Kupang East Nusa Tenggara Research Articles

SLEEP QUALITY AND AFFECTING FACTORS AMONG ELDERLY LIVING IN A NURSING HOME AT EAST NUSA TENGGARA INDONESIA

Sleep is one of the processes that greatly affects aging, It essential for mental, physical, and maintenance of physical health. Kupang East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, a research study in a nursing home of the elderly experience have a bad quality of sleep. This study aimed to analyze the sleep quality and the factors affecting, among old age living in a nursing home at East Nusa Tenggara Indonesia. The research design was cross-sectional with primary data on 103 elderly living in nursing homes. There was a relationship between age, gender, marital status, spouse, education background, have a chronic diseases, living arrangement, anxiety, and depression with sleep quality (p<0.05). The correlation showed that there was a strong and positive patterned relationship (<0.05) between the total anxiety score and the total sleep quality score (r=0.608) and the total depression score with the total sleep quality score (r=0.561) meaning that the higher of the elderly felt anxiety and depression worsened for the quality of sleep. Old age who lives alone are more susceptible to stress or depression resulting from unconvenient environment where they live. High levels of anxiety and depression in the elderly are associated with poorer sleep quality.

Depression Among Elderly living in Nursing Homes

Background: Depression that occurs in older people can interfere the psychomotor activities such as slowing body movements and verbal responses. The elderly who have depression will ignore themselves and their appearance and lose interest in interacting with other people which has an impact on decreasing their quality of life. Methods: This is a descriptive-analytic study using a cross-sectional approach to find depression among older people living in nursing homes. The sample size was measured by the Lemeshow formula 95% confidence interval with purposive technical sampling. A total of 103 elderly (those aged ≥60 years) lived in Padu Wau nursing home and Budi Agung nursing home, Kupang East Nusa Tenggara. Questionnaires were distributed to study participants consisting of sociodemographic characteristics, geriatric depression scale, sleep quality, and generalized anxiety disorder. Statistical analysis used descriptive and logistic regression analysis. Results: the average age of study participants is 74.51 years old (SD ± 7.73; min-max=61-90 years old). Multivariable logistic regression model showed that female (OR = 6.75; 95% CI = 1.89 to 24.12), sleep quality (OR = 12.08; 95% CI = 1.46 to 99.65), and anxiety (OR = 3.52; 95% CI = 1.04 to 11.94) is significantly associated with depression among older people who lived in nursing homes. Conclusions: female elderly, poor sleep quality, and anxiety contribute to the risk of depression in older adults.
 
 KEYWORDS: elderly; sleep quality; depression; nursing home

Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Tannins and Saponins Contents in Moringa Oleifera Leaves

Various studies have shown that Moringa oleifera leaves have benefits in preventing disease. It also has the potential to solve environmental problems as mosquito larvasides. This is presumably because Moringa leaves contain potentially beneficial compounds. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the content of bioactive compounds in Moringa oleifera leaf extract qualitatively and quantitatively. This study was an descriptive study. The study was conducted in Kupang East Nusa Tenggara at September 2019. Moringa leaf extraction was carried out using maceration method with 96% ethanol solvent. The identification of compounds was qualitatively carried out using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) methods, while quantitative using spectrophotometric methods. Data was analyzed descriptively to describe the content of flavonoid, tannin, alkaloid, saponin. Study results showed that Moringa leaf extract had flavonoid, alkaloid, tannin and saponin components which were measured qualitatively. Quantitative measurement results showed that Moringa leaves have compounds Total alkaloid Equivalent Quinine 0,3% b/b, Total Flavonoid Equivalent Quercetin17,40 % b/b, Tannin Total Equivalent Tannic Acid 14,68 % b/b, Saponin 7,41% b/b. It is concluded that Moringa oleifera leaf extract has compounds that are beneficial for many things, both in disease prevention, larvasides and other benefits.

In vitro gas production and cinetical fermentation of a few local feed in Kupang East Nusa Tenggara

Research objectives were to evaluate and to analyze in vitro gas production and cinetical fermentation of Kupang’s local feed. The feed materials were dried and grinded for nutrient and gas produced analysis. Collected data were chemical composition, in vitro gas production, cinetical fermentation, short chain fatty acids, energy metabolic, and organic matter digestation. The result showed that the materials have different gas production. Commonly, the higher the carbohydrate content the higher the gas production; the higher the protein and the fat content the lower the gas production. Total gas productions of each material after 96 hours incubation were 53.88 ml/0.5 g DM for the high fat content feed, 92.26 and 159.25 ml/0.5 DM for the high protein and high carbohydrate content. Regarding total production, the fermented fraction gas productions were 44.662; 82.54 and 153.462 ml/0.5 g DM. The short chain fatty acids produced were 0.31; 0.51 and 1.28 mM. The feed organic matter digestations produced were 42.2; 55.91 and 68.8 % for each feed with a high content of fat, protein, and carbohydrate. Conclusively comparing with the protein and carbohydrate feed sources, the higher the fat content the lower the gas production, short chain fatty acids, and organic matter digestion.

Studi Kelayakan Pengembangan Pelabuhan Bolok Ditinjau Berdasarkan Aspek Finansial

Development of Bolok ferry port in Kupang East Nusa Tenggara Province requires a financial feasibility study, the results of which are very influential on investment projects, because every investment project that will be carried out is not always in a favorable condition for investors. This research was conducted with 3 (three) stages, namely the calculation of cash out (expenditure), cash in calculation (income), calculation of selection criteria. Primary data collected include observation data of research locations, namely crossing docks and conducting interviews in the form of question and answer, while for secondary data, namely East Nusa Tenggara Central Bureau of Statistics, PT. ASDP Indonesia Ferry Persero Kupang branch, KSOP, Transportation Agency, regarding dock fee standards, NTT Province regional layout plan, and Kupang Regency profile. Forecasting the use of the volume level of the dock with a linear method to project the volume of user use in the next 20 years, then calculate the cost of the crossing dock cash in and cash out. After the prediction of the dock crossing volume level, cash in, and cash out is obtained, followed by cash flow analysis, analysis of the financial feasibility of the dock (NPV, IRR, and Payback Period). in the future, the results of the NPV value obtained is 47,636,116,308, which means NPV> 0, then the project is declared "Eligible", IRR = 23%> i = 12%, which means IRR> from the return flow (i) desired (requirred rate of return), the project is said to be "Eligible". The result of the payback period calculation in the investment return plan is 20 years (k = 20), in 2038 the capital has returned, the return period can be said to be "Eligible".Keywords: feasibility study, port, development

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES AND QUALITY TEST OF INSTANT FALOAK (STERCULIA QUADRIFIDA R.BR.) FROM EAST NUSA TENGGARA WITH ADDED GINGER (ZINGIBERA OFFICINALE ROCH)

Introduction: Faloak is one of the medicinal plants which grows wildly in Kupang-East Nusa Tenggara. People use faloak bark to treat several diseases. The faloak bark is usually processed by boiling and, the cooking water is drunk. Scientifically, faloak bark contains flavonoids which are known to have antioxidant properties. Preparation of faloak in other dosage forms is made so that people have other choices in using faloak. Faloak in the form of instant dosage has been made and has been measured for its antioxidant activity but has very weak antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 2,307.77 ppm ± 58.20 ppm or 2,249.57 ppm to 2,365.97 ppm (Faizal, 2018). Ginger is a plant that is known to have antioxidant activity. Objective: This study aimed to determine the antioxidant strength of instant faloak by adding ginger based on IC50 value and the quality of the preparation. The sample is taken by taking the faloak bark that is not too old. The bark that has been extracted from the juice is then added with sugar and ginger juice and then recrystallized to get instant faloak with a ginger flavor. The instant faloak was identified qualitatively and measured its antioxidant activity against DPPH as a free radical at a wavelength of 517.4 nm using a UV-vis spectrophotometer. The quality of instant faloak preparations is measured including: water content and ash content. Results: The results showed that instant faloak wich added ginger had very weak antioxidant activity with values ​​of IC50 2,044.2 ppm ± 32.84 or 2,011.42 ppm to 2,077.1 ppm, water content of 2.40% and ash content of 1.46%.

Evaluation of Corn Grit Quality from Farmer-Scale Trial Production

Corn grit is one of the corn products can be used as staple food for rice substitution in order to support food diversification program. This research conducted to identify the quality of corn products produced from the production trial at farmer level. Corn grit production trial was conducted at corn centre production area in Kupang-East Nusa Tenggara. The research was conducted in three stages: 1) milling process of corn, 2) corn grit processing, and 3) Identification of corn product quality, including aflatoxin content, moisture content, ash content, fat content, protein, carbohydrate, dietary fibre and organoleptic properties. Two types of corn used in this research were white and yellow corn. Corn grit processing was conducted to produce 3 types of corn grit that were original corn grit, parboiled corn grit and premium corn grit.The results showed that yellow corn had higher yield and milling capacity than white corn that was 86.44% and 19.43 kg grit/hour corn. Measurement of quality corn grit products showed that the parboiled corn had the highest total aflatoxin content of 17.08 ppb in white corn and 20.95 ppb for yellow corn, although the value was still below the safe threshold for consumption. Parboiled corn grit also showed the highest of carbohydrate content, protein content and total energy of 82.87%, 8.83% and 386.49 kcal on white corn; and 85.42%, 8.74% and 392.82 kcal on yellow corn. However, based on the preference test for colour parameters, flavour, aroma and overall appearance showed no significant difference between treatments.

E-Learning Effectiveness Analysis in Developing Countries: East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia Perspective

The adoption of e-learning in developing countries like Indonesian Universities have been focused in urban areas like the big cities, especially in Java island. There is a lack of development of e-learning in a remote city like Kupang East Nusa Tenggara Indonesia which is located far away from the capital city. This research aims to assess the effectiveness of e-learning by analyzing three factors in one of the higher institution in Kupang city, i.e. Sekolah Tinggi Kesehatan Citra Mandiri Husada Kupang (STIKes CHMK). The factors include culture, technology and infrastructure, and content satisfaction. The data were collected using questionnaires. Research shows that with proper preparation for e-learning, the acceptance of e-learning in rural areas is significantly high. This finding suggests that e-learning can greatly benefit the students like Kupang city in developing countries.

Maternal Experiences in Caring for Their Neonates in Two Communities around Kupang, West Timor: A Qualitative Study

Background: The Health development targets are to accelerate the decrease in Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR). Aim: The purpose of this study was to explore women’s experiences of taking care of their infant/neonates (age 0-28 days) in two communities around Kupang, West Timor Desa Bipolo Kecamatan Sulamu and Kelurahan Sikumana Kota Kupang East Nusa Tenggara Indonesia. Method: Qualitative research with case study approach was used to assess women’s experience in taking care of neonates. Five women with neonates were chosen as population and purposive sampling was conducted to select the respondents. Data were collected by the way of in-depth interviews with the mother. Moreover, there were 3 stages of data analysis consisting of: data reduction, display data, and conclusion drawing/verification. Results: Three themes related to women’s experiences in taking care of neonates were identified. Those are: neonatal check-up or visitation, nutrition for six post neonate women, and the level of mother’s knowledge. The result of this study showed that not only respondents have never been visited by health worker based on the Government standard in NTT Province, but also they have never been educated on how to take care of and to feed their neonates well. Recommendation: Further study should be conducted by health care worker or government in this case the Provincial and District Health Office to motivate the mother and family to compliance to government regulation standard to take care of neonatal. Health workers are expected to design the guidelines and counselling to decrease infant mortality rate in the community through education during the prenatal period. Heads of the village are expected to insist that the community especially pregnant women to visit health facilities at least 3 times during the neonatal period. The health workers are expected to visit families with neonates at least 3 times in the first week of neonatal life.

Gastrointestinal Endoparasites Diversity of Macaca fascicularis in Goa Monyet Tenau Garden, Kupang

Goa Monyet Tenau Garden is one of the tourist parks located in Kupang East Nusa Tenggara Province. The population of long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) is about 142 in the region, while outside the region is 162. This study was aimed to determine the types of gastrointestinal endoparasites that infect monkeys which live inside and outside the region, and to study if there is a relationship between different regions with percentageof gastrointestinal endoparasites that infect monkeys as well. Specific target was to obtain data on the diversity of endoparasites in the tourist park. Macaca fascicularis fecal sampling was done randomly from inside and outside the region. Thirty fecal samples were taken which composed of 15 samples from the region and 15 samples from outside the region. The weight of each fecal sample is ± 10 gr. Each fecal sample was inserted into the pot(capacity ± 25 ml) and labeled by the place, date and month of collection. The samples were given 10% formalin as a preservative. Examinations were conducted at the Animal Health Laboratory Politani Kupang, using 2 methods : Centrifuge and Sedimentation method. Diversity and percentage of worm infection in monkeys between different regions were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the types of endoparasitesinfecting monkeys inside and outside of the region were the same (Eimeria sp., Ancylostoma sp., and Strongyloides sp.). This was caused by the interaction of the use of the same region. Percentage average of endoparasitic infection that infects monkeys in the region was higher than that of outside the region (In the region: Eimeria sp./ 86.7%, Ancylostoma sp./ 73.3% and Strongyloides sp./66.7%, outside the region: Eimeriasp./ 80%, Ancylostoma sp./60%, Strongyloides sp./46.7%. The difference percentages of infection were influenced by several factors, such as vegetation, water sources, sanitation, season, temperature and population.

IDENTIFICATION OF MELANOCORTIN 1 RECEPTOR (MC1R) GENE BASED ON COAT COLOR OF BALI COWS OF KUPANG BY USINGTHE PCR-RFLP METHOD

The objective of this study was to identify the Melanocortin 1 Receptor (MC1R) gene in sorrel-,black- and white-Bali cows originated from Kupang-East Nusa Tenggara. Blood samples were takenfrom 46 cows consisted of of 17, 18 and 8 of sorrel, black and 8 heads, respectively, and 3 heads of bull.The PCR-RFLP method was performed to identify the gene. Amplification of PCR gene MC1R ofKupang's Bali Cattle (KBC) was 296 bp. The digestion by using MspI enzyme showed that there wereEE genotype (169, 136 bp) in Bali bull, sorrel and white cows. Two 2 genotypes, those were EE (169,136 bp) and Ee (296, 169, 136 bp) were found in black Bali cow. The frequency of E alele of KBC was0.99 (99%) and e alele was 0.01 (1%). MC1R gene in KBC was monomorphic and the it can be used asthe marker of the coat color in the population.

The Influence of Implementation Religious Study on Students’ Religious Behaviour at Senior High Schools Under Religious Foundation in Kupang East Nusa Tenggara

<p><em>Thi</em><em>s research aims to measure the effect of implementation of religious education at the high school under the religious foundations toward religious behavior student in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara Province. There are five aspect of behaviour that measured include religiosity, honesty, tolerance, love peace and social concerns. Formulation of the problems in this study are (1) are there any effect of the implementation of religious education for student of religious behavior (2) How is the implementation of religious education as ap- plied to schools under the Religious foundations. (3) how the implementation of the ideal model of religious education at the high school under thereligious foundations. By using the mixed methods analysis this research found three findings: (1) there is influence of religion on the behavior of the implementation of religious education for learners. (2) religious education at high school under the Religious foundations in Kupang East Nusa Tenggara have implemented five aspects measured in the subjects of religious education. (3) there are three models of a good education: an evaluation of the cognitive, affective and psychomotor, strengthening the practice, and establising communication with inte- gral outsiders .</em></p>

The Implementation of Religious Education in Asuhan Kasih Special Elementary School in City of Kupang East Nusa Tenggara

<p><em>Research on the Implementation of Religion Education was held at the special Ele- mentary School (SDLB) “Asuhan Kasih” in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara Province. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of religion education at Orphanage SDLB “Asuhan Kasih” can run well. Despite this aspect of the teaching force is still not in accordance with the subjects being taught. It can be seen from a qualified religion teacher not as a religious teacher. Contributing factor in the lear- ning process is the higher spirit of in learning religion, dedication of religion teacher, the availability of classroom space, facilities and location are not far from the school environment for learners. Inhibiting factor in the learning process is the absence of special teachers to teach religious education, lack of teaching aids, lack of reference books, and a lack of operational funds.</em></p>