Kuhn's Ideas Research Articles

Analysis of robot as a substitute for barista using Thomas Kuhn's paradigm theory approach: barista robot at Family Mart store

Technological developments have created many innovations that help make human life more manageable. One of these developments is the Bariska Robot presented at the Family Mart Grand Indonesia Store, Jakarta. Even though its existence is welcomed, quite a few feel that it is a threat to humans because it is considered that it can replace the role of the Barista. The presence of robot baristas cannot replace the baristas themselves. Baristas have values ​​that apparently cannot be imitated by robots. In this research, the author used the library research method to collect information according to the needs of this research. As well as using Thomas S. Kuhn's ideas to examine the role of paradigms in the scientific revolution. Which is the basis of the technological changes that occur.

Paradigm shift in traditional Mongolian medicine in the 18th century

As Thomas Kuhn stated in his book "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions", revolution is an example of advanced science made by a successful paradigm shift from one to another. At that time, Kuhn's idea was a revolution in itself, becoming the primary method for scientific change. It became a basis for science paradigm policy shift and since, has been a model for gradual reform. Identifying and incorporating this model into the countries' scientific policy and reform is extremely important. The applicability of the used model can be judged by the outcomes resulting in the paradigm shift. By the way, not every scientific progress results in revolution. However, we would like to note that a laggard period with weak mental development is ended by an intellectual outburst. In other words, although in the 17th century, Mongols accepted Tibetan medicine within the framework of the "Four Medical Tantras" with recognition and common scientific mind, later in the 18th century, they thought beyond the box of the "Four Medical Tantras" and created the opportunity to develop a new paradigm. This shift made a valuable contribution to the establishment of, in a broader sense, Mongolian medicine and, in a narrow sense, traditional Mongolian medicine.

Praksa zasnovana na dokazima u središtu paradigmatskog preokreta u socijalnom radu?

Evidence-based practice in social work elicits a broad spectrum of reactions which reflect the dynamics of modern and postmodern approaches, where the traditional emphasis on empirical methods and objectivity confronts the challenges of postmodern skepticism and relativism. Drawing on Thomas Kuhn's model of scientific development as a theoretical-analytical framework, this paper aims to analyze the debate between modern and postmodern approaches regarding evidence-based practice in social work. Using the methods of content analysis, comparative and narrative analysis, as well as synthesis, the paper focuses on the current debate as an expression of the crisis and conflict between these two paradigms, considering their fundamental ontological, epistemological, methodological, and axiological assumptions. The development of evidence-based practice through the succession of stages of normal science and crisis is presented, followed by the discussion of the main modernist and postmodernist arguments. This opens up the question of the implications of this conflict on the application and the further development of the evidence-based practice approach in social work. It is concluded that, despite the apparent irreconcilability of these approaches, their critical interaction, illuminated through Kuhn's ideas on scientific paradigms, plays a key role in the development of evidence-based practice.

Disruption and Incommensurability Among Thomas S. Kuhn’s Paradigms

This paper specifically looks at the implications of Thomas S. Kuhn's ideas regarding the distinction between context of justification and context of discovery in the emergence of science. Kuhn's thesis is that science is not only formed from the context of justification, but the context of discovery (history) must also be considered. The method of research is an in-depth interpretation towards the relevance text to the research and then the author applies analytical method to examine certain terms objectively. The author also applies historical method to see the historical aspects of a thought and finally applies the heuristic method to obtain the novelty of a work. The results of the study indicate that by considering the context of invention of science, Kuhn is in fact trapped in an epistemological relativism. Kuhn's main weakness is the absolute and extreme discontinuity among competing paradigms due to his main idea of the incommensurability paradigm, that is, it is impossible to compare one paradigm to another. In this short article the author mutually analyses Kuhn's ideas with critical method. Finally, the author notes that special nature of such paradigms socially and culturally does not create a relative gap necessarily. However, it should be a capital of conversation and dialogue across cultures and civilizations.

Kuhn, Values and Academic Freedom

For Kuhn, there are a number of values which provide scientists with a shared basis for theory-choice. These values include accuracy, breadth, consistency, simplicity and fruitfulness. Each of these values may be interpreted in different ways. Moreover, there may be conflict between the values in application to specific theories. In this short paper, Kuhn's idea of scientific values is extended to the value of academic freedom. The value of academic freedom may be interpreted in a number of different ways. Moreover, there are other values which play a role in the functioning of our academic institutions. As with the possible conflict between scientific values, there may be conflict among the academic values.

Dragons, Monsters, Emotions, Cavemen and Kuhn’s Epistemology: Scientific Revolutions in Films

Background : There have been many discussions on the importance of teaching philosophy of science in schools, and the need of a teaching focused on the science process, seeking to remedy deformed views that distance children from scientific life. Kuhn is undoubtedly the science philosopher most debated in history and his work “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions” has significant potential to construct proper views of the scientist in primary education. Films are important pedagogic tools to transmit concepts and ideas in a rich and engaging way. Objectives : The present work identified the presence of Kuhn ideas in four animated films and the competences of science procedures in their characters. Design : We selected the films “How to Train Your Dragon”, “The Croods”, “Inside Out” and “Monsters, Inc.”. Within those, we seek for paradigms, paradigm shifts, scientific revolutions, and the competences for scientific investigation on the characters. Setting and Participants : This is a theoretical analysis, and therefore does not have participants. The materials used were only bibliographic sources . Data collection and analysis : We used ten scientific competences and made a philosophical reflection of Kuhn's theory in the films. Results : The analysis reveals the occurrence of normal science, recognized anomalies, extraordinary science and break of paradigms in all those films. In addition, we identified the competences of science procedures of the characters. Conclusions : The films make an artistic representation of situations where Kuhn concepts and the scientific competences can be taught in a clear and significant way.

T.S. Kuhn's Idea of Progress and Its Implications for Theory Choice in the Historidgraphy of Education

In the debate on the relative merits of traditional and revisionist educationalhistoriography, little if any reference has been made to the idea of progress in a discipline and its relation to the metatheory of history. This paper endeavours to rectify this shortcoming with reference to the oftquoted but, in the history of education, seldom explored views of T.S. Kuhn on progress, paradigms and theory choice . The writings of Monroe, Cubberley, Bailyn and Cremin serve as vehicles for a study of Kuhn's ideas and their implications for historical theory.

Kuhn's Structural Revolutions and the Development of Christian Doctrine: A Systematic Discussion

In 1845, John Henry Cardinal Newman wrote a treatise describing the development of Christian doctrine. Since then, his ideas have been challenged, in particular by Protestant theologians who have argued that the development of doctrine does not progress in either a smooth or linear path. In the philosophy of science, Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions has challenged the idea that science is purely driven by objective and rational motives. In this paper, Kuhn's ideas are applied to the development of Christian doctrine. Drawing from historical examples, it is shown that Kuhn's contextual approach to describe the progress of science aids in understanding the way doctrines themselves develop. Although this is not the first time that theology and Kuhn have conversed, the notion of doctrinal development being systematically and methodically shown to have parallels with Kuhn's ideas is novel. Ultimately, this work is another important step in building interdisciplinary links between science and theology.

¿PARADIGMAS O PARADIGMATITIS? ACERCA DE LOS INCONVENIENTES USOS DE ESTE CONCEPTO EN LA EPISTEMOLOGÍA PSICOLÓGICA

Based on a brief review of the meanings that T.S. Kuhn gave to the term “paradigm”, along with various senses of its relationships with others of his ideas, it is concluded that these ideas are not pertinents to the development of Psychology. Then, it proposes the main thesis of this article, with the caveat that it is not Kuhn ideas that have not been an influence: in our discipline, rather what has become influential is a paradigmatitis, a problem that occurs when the notion of paradigm is adopted in order to set inviolable limits between currents of thought which actually relate dialectically by several contradictions, crossovers and substitutions.

Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions and Early Social Studies of Science in Japan

In this commentary, I examine early responses to Thomas Kuhn's ideas in Japan and show how Kuhn's ideas stimulated discussion in social studies of science in the 1970s and 1980s and their subsequen...

Onwards and upwards

The philosophy of science that began with Sir Francis Bacon's view of the disinterested scientist collecting observations culminated in Karl Popper's view that science proceeds by proving good ideas wrong, to be replaced by better ones. Along the way, it encountered Thomas Kuhn's idea that science proceeds by means of mutually exclusive paradigms.

IPE’s Darwin on Globalization and Technology

Joachim K. Rennstich's book, The Making of a Digital World, offers insight into globalization from a theoretical international political economics perspective. The author argues that the global world system is the result of an ongoing evolutionary (rather than a revolutionary) process that can be traced historically and that the role of technology in the current stage is primarily facilitating geographic reach. Rennstich proposes a theoretical construct to address underlying puzzles: how did globalization come to be? Is it a spontaneous phenomenon, or can its genesis be traced throughout history? Is the role of technology in globalization causal or proximal, and are the technology changes of the twentieth century evolutionary or uniquely revolutionary? The primary argument of The Making of a Digital World is that the status of the world stage at any given point is the result of an evolutionary process that can be traced through history. Chapter 2 begins by exploring the literature surrounding historical evolutionary processes. Rennsitch begins his study by examining the nature of the evolutionary process posited by George Modelski and William Thompson (Modelski and Thompson 1996). The evolutionary world politics framework (EWP), as it is called in the study, separates history into leadership cycles. Each cycle represents a particular state's leadership in two definitive economic sectors. The leading technologies in each leadership wave are termed “technological styles” and resemble Thomas Kuhn's idea of scientific paradigms (Kuhn 1962). The leading state begins as the leader in one economic sector and, through a process of organizational learning, is able to develop a second leading sector. Eventually, however, a new paradigm replaces the old, and a new leading sector reaches dominance. The previous leading state either loses its supremacy or perceives the shift in sector dominance early and prepares in such a way as to ensure its continued leadership. This particular phenomenon is described as the Phoenix cycle. Rennstich extends this framework beyond Modelski and Thompson by positing a new leadership cycle that encompasses the leading sectors of today's global system. This cycle is lead by the United States, and the leading sectors are that of information and communication technologies (ICT) and biotechnology.

Rational choice or leap of faith? The creation and defence of a management orthodoxy

PurposeIn the 1980s and 1990s enthusiasm for Japanese or “lean” manufacturing methods swept through Western industry. At the time, commentators argued that these methods represented a new paradigm of manufacturing, a radical break with traditional methods. The purpose of this paper is to explore the process of conversion from one paradigm to another, drawing on Kuhn's ideas on the structure of scientific revolutions.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses a critical‐incident approach to illustrate the conversion to, and defence of, a particular view of the world. Two incidents are used. The first is a one‐day seminar by a leading proponent in the field, in which the author acted as a participant observer. The second is the response of the UK engineering community to the publication of a report questioning the financial benefits of Japanese or lean manufacturing methods.FindingsAlthough the introduction of new management methods is typically justified on rational grounds, this paper argues that, in common with the scientific paradigm shifts identified by Kuhn, enthusiasm for lean methods is based on non‐rational criteria as well as on their apparently superior efficiency. The language used to discussion of lean ideas in the two critical incidents is reminiscent of that used in religious conversions, and the responses to criticism of the methods are analogous to responses to blasphemy in a religious context.Research limitations/implicationsThe research is based on analysis of conversion to, and defence of, lean ideas, but it carries implications for many other types of organisational change as well. The findings draw attention to how non‐rational criteria can shape the direction of major programmes of change, and hence the direction and strategies of organisations.Practical implicationsThe paper carries implications for the process by which change can be engendered and managed. It identifies the processes by which conversion to new ideas can occur, identifying critical conditions on the part of the purveyors of the ideas (expertness, trustworthiness and personal dynamism) as well as features of the ideas themselves, such as the availability of local demonstrations of applicability, their aesthetic appeal and their ability to predict events and/or solve problems previously considered to be intractable.Originality/valueThe paper represents a novel perspective on processes of organisational change, by likening the process of change to that of scientific revolutions and demonstrating the non‐rational aspects of the change process.

Onwards and upwards

The philosophy of science that began with Sir Francis Bacon's view of the disinterested scientist collecting observations culminated in Karl Popper's view that science proceeds by proving good ideas wrong, to be replaced by better ones. Along the way, it encountered Thomas Kuhn's idea that science proceeds by means of mutually exclusive paradigms.

Thomas S. Kuhn y la función de los instrumentos científicos en el desarrollo de las ciencias físicas

This is a study of Kuhn's ideas regarding the role of physical instruments in the histórica! development of physical sciences. Its approach to Kuhn's thought is primarily historical and biographical, and it makes extensive use of Kuhn's archival sources at MIT to settle a group of ideas of Kuhn's as a basis out of which that role follows almost naturaily. It starts out with an introduction to the «operational» history of science Kuhn found as an assistant to Conant. It runs on talking about Kuhn's divergent opinions about the proper place of concepts in both physical research and theory. It ends with an account of Kuhn's new historical visión of science (including the role of instruments in it), and its relations to that of Alexandre Koyré's (another key influence on his thought).

Tectonic change: The qualitative paradigm in psychology.

Abstract Qualitative methods are presented as a candidate for a new paradigm in psychology. Thomas Kuhn's ideas about the role of paradigms and their stagnation and replacement in science are applied to 20th century events in psychology -- principally the shifts from structuralist introspection to behaviourism and then to cognitive science. For heuristic purposes, I suggest that the quantitative emphasis, with its identified shortcomings, may have reached the replacement stage with so-called big-Q research as the new paradigm. Following Kuhn's analysis, I discuss the reasons why new paradigms are difficult to accept even though they may, in the end, answer questions left untouched by ossified approaches. The earth's crust is made up of huge segments called tectonic plates that float on the mantle below. Their movement is responsible for such slow but momentous changes as continental drift and the building of mountains, and the sudden changes represented by earthquakes. The characteristics of tectonic change include an appearance of ordinary life at the surface, while far below forces are at work, grinding toward a minor tremor, or a major quake that can change the surface for good. Only careful monitoring with sophisticated instruments will disclose to those on the surface the possibility of sudden and perhaps cataclysmic change. For most, it is business as usual until the pictures start falling from the walls. this paper I want to use the metaphor of tectonic change to describe the tension between two paradigms in psychological research: quantitative and qualitative. Thought experiments explore what the situation might look like if some state of affairs were the case. What forces might empower qualitative research to become, if not the dominant paradigm in psychology, at least closer to sharing dominance with hypothesistesting quantitative research? The idea of tectonic change is similar to Thomas Kuhn's notion of paradigm shifts in science. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1970) he described the shifts in scientific thinking from Ptolemaic to Copernican astronomy, from Newton's dynamics to Einstein's, and the shifts in perspective necessary for a range of discoveries including oxygen, x-rays, and the neutrino. I will begin by defining paradigm as Kuhn uses the term. Then I will talk about the grounds for thinking of qualitative research as a viable candidate for an alternative paradigm. Since the acceptance of a new paradigm would involve some supplanting of the present hypothesis-testing quantitative model, I will offer reasons why paradigms lose their grip on a domain. Then I will ask what sorts of people tend to challenge the dominant paradigm, and, finally, why change is so fiercely resisted. Kuhn, a physicist, was unsure whether the social sciences could even be said to have paradigms, and hence to experience paradigm change. For instance, he commented: In parts of biology - the study of heredity, for example - the first universally received paradigms are... recent; and it remains an open question what parts of social science have yet to acquire such paradigms at all (p. 15). Only mature sciences, in Kuhn's view, qualify as having paradigms. One knows that a science is mature when it is no longer comprehensible to the general, intelligent public. Kuhn may have thought that the social sciences were still too accessible to qualify. He said that paradigmatic normal science is marked by its incomprehensibility outside the fraternity; ...most... fields of physical science ceased to be generally accessible [to the public] in the nineteenth [century]. Similar transitions can be isolated in the various parts of the biological sciences. parts of the social sciences they may well be occurring today (p. 20-21). Kuhn's view of the social sciences is that of an outsider; contrary to his musings, most historians of psychology (e.g., Benjafield, 1996; Hergenhahn, 1997; Leahy, 1997) do think of the discipline as having paradigms, and having undergone 20h century paradigm shifts - in particular from behaviourism to cognitive psychology. …

What paradigm shift? An interrogation of Kuhn's idea of normalcy in the research practice of educational administration

The discourse of modernism posits that logical change is a fundamental process in its internal makeup. The rhetoric of modernism is replete with stories about the use of the scientific method in gathering data, developing theories that are testable, and proving or disproving them. Despite the fact that a close analysis reveals that the use of the scientific method is at best a rhetorical feat and at worst pure fiction (Beveridge, 1950, The Art of Scientific Investigation (Vintage), Geison, 1995, The Private Science of Louis Pasteur (University of Princeton Press)), these revelations have not discouraged the idea that progress is inevitable within its metanarrative (Nesbit, 1980, The History of the Idea of Progress (Basic Books)). Within the context of modernism is Kuhn's parallel idea of paradigm and paradigm change. This article shows how paradigms preclude considering certain forms of change which threaten their borders as a meta-discourse. Because of this continuous centring and re-centring, paradigm shifts as posited by Kuhn are not changes at all because they are inherently commensurate, a condition which Kuhn believed to be impossible between paradigms. We have therefore a mistaken notion of change that envisions mutations and gradualism for fundamental ‘paradigm shifts’. ‘New theories’ are simply ‘old theories’ made over and renamed. The alternative is to consider conceptual diversity by abandoning the idea of a paradigm itself and with it the need for a singular field of theory and practice.

What paradigm shift? An interrogation of Kuhn's idea of normalcy in the research practice of educational administration

What paradigm shift? An interrogation of Kuhn's idea of normalcy in the research practice of educational administration

Beyond Virginity: Flesh and Spirit in the Plays of Hrotsvit of Gandersheim

For half century an by Hugo Kuhn, Hrotsviths von Gandersheim dichterisches Programm, has stood fast against rebuttal in arguing that complex set of connections, thematic and formal, links all of Hrotsvit's work.1 For Kuhn, the question of dramatic program is subsumed under that of comprehensive literary program manifest in Hrotsvit's six dramas, eight legends, two narrative poems, and thirty-five hexameters describing scenes from the Revelation of John.2 The impact of this essay-the single most influential piece of Hrotsvit interpretation-owes at least as much to Kuhn's power of presentation as to close analysis, of which there is little. He writes apodictically, as when identifying virginity as Hrotsvit's basic theme: Durch alle sechs [Dramen] ziehen sich gleiche Motive hindurch. Vor allem die virginitas als Grundthema (p. 94); he discovers bold and plausible patterns: each play has its own Hauptthema, as well as Seitenmotiv (also called Seitenthema or Nebenmotiv, pp. 94-95), which can become the Hauptthema of following play; the Hauptthema of the dramas is Heilskreis der Jungfrauen und Bii3erinnen (p. 102, apparently consistent with Kuhn's idea of virginity as the dramatic Grundthema); the plays, centered on women, develop thematically in parallel with the male-oriented legends. Kuhn moves swiftly from one work to another, and most scholars have followed him admiringly. Peter Dronke declares that Hrotsviths dichterisches Programm is a superb essay and makes it the foundation of his own argument for Hrotsvit's plays and legends as a single magnum opus, with vast and elaborate internal symmetries. 3 The best-known component of Hrotsvit's work is her group of dramas. Trans-

Kuhnian Puzzle Solving and Schema Theory

Looking at Thomas Kuhn's work from a cognitive science perspective helps to articulate and to legitimize, to some degree, his rejection of traditional views of concepts, categorization, theory structure, and rule-based problem solving. Whereas my colleagues focus on the later Kuhn of the MIT years, I study the early Kuhn as an anticipation of case-based reasoning and schema theory. These recent developments in cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence may point toward a more computational version of Kuhn's ideas, but they also expose ambiguities in his work, notably in his understanding of exemplars.