Kyiv Metropolitanate Research Articles

Historical and legal aspects of the formation of the academic environment in Ukraine in the X-XII centuries (economic and legal aspect)

The article examines the historical and legal aspects of the formation and development of the oldest scientific centers of Kyivan Rus at the end of the 10th and beginning of the 12th centuries. Art., as well as the economic and legal regime of their property. It has been studied that in Kyivan Rus, as one of the powerful states of Europe in the IX–XII centuries. starting from the 10th century a significant development of education, literature and science was observed, which is connected with the Baptism of Vladimir the Great of Russia, the introduction of Byzantine, canonical law and the formation of the original ancient Russian state and legal thought. It has been established that education and science gained special development under Grand Duke Yaroslav the Wise at the end of the 10th century. and the formation of the first national science center in Ukraine – the academic center «Yaroslav Academy», which was established at Sophia Cathedral in 1037. It was found that the activities of the «Yaroslav Academy» were based on both national traditions and the use of ancient and Bulgarian-Byzantine experience. It was noted that the activities of the «Yaroslav Academy» were characterized by the presence of a spectrum of scientific directions: translation activities, creation of own literary works and the first legal monuments («Pravda Ruska»). It has been established that the «Yaroslav Academy» should be considered the first scientific academic environment on the territory of medieval Ukraine, which operated in the format of reviving and spreading scientific knowledge and creating its own scientific works. It is noted that one of the important issues of the Yaroslav Academy’s activities is the study of the economic and legal regime of its property. The article analyzes the legal regulation of land ownership, including the land ownership of the church (Kyiv Metropolis). It was found that the institution of the metropolis provided for the right to independent church-administrative activity in the internal affairs of its diocese. It was established that the management of church property was carried out in accordance with the church statutes. It was concluded that the economic management of the property of the «Yaroslav Academy» was carried out by the Kyiv Metropolitanate, which had the right to manage church property, which was formed at the expense of the «princely tithe», which was deducted in favor of the Church (Kyiv Metropolis) and profits from «church courts».

Borys Grinchenko Kyiv Metropolitan University: serving people, community, society

Borys Grinchenko Kyiv Metropolitan University: serving people, community, society

ТЕОДОР СКУМИНОВИЧ: СПРОБА РЕАБІЛІТАЦІЇ ІМЕНІ

Background. In the article it is analyzed the dedication and preface to the work of the little-known in Ukraine polemicist-theologian of the 17-th century Theodore Skumynovych "Przyczyny porzucenia Disuniey przezacnemu narodowi ruskiemu podane" (1643), which is considered a bibliographic rarity. The relevance of the research of the creative work of Theodore Skumynovych is explained by the fact that it has not been studied in detail. Methods. The research uses cultural-historical, comparative-historical, descriptive and textological methods of analysis of monuments of literature. Results. The publication provides biographical information about Theodore Skumynovych, examines the objectivity of the accusations brought against him by former co-religionists, and outlines the main ideas of his polemical work. In the dedication of the work to the bishop of Vilnius Abraham Woyna and the foreword to the reader, Theodore Skumynovych briefly spoke about the reasons for his conversion to Catholicism, shared the details of his move from Volhynia to Vilnius and the difficulties he had to face. The image of Theodore Skumynovych, which appears in the introductory part of the work, contrasts with that how he is negatively presented in the complaints made by his opponents in the judicial books, which gives reason to question the credibility of the accusations made by them. The article clarifies the constants of theological and writing thinking of Theodore Skumynovych, reveals his point of view on the reasons of the decline of Byzantium. Conclusions. According to Kasiyan Sakovych, Theodore Skumynovych belonged to the most educated theologians of Ukraine in the 17-th century. Before converting to Catholicism, he was the Father Superior of the Orthodox St. Michael Monastery in Goshcha, the rector of the local school, and also a member of the metropolitan consistory. As an Orthodox clergyman, Theodore Skumynovych sharply criticized the dogmatics of the Roman Church. However, after reading the works of Patriarch Gennadius Scholarius, in which he explained the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottomans with the "Great Schism", reflecting on the Creed of Athanasius the Great, studying the works of the Greek fathers of the church and observing the crisis of monastic and church life in the Kyiv's Metropolitanate, he changed his opinion about the Catholics. The books written by Theodore Skumynovych were highly rated among famous scientists of Western Europe. In particular, his works were admired by Gottfried Leibniz, Jacob Masen and Plempius Vopisk Fortunatus.

The Use of Artificial Intelligence Chatbots in Teaching Foreign Languages as an Innovative Interactive Technology

The article explores the didactic potential of the use of artificial intelligence technologies, specifically chatbots, in teaching foreign languages. It delves into the advantages of integrating chatbots into the foreign language learning process, based on the experience of teaching the “Foreign Language (English)” discipline to the first-year students of the 024 Choreography speciality of the Faculty of Musical Art and Choreography, and the 022 Design speciality of the Faculty of Fine Arts and Design at Borys Grinchenko Kyiv Metropolitan University. While highlighting the educational benefits and interactive nature of chatbots, it also addresses their drawbacks and suggests methods to mitigate potential negative consequences such as academic integrity violations and copyright issues like plagiarism. The article offers advice on appropriate usage and adheres to relevant policies. Moreover, it provides practical examples of using chatbots in teaching foreign languages based on the use of Mizou software. The study is a theoretical research article employing general scientific analytic methods such as synthesis, generalization, and systematization. It includes a review of the related literature on the stated problem as well as an overview of the empirical experience of the introduction of chatbots in the “Foreign Language (English)” discipline. The paper defines the didactic potential of the Mizou by providing a general overview of the functions and modes of the aforementioned software and drives a reader through the personalized chatbot process of creation and customization. The provided research highlights the necessity of further investigation of the implementation of artificial intelligence chatbots as an innovative interactive technology with significant didactic potential that should be empirically tested and analysed.

Modern high school handbook: analysis of sexism and gender stereotype

The article is focusing on one of the most important problems of gender studies — the creation of modern methodological and curricular support for the educational process in higher education. The author analyses the experience of teaching the elective course ‘Gender Studies’ for Bachelor’s students majoring in Primary Education at the Faculty of Pedagogical Education of Borys Grinchenko Kyiv Metropolitan University. This course is practice-based and aims to prepare pre-service teachers to address gender issues in the educational process. Teaching this course raised questions about the content of higher education textbooks and their analysis concerning sexism and gender stereotypes. The author recognizes that textbooks on gender issues are currently linked to certain courses: gender psychology, gender sociology, gender pedagogy, gender journalism, etc. However, according to the author, a modern textbook should be comprehensive and based on the latest scientific research, deep interdisciplinary connections, and contemporary practice. The article defines the main characteristics of a modern textbook in general and gender studies, in particular: it should be comprehensive in terms of analysis when it comes to sexism and gender stereotypes, regardless of the specialty; the content of any textbook should be based on scholarly research in the field of gender studies; the textbook should show deep interdisciplinary connections; the formation of critical thinking of students is the main goal of any modern textbook, regardless of the specialty it is written for; without the use of interactive teaching methods, it is impossible to create a modern textbook. The article also discusses approaches and methods for analyzing textbooks for sexism and gender stereotypes. The author pays special attention to hidden discrimination in the curricula on gender equality of students and schoolchildren

GENDER INEQUALITY OF WOMEN IN EDUCATION OR WHY WOMEN ARE UNDERREPRESENTED IN LEADERSHIP POSITIONS?

The article is devoted to one of the main and topical problems of gender studies, namely, gender inequality of women in education when occupying senior management positions. The following categories are understood by the researchers as management positions in higher education institutions: rector, vice-rectors, president, head or director, who acts within the limits of their powers. Despite the fact that education is one of the most feminized branches of Ukrainian society, the heads of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine according to the Soviet tradition were (with a rare exception to the rule) men. The author analyzes gender differences in the distribution of power in the best higher education institutions of Ukraine according to the consolidated rating. Special attention is paid to the state of gender equality in leadership positions at the Borys Grinchenko Kyiv Metropolitan University. The author believes that one of the main tasks of gender is to find out the factors that prevent women from being active and being elected to leadership positions in institutions of higher education. The author believes that one of the main tasks of gender is to find out the factors that prevent women from being active and being elected to leadership positions in institutions of higher education. The article analyzes the scientific literature, in which the following factors are divided into «availability of offers» and «availability of demand»: «availability of offers» includes the potential readiness of women to occupy management positions in higher education institutions; «availability of demand» includes prejudices of educators regarding the leadership of women in the educational sphere, and in institutions of higher education in particular. The author examines the Gender Equality Index of the World Economic Forum, which contains four dimensions related to the subject of the study: economic opportunities for women in leadership positions; the level of women’s education and its quality; the state of women’s health and the possibility of its recovery; the degree of representation of women in leadership positions in the country. The article proposes ways to solve the situation regarding gender inequality of women in leadership positions in higher education institutions of Ukraine. As a way to improve the state of gender inequality of women in leadership positions in higher education institutions of Ukraine, it is proposed to conduct trainings or shortened courses on gender studies for students, teachers, scientists, senior managers of higher education institutions, which will help women believe in themselves, and the management of higher education institutions recognize the possibility of women’s leadership. In the future, it is planned to continue the development of this topic thanks to the analysis of the state of gender equality of women in the management positions of higher education institutions in the European educational environment and its comparison with the Ukrainian one, as well as the search for positive experience and ways to overcome the existing situation.

Talent-management as an innovative strategy of corporate training and development of personnel of an educational organization

The article presents the results of a study of the possibilities of introducing an innovative strategy of corporate training and staff development — talent management - into the educational sphere. A brief theoretical review of scientific sources on the problem under study has led to the conclusion that talent management is a human resources strategy that focuses on attracting, developing and retaining the best employees. It is of particular importance for educational organizations, as the qualifications and experience of teachers are an important factor in the quality of education received by students. Based on the content analysis of scientific papers, the author concludes that the implementation of the concept of talent management in an educational organization involves identifying the key competencies of the organization, creating favorable working conditions, investing in staff development, and developing a staff motivation system. According to the author, the implementation of talent management will help to find effective responses to the challenges facing education: overcoming the skills shortage, improving educational outcomes, taking into account technological progress, promoting diversity and inclusion, navigating regulatory changes, fostering leadership and succession planning, and creating sustainable and flexible human capital. An attempt is also made to confirm the author’s theoretical considerations with the results of a survey of pedagogical and scientific and pedagogical staff of Borys Grinchenko Kyiv Metropolitan University and the responses of a focus group of educational managers of different levels who have completed advanced training at the Department of Professional and Higher Education of the Central Institute of Postgraduate Education of the University of Educational Management. The study has actualized the need to explore innovative ways of developing talents in the field of education, taking into account the essential features of the educational sphere, social expectations from the results of its activities, requirements for professionalism and competence of a modern teacher

METHODOLOGICAL FEATURES OF USING COMICS IN PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHER TRAINING

The article examines the peculiarities of preparing primary school teachers to create educational comics and the possibility of using them in the educational process of primary school as a technology for visualising educational material. It analyses scientific sources in order to understand modern pedagogical approaches to the use of digital resources for the organisation of the studied process in higher education institutions. The domestic and foreign pedagogical experience of using educational comics in education is generalised. The current state of future teachers' readiness to apply pedagogical cases of creating and implementing media products for educational purposes is determined. The modern online resources used to organise the work of teachers in the development and implementation of educational media products for the NUS are analysed and systematised. The authors describe the age restrictions on the use of digital resources, the openness of programs and restrictions on their use, the convenience and sufficiency of ready-made templates of characters and scenes in the program, etc. The authors presented a methodology for creating educational comics, taking into account the technical capabilities of existing digital resources. They demonstrated the benefits of using comics in the educational process of training primary school teachers in the classes of the courses "Information and Technology Education with Teaching Methods" and "Information and Technology Education" and at meetings of the NUS Mentoring Studio. The article presents a selection and analysis of the available platforms for creating comics, which are most often used by educators in the educational process. A detailed analysis of modern digital resources has made it possible to identify the peculiarities of their use in the process of professional training of future teachers in the current conditions of martial law in order to develop the professional competencies of students. The study was conducted at the Faculty of Pedagogical Education of Borys Grinchenko Kyiv Metropolitan University during the organisation of the educational process and student internships in general secondary education institutions. Student works, surveys and observations made it possible to identify effective digital platforms for creating and using comics in school practice (in particular, Canva, Pixton, StoryboardThat, My Storybook) by students of speciality 013 "Primary Education".

ACADEMIC RESILIENCE OF STUDENTS. VERIFICATION OF THE ADAPTATION OF THE UKRAINIAN VERSION OF THE ACADEMIC RESILIENCE SCALE (ARS-30ukr ) AMONG FIRST-YEAR STUDENTS OF BORYS GRINCHENKO KYIV METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY

Introduction. When studying the academic resilience of students, well-known scientists mainly use the Academic Resilience Scale, ARS-30. A review of available Internet sources shows that such a study is taking place in Ukraine for the first time. The aim of the study is to check the reliability of the Ukrainian version of the Academic Resilience Scale (ARS-30ukr) for students of higher educational institutions and to compare it with other studies regarding its validity. Material and methods. With their consent, 400 students who studied in the first year of Borys Grinchenko Kyiv Metropolitan University were examined. The age of the examinees is 17-18 years, 80.3% are women, 19.7% are men. The survey was conducted according to the Ukrainian version of the Academic Resilience Scale (ARS-30ukr), the translation and previous research on its adequacy for the Ukrainian-speaking environment are our own. IBM SPSS Statistics software was used for statistical data processing. Results. The connections of the elements of the correlation matrix with high statistical significance (Determinant = 2.187E-11) were studied. Additional tests indicate sufficient adequacy (Kaiser-Meier-Olkin test = 0.972) and high sphericity (Barlett's test = 9527.9, p ˂ 0.001) of the sample. Cronbach's alpha, which is a reliability coefficient and a measure of the internal consistency of the items, for the subscale "perseverance" is excellent and is 0.95, for the subscales "reflecting and adaptive help-seeking" and "negative affect and emotional response" is good and is 0.90 and 0.85, respectively. Conclusions. The established values of the criteria of reliability and structural validity of the Ukrainian version of the Academic Resilience Scale (ARS-30ukr) testify to its good psychometric properties for the case study of students. The Ukrainian-language version of the ARS-30ukr questionnaire can be recommended for use in a Ukrainian-speaking social environment to study the academic resilience of higher education applicants.

FOREIGN LANGUAGE EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF A MODERN UNIVERSITY IN UKRAINE

Most universities strive to create a favourable educational environment according to modern trends and requirements. The paper analyzes and systematizes the essence of the concepts «educational environment» and «foreign-language environment» based on the research of Ukrainian and foreign scholars. Drawing on the typology of educational environments, the authors of the paper refine the understanding of the concept of a «foreign-language educational environment» based on the literature reviews. Considering the challenges of the present, caused by COVID-19, the post-COVID era, and the war in Ukraine, the factors influencing the transformation of the modern educational environment are presented and discussed. The paper organizes existing research on the explored problem and presents the authors’ vision of the contemporary educational environment of a university under modern conditions. It includes the description of technologies used to address various educational needs and to meet the technological requirements. Therefore, the typical features of such an educational environment are personalization, flexibility, engagement, interactivity, availability, and multisensory and multimode experience. The creation of the aforementioned environment is possible due to specific training of the current academic staff and encouragement and professional training of future pedagogues. The experience revealed in the paper is based on the authors’ work at the Faculty of Pedagogical Education of Borys Grinchenko Kyiv Metropolitan University, specifically with the students of specialties 012 Preschool Education and 013 Primary Education foreign language training.

THE CONCEPT OF «MEDIA DESIGN» IN SCIENTIFIC AND DICTIONARY DISCOURSES (material for the dictionary article of the electronic educational resource «Lexical Minimum of Mеdia Scientist»)

The active usage of the concept of «media design» in the modern information space highlights the problem of its definition and lexicographical fixation. Among various types of dictionaries, consolidated ones are singled out. Special attention is drawn to those in which definitions of field concepts or philological interpretations of specific terms that denote them are gathered through information search methods and are compiled and ordered from scientific and lexicographical works. The article analyzes the main features and definitions of the concept of «media design» as documented in scientific and lexicographical works and reference sources. The specifics of the functioning of the corresponding term, its origin, and use in professional texts are revealed. The method of systematization and comparison of the collected material helped identify contextual synonyms used by design professionals. Through definitive analysis, the main features of the concept of «media design» are clarified, and its definition is proposed. The application of data visualization method enabled the creation of a presentation and video clip for a visual representation of information about media design and related concepts. The inventoried material has been adapted for a dictionary article in the electronic educational resource (EER) «Lexical Minimum of Mеdia Scientist» (as one of the research areas of the collective topic «Media Studies in Scientific and Educational Discourses»), which is being developed and filled by faculty members and students of the Faculty of Journalism at the Boris Grinchenko Kyiv Metropolitan University. According to the developed template of the dictionary article, the primary data were systematized, unified and converted to EER. The author's definitions of the concept of «media design» form five vectors of relations (three vectors of systemic and two vectors of non-systemic relations) through which scholars interpret the analyzed concept, requiring standardization and lexicographical fixation in dictionaries.

Artificial Intelligence in Education: Use Without Violating the Principles of Academic Integrity

The article substantiates the relevance of issues related to the development of artificial intelligence, which allowed to form a clear understanding of modern AI tools. The prerequisites for the emergence and features of artificial intelligence as an international product are summarized. The author analyzes current trends in the field of artificial intelligence technologies. A list of popular AI technologies is presented and the current state of application of AI technologies by higher education students is determined. The article presents the results of a survey of higher education students of the Faculty of Pedagogical Education of Borys Grinchenko Kyiv Metropolitan University. The peculiarities of the use of artificial intelligence technologies by higher education students are determined. The advantages and negative consequences of the use of artificial intelligence in the education system are considered. The key issues related to the ethics of using AI in accordance with the principles and norms of academic integrity are described.

Engravings by Hryhorii Levytskyi, associated with the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy

The publication attempts to analyse the engravings of the prominent Ukrainian master Hryhorii Levytskyi and his contacts with the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. The article presents biographical information about the master, including his probable education at the Academy.A group of so-called engraved theses dedicated to Kyivan leaders is analysed. Attention is paid to the analysis of a previously unknown engraving depicting the Virgin Mary and Divine Infant. The frame of this engraving was used in the decoration of the title page of Mytrofan Dovhalevskyi’s manuscript lectures on poetics of 1736.The reattribution of the frame prompted a more thorough review of other examples of engraved copperplate frames in Levytskyi’s creative heritage, including the so-called «frame for theatre posters» of 1735 and the engraving used for the title of «The Journey to Jerusalem» 1751 by Serapion Kadianov-Mnozhynskyi. Both of these frames are not separate works but were made to illustrate panegyric texts of the academic circles, which were either not printed or not discovered and require further research. Similarly, the unsigned engraving, depicting the Epiphany, on the back of the title of «The Journey to Jerusalem» is probably made by Levytskyi and was intended to illustrate a text related to the Academy. The correct spelling of the surname of the author of «The Journey to Jerusalem», Serapion Kadian (or Kadianov)-Mnozhynskyi, was established. Also, by analogy, a version of the toponymic origin of the engraver Hryhorii Levytskyi’s surname was proposed.The study of the engravings in the context of the history of their use traces Hryhorii Levytskyi’s contacts with the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, its teachers and students, including Hilarion Negrebetskyi, Mytrofan Dovhalevskyi, Mykhailo Kozachynskyi, Sylvester Kuliabka, Damian Halakhovskyi, Ambrose Negrebetskyi, Serapion Mnohynynskyi Kadyanov, Yosyp Narodovskyi, and others. It is also recorded that the cultural environment of the time, which functioned around the Academy and to which H. Levytskyi belonged, was united thanks to the efforts of its patron and developer, Kyiv Metropolitan Raphael Zaborovsky.

Church union: the quandaries over acceptance of the Union of Brest (1595–96)

ABSTRACT The Union of Brest of 1595–96 brought many of the hierarchs, clergy, and faithful of the Orthodox Kyiv Metropolitanate into the Catholic Church. Yet from the first, large segments of the church in the Ukrainian and Belarusian lands of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth rejected the Union. This paper poses the question of why there was resistance to the Union by presenting counterfactual premises of what the chances for the Union would have been 30 years earlier and 30 years later. It suggests that care must be taken in understanding terminology on religious issues within the context of the period and in taking into account varying usages by clergy and laity. It maintains that increasing attention to Catholicism and Orthodoxy as confessions transformed the environment in which attempts to carry out the Union occurred. Before the Khmel′nyts′kyi Uprising of 1648, many of the participants of the discussions on the Union sought to maintain the unity of all Ruthenians through compromise. After the violent uprising, the formation of the Cossack Hetmanate, and the decline of tolerance in the Commonwealth, attempts at union took place in an atmosphere of heightened confessional allegiance and the more forceful intervention of political authorities in religious affairs.

De Facto or De Iure? Ukrainian Autocephaly as a Contentious Issue in Orthodoxy

The purpose of this article is to present the contentious issue of Ukrainian autocephaly in today’s Orthodox Church. The topic is developed in four sections. Firstly, the method of proclaiming autocephaly in the Orthodox Church is presented. Then the history of establishing Ukrainian autocephaly is shown. The third section presents the problems related to the recognition of Ukrainian autocephaly in the Orthodox world. The final section sums up the results of the reflection and draws conclusions. They demonstrate that the Orthodox Church does not have unambiguous canonical regulations on the establishment of autocephaly, resulting in controversies surrounding Ukrainian autocephaly. The controversies consist especially of three theological-canonical issues: (1) the jurisdictional affiliation of the Kyiv Metropolitan See; (2) the manner of establishing Ukrainian autocephaly; and (3) the validity of the ordination of certain clergy of the new Ukrainian Orthodox Church. Finally, it is concluded that a definitive solution to the contentious issue of Ukrainian autocephaly requires agreement at the level of the whole Orthodox Church.

O przemówieniu Grzegorza Cambłaka na soborze w Konstancji

Several sources report Gregory Tsamblak’s journey to the Council of Constance. His journey to the Council was arranged by the Grand Duke Alexander Vytautas. Before the trip to Constance, the Synod of Ruthenian Bishops in Navahrudak elected Tsamblak as Metropolitan. The synod deposed Metropolitan Photios, who remained mostly in Moscow, ignoring the Lithuanian and Polish bishoprics. The bishops gathered in Navarhudak accused Photios of stealing Church treasures from Kyiv. In many historical summaries of the Kyivan Metropolitanate written in the seveteenth and eighteenth centuries, the information about the Council of Navarudak was repeated. The story of the Synod and the deposition of Metropolitan Photius became one of the cornerstones for establishing the autocephaly of the Kievan Metropolitanate. Gregory Tsamblak, upon his arrival in Constance, proclaimed in his speech the intention of Church union. There are two versions of his speech that have survived to this day: Ruthenian and Latin. The article examines both in a comparative approach. The Latin version of Tsamblak’s speech was included into the documents of the Council. The Ruthenian version is contained in the manuscript that belonged to St. Josaphat Kuntsevich. In his speech, Metropolitan Gregory Tsamblak not only called for union, but also proposed that a special session be held to resolve the contradictions between Catholics and Orthodox. The chronicle of Ulrich Richenthal records the visit of the Ruthenian delegation to the Council. Two letters by Metropolitan Photius of Metropolitan of Kyiv and All Russia have survived in the manuscript. In the first letter, the metropolitan criticised the election of Gregory Tsamblak in Navahrudak. In the second, written in the 1420s, he asked for the re-recognition of his authority in the Metropolitanate of Kyiv. The source documents on the Council of Constance preserved the information about Tsamblak’s speech delivered at the Council in 1415. He called for the Church union, and holding a special session to resolve the contradictions between Catholics and Orthodox. Tsamblak’s speech is also known from the Ruthenian manuscript of the 16th century, and his visit to the Council is recorded in Ulrich Richenthal’s chronicle. The information about Navahrudak’s Council was repeated in many historical synopsises of the Kyivian Metropolitanate made in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

Liturgical Items in the Churches of the Pyriatyn Protopopy in the Second Half of the 18th Century

The article, based on descriptions of church property, analyzes the state of provision of liturgical items in the parish churches of the Pyriatyn Protopopy (Archdiocese) as an ecclesiastical-administrative district of the Kyiv Metropolitanate. During the second half of the 18th century, there were 87 churches in 81 settlements under the rule of the Archpriest of Pyriatyn. The research found 19 names of things for worship described as church property of the churches of the Pyriatyn Archdiocese. We divide them into three categories. The first includes the clothes in which the priest was dressed during the liturgy, the second unites items made of fabrics that were used during divine services or liturgies, the third concerns objects made of wood or metal, which were used by parish priests.

ПРОСТОРОВІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ РОЗВИТКУ КИЇВСЬКОГО МЕТРОПОЛІСНОГО РЕГІОНУ: ВИМІРИ ПОЛІЦЕНТРИЧНОСТІ

This study is aimed to develop a methodology for assessing the polycentricity of socio-economic development and diversification of the metropolitan region functions and identification of developed and prospective centers. The article evaluates the demographic-residential, industrial-logistics and innovation, service, administrative and management, and budget functions of the Kyiv metropolitan region. The study confirmed that the region is characterized by considerable spatial disparities in socioeconomic development. This is related to remarkable polycentricity and essential differences in the intensity and diversification of the main functions’ performance. Typification of the territorial units of the Kyiv metropolitan region by the level of socio-economic development and features of the diversification of the functions was carried out. Solving the problem is based on the development of a balanced and effective spatial organization of the Kyiv metropolitan region and the amplification of a hierarchical system of centers (poles) of development in the suburbs. The latter will perform a number of functions of the metropolis and balance the development of the entire metropolitan region driven by the wide range of suburbanization processes. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the identification of developed and prospective centers of the Kyiv metropolitan region, which is an important basis for developing a strategy for the post-war reconstruction of the territory. It contributes to the contemporary discourse by the development of a research methodology of a quantitative assessment of polycentricity in order to identify the developed and prospective centers of the metropolitan region.

GEOHISTORY AND GEOPOLITICS AROUND THE WAR IN UKRAINE

          The Ukrainian state-historical tradition traces its roots back to the Kyiv state, which was the creature of the ancient Ukrainian tribes and, above all, of the most influential of them - the Polans. The Polans, who adopted the name of Rus in VI-VII centuries, were destined to play an outstanding role in the creation of the state, which developed on the territory of Kyivschyna, Chernigivschyna and Pereyaslavschyna, and in due course expanded its power to almost the whole of Eastern Europe.  By the middle of the XII century the state had entered into a state of feudal fragmentation and was actually split up into a dozen and a half principalities, ruled by different branches of the Rurikovich dynasty. Until the Mongol invasion (1237-1240) Kiev, which lost its influence in favour of the new centres of power, continued to be formally considered the main city of Ukraine.         In 1569 the The Union of Lublin (Polish: Unia lubelska; Lithuanian: Liublino unija) was proclaimed, which united the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland into one state, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Volhynia, Podlasie, Podolia, Bratslav and Kyivschina were under the authority of the new state. After the adoption of the Brest union, which legitimized the union of the Orthodox Church of the Kyiv Metropolitanate and the Catholic Church, many prominent Ukrainians began to move from Orthodoxy to Catholicism. In 1648 Zaporozhye Cossacks led by Bohdan Khmelnitsky rebelled against Polish magnates. Cossacks reached Lvov and occupied Kiev, but in 1651 they were defeated.  It was a turning point in the history of Ukraine and Russia. In 1654 at Pereyaslav Rada the transition to the protectorate of the Moscow Tsar was approved. It all led to a protracted Russo-Polish war, the outcome of which was the Truce of Andrusovo. The parties agreed that the lands on the left bank of the Dnieper River would go to Russia, and the right bank would belong to Poland. But there was no peace on this land for decades.         With the death of Bohdan Khmelnitsky a new round of struggle for a free Ukraine began. The new hetman of Ukraine, Ivan Mazepa, radically changed his foreign policy course.   During the Northern War hetman Mazepa decided to take advantage of the situation and get out from under the control of Peter I. Some of the Cossacks went over to the side of Sweden, but the Russian army won the decisive battle, and Mazepa was forced to flee.  Ukrainian lands at the beginning of the twentieth century were ruled by two empires: Russian and Austro-Hungarian. Current events on the territory of Ukraine are largely determined by its historical role. At different times different Ukrainian territories have been ruled by different states. The Ukrainian people have never been distinguished by nationalism or chauvinism; many nations of the world have lived in Ukraine at different periods of history, and none of them have felt oppressed. The historical tolerance of the Ukrainian people is reflected in both culture and ideology. Simultaneously, the Ukrainian people have constantly struggled for their own statehood. And it seems that this struggle is not over.        The Ukrainian people today have once again felt the perfidy of their neighbouring nation.  The Russian people have in fact abandoned Ukrainian statehood and the so-called DNR and LNR have been proclaimed on the occupied territories.  Nor could the Ukrainian people understand all this, and forgiveness is no longer possible! The pharisaism did not end there, Moscow recognised the so-called DNR and LNR as independent states. It is the consideration of these issues that is the purpose of this paper.

THE CONFRONTATION BETWEEN KYIV AND POLOTSK FOR THE RELICS OF ST. EUPHROSYNE OF POLOTSK IN 1832 – 1909: ON THE QUESTION OF THE CAUSES OF SUCCESS AND FAILURE

The article attempts to analyze the history of the confrontation between the Polotsk diocese and the Kyiv Metro-politanate for the relics of St. Euphrosyne of Polotsk in 1832-1909 The author seeks to answer two main questions. Firstly, why did all the petitions of the inhabitants of Polotsk for the transfer of the relics of the saint to the Spaso-Evfrosinevsky monastery until 1909 ended in vain? Secondly, what ultimately contributed to the success of the initiative and made it possible to transfer the relic to Polotsk in 1910? The available historiography of the issue is analyzed. The hypothesis is substantiated, according to which the main factor that prevented the realization of the desire of the Polotsk people was the position of the highest Kyiv clergy: the Kyiv metropolitans and the Spiritual Council of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. The success of the last petition was facilitated by the sharp aggravation of the situation in Polotsk and in the empire itself as a whole after 1905, which prompted the state to intervene in the dispute and resolve the issue in favor of Polotsk.