication method for push-bending of L-shaped thin-walled tube with 1D bending radius

A novel differential lubrication method for push-bending of L-shaped thin-walled tube with 1D bending radius

Resistance of special-shaped concrete-filled steel tube columns under compression and bending

Design procedures for L-shaped and T-shaped concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) columns subjected to bending and compression loading scenarios were developed through parametric study using finite element (FE) models verified by existing experimental results. The finite element study on this special-shaped CFST column subjected to pure bending considered parameters of steel-to-concrete ratio α, steel yield strength fy, concrete strength fck, and column limb width-to-thickness ratio B/tw (H/tw). For their behavior under eccentric compression, additional parameters of section stiffening pattern, loading angel θ, eccentricity, and axial compression ratio were included. Parametric analysis results show that steel-to-concrete ratio α, steel yield strength fy and column limb width-to-thickness ratio B/tw (H/tw) have obvious influences on the flexural resistances of the special-shaped CFST columns, while concrete strength fck has a small effect and can be ignored. The column limb width-to-thickness ratio B/tw, steel to concrete ratio α, steel yield strength fy, concrete compressive strength fck, loading angle θ, eccentricity e and section stiffening type have significant effects on the N-M correlation curves, and the convex portion of the N-M curves has a certain symmetry. The column limb width-to-thickness ratio B/tw and axial compression ratio n have significant effects on the shape of Mx-My correlation curves. Based on the FE analysis results, design formulae for calculating sectional flexural resistances were proposed for special-shaped CFST columns. Besides, simplified formulae were provided to conservatively predict the resistances of special-shaped CFST section and column under eccentric compression based on extensive analysis results of FE models.

Experimental study on pressure dynamics and self-ignition of pressurized hydrogen flowing into the L-shaped tubes

To investigate the effects of varying right-angle corner locations inside the L-shaped tube on self-ignition induced by high-pressure hydrogen release, a series of experiments were carried out on L-shaped tubes with different right-angle corner locations and a straight tube was adopted for comparison. It is found that compared with the straight tube, the propagation of shock wave in the L-shaped tubes becomes more complicated due to the existence of reflected shock wave. The pressure profiles detected by pressure transducers before the right-angle corner will undergo secondary rapid rise. The varying right-angle corner locations inside the L-shaped tube have a significant influence on self-ignition of hydrogen. The closer the right-angle corner is to the burst disk, the lower the critical pressure that causes hydrogen self-ignition is. Three possible mechanisms of self-ignition inside the L-shaped tubes are discussed. Nevertheless, different right-angle corner locations have no obvious effects on development process of out-tube jet flame, only the velocity of flame tip and the length and width of jet flame have slight differences.

Solvent-free electromembrane extraction: A new concept in electro-driven extraction

A solvent-free electromembrane extraction (SF-EME) device was developed. A thin polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane placed at the end of an L-shaped glass tube acted as an analyte collector and was inserted into the sample solution. Under an applied voltage of 110 V, cationic peptides in the sample solution moved toward the negative electrode inside the L-shaped glass tube and were trapped by the membrane at the end of the tube. After 1 min of extraction, 3 μL of α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) solution was applied on top of the membrane, and then the membrane was analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI/MS). The parameters affecting the extraction efficiency, such as the type of membrane, applied voltage, pH range, and extraction time, were optimized. Under optimal extraction conditions, the calibration curves of angiotensin II and Arg-vasopressin were linear over concentration ranges of 0.50–30.00 nM and 0.20–25.00 nM, respectively. The limits of detection (LODs) at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 were 0.15 and 0.06 nM with enhancement factors of 209 and 118 for angiotensin II and Arg-vasopressin, respectively. The application of this method to the determination of peptides in complex matrix solutions was also successfully demonstrated.

Remotely floating wire-assisted generation of high-density atmospheric pressure plasma and SF6-added plasma etching of quartz glass

High-density and large-volume atmospheric pressure plasma can be extended remotely by placing a long floating wire inside an Ar-gas flowing quartz tube connected with an inductively coupled coil. The discharge quartz tubes were categorized into three I-shaped tubes and one L-shaped tube. The influence of the geometrical design on plasma properties was investigated. Using the floating wire-assisted L tube, an electron density of 1014 cm−3 and a gas temperature less than 850 K were obtained at the downstream remote region. That is where the Ar plasma plume blew out from the slit at the bottom of the floating wire-assisted L tube at a distance of 140 mm from the coil center, when 100 W of a very high-frequency power (100 MHz) was applied to the inductively coupled coil. The applicability of this new L-type plasma source for large-area glass etching with a high etch rate was explored. At the remote region where the Ar plasma plume blew out of the slit of the L tube, SF6 gas was added for etching a quartz glass plate. Glass etching could be obtained over a large area of 15 mm × 20 mm with a maximum etch rate of 2 μm/min and a volume etch rate of 0.3 mm3/min.

Blue Diode and Red He-Ne Lasers Affect the Growth of Anthocyanin Producing Suspension Cells of Apple

Light is an effective factor in cell suspension culture and must be controlled for optimizing cell growth. Growth of anthocyanin producing suspension cells of a red-fleshed genotype of apple (RFA) was assessed in response to blue diode laser (BDL) and red He Ne (RHNL) laser. The suspension cells in L-shaped test tubes were exposed to short-term laser radiation for 20 min in a rotary shaker. The fresh cell weight (FCW), dry cell weight (DCW), cell volume after sedimentation (CVS), cell number (CN) and cell viability (CV) as criteria of cell growth were recorded at 0, 4, 8, 12 days during cell culture. The cell growth was negatively affected in response to BDL and RHNL compared to control and darkness, respectively. The FCW and DCW was enhanced by BDL whereas were not affected by RHNL. Also, only 30.4 mWcm-2 intensity of BDL could increase CVS in RFA cells. Changes in CN were not displayed by RHNL and BDL. BDL more than RHNL decreased CV. Cell death rates observed due to BDL and RHNL were 40.42% and 33.67%, respectively. All these results showed that these lasers had diverse effects on FRA cell growth, however, these cells were more sensitive to BDL than RHNL especially in higher intensities, presumably because of its damage to cell membrane leading to cell death.

Influence of mandrel on the forming quality of bending L-shaped hollow parts

In order to investigate the influence of mandrel on the forming quality of bending L-shaped hollow parts, three types of mandrels, which are polyurethane rubber mandrel, low-melting-point mandrel, and ball bearing mandrel. Polyurethane rubber mandrel and low-melting-point mandrel, which supposed as elastic–plastic deformable part in the numerical simulation. The effect of different forms of mandrel on the forming quality of L-shaped hollow parts, such as section deformation and wall thickness variation, were compared with push bending without a mandrel. The results show that the low-melting-alloy mandrel leads to a better formability and a more uniform tube thickness distribution compared with the polyurethane rubber mandrel and ball bearing mandrel, for the low-point-melting mandrel brings about smaller stress in the bending process. Cold push-bending trials of rectangular cross-section tubes were conducted successfully based on the finite element simulation results. The experimental results showed that the formability and quality of L-shaped tubes greatly improved compared to no mandrel, ball bearing mandrel, and rubber mandrel when the low-melting-point-alloy mandrel was used as the flexible mandrel.

A new bioreactor design for culturing basidiomycetes: Mycelial biomass production in submerged cultures of Ceriporiopsis subvermispora

Oxygen transfer in submerged cultures of basidiomycetes is a key factor for efficient fungal growth. However, conventional stirred tank and airlift reactors are not utterly suitable for basidiomycetes culturing because they promote high shear stress to the mycelial hyphae and favor rapid agglomeration of mycelial pellets, compromising the diffusion of oxygen to the inner side of mycelium. We describe an original reactor design that overcome some of the limitations of conventional bioreactors used in submerged cultures of basidiomycetes. The strategy was to use a mechanism that permits simultaneous axis rotation and air injection, being the agitation promoted by an L-shaped tube. Adherence of mycelium and shear stress is avoided once only rounded surfaces exist inside the bioreactor. Ceriporiopsis subvermispora was selected as a model basidiomycete. The most productive system employed sucrose/corn steep liquor as the culture medium and pulsed addition of sucrose during the culturing. This approach provided efficient mycelial growth (maximum of 14.1g·L–1), and avoided pH increase and pellet agglomeration throughout the fungal cultivation for 7days, resulting in a biomass productivity of 1.72g·L–1·day–1. Microscopic evaluation of chlamydospores accumulation in the grown mycelium confirmed that minimal fungal stress occurred in the cultures performed in the new designed bioreactor, contrasting with cultures carried out in conventional stirred tank bioreactors.

Notes and experiments on the statics of capillary columns

Experimental results are summarized, concerned with the statics of liquid columns in capillary tubes under non-standard conditions. Three configurations are considered: 1. inclined capillary tubes; 2. capillary effect in the horizontal branch of an L-shaped tube; 3. capillary columns in a vertical tube. The effect of inclination on capillary rise (1.) had already been explored in [1] using water in glass-tubes, and it was found that the vertical rise progressively reduces for increasing the tube inclination. This behaviour is now confirmed for n-Hexadecane (C16H34). For L-shaped capillaries (2.), the length of the horizontal branch of the tube occupied by the liquid is detected, as a function of the elevation of the branch itself over the feeding pool. The statics of suspended liquid columns (3.) is investigated for two configurations, namely: i. freely suspended columns, and, ii. edge-ending columns. In the latter case the evaporation transient is also tracked. Even if the experimental basis is limited, the results are sufficient to highlight some of the peculiar features of the statics of capillary columns under the above conditions. In particular, it is shown that the contact angle hysteresis plays a fundamental role in all the cases considered.