Kraepelin Test Research Articles

Analysis and Estimation of Power Spectrum by EEG During the Kraepelin Test with or Without Rhythm

In this paper, by measuring EEG during the Kraepelin test, it was clarified that the optimal rhythm which maximized the number of answers was found to be 1.2-times, when the rhythm answering without rhythm was set at 1.0-times. It was clarified that when the optimum rhythm was listened to, the ratio of power spectrum for relaxation/concentration was higher, the standard deviation of that ratio was smaller, and the activation of the left and right brains was not unbalanced. The power spectrum of the EEG while listening to the rhythm and answering the Kraepelin test was estimated from the EEG when answering without rhythm, and the error was less than 10%.

Correlation between Attentional Abilities and Spatial Orientation in Children Who Study Chess in School

The role of attention in chess is obvious because the game is an ongoing battle between two players whose main purpose is to checkmate the opponent’s king. Every single move represents a decision that cannot be changed and therefore the ability to concentrate and maintain attention for a limited period of time is essential. Compared to other sports, the game of chess can be played on the Internet, so physical presence does not limit its development. By using the computer, chess is played in better conditions because there is no space limit for people involved in the tournament. The main focus of the game is to move slowly but steadily to another direction. Besides the fact that chess helps to develop intellectual abilities, it can also play a role in the psychomotor development. Twenty third-grade children were selected and equally divided into two parts, the experimental group, and the control group. The Bender-Santucci test (spatial orientation), Kraepelin test, and Toulouse-Pieron test (attentional abilities) were applied to observe the role played by chess in children’s learning process. The independent samples t-test was used to highlight the statistical difference between the results. The Pearson correlation was also used for both groups to emphasize the level of correlation between the two tests. The experimental group recorded better results in both tests, and these results were statistically correlated.

Effect of Oral Administration of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SNK12 on Temporary Stress in Adults: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group Study.

Mouse studies have reported anti-stress effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SNK12 (SNK). Specifically, oral SNK administration increased mRNA levels of hippocampal neurotrophic factor and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor in mice with sub-chronic mild stress-induced social defeat; moreover, it improved depressive behavior. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of SNK ingestion against stress in healthy adults. We used the Uchida–Kraepelin test for the stress load, with a low-dose (50 mg/day), high-dose (150 mg/day), and placebo groups (dextrin). The primary outcome was the psychological evaluation as measured by the Profile of Mood States 2nd Edition (POMS2) using total mood disturbance (TMD) scores. The secondary outcomes were the score of each POMS2 item, salivary cortisol as a stress marker, and autonomic balance with the low frequency (LF)/ high frequency (HF) ratio. Compared with the placebo group, the SNK ingestion group showed significantly lower TMD scores. Additionally, compared with the placebo group, the high-dose group showed significantly lower scores for Tension-Anxiety and Confusion-Bewilderment, while the low-dose group showed significantly lower Anger-Hostility scores, salivary cortisol levels, and LF/HF scores. Our findings suggest that SNK ingestion could relieve stress (negative feelings, anxiety, tension, embarrassment, confusion, anger, and hostility) resulting from the temporary load caused by work and study.

Qutest Construction and Psychometric Evaluation as Test of Attention and Willpower for Employee Selection Screening

Attention and willpower are some of the primary modalities for work, so it is necessary to evaluate those potentials. However, standard tests for assessing the two aspects, such as the Pauli or Kraepelin test, are bias-prone to numerical ability. Due to that concern, Qutest was designed as an attention and willpower (screening) test with symbolic stimulus adapted from the d2 test (Brickencamp, 1998). Two studies were conducted for Qutest psychometric properties evaluation. In the first study, 261 participants finished Qutest on a web-based platform with a maximum of 96 pages, each containing 24 symbols of key stimuli (a symbol Q with two dots) and distractors that had to complete in a maximum of 30 minutes. Analyses of internal consistency and correlation with Pauli test results were performed to establish test psychometric properties. The results supported adequate internal consistency and convergent validity claim for Qutest. In addition to internal consistency, a second study was conducted to develop further and evaluate parallel-form consistency between mobile and computer versions. In the second study, 371 participants completed a maximum of 192-page Qutest with a similar amount of time to the previous study. Participants took the mobile version first and then the computer versions of the test with a minimum of one lag day. Statistically significant correlation index of results across devices supported parallel-form reliability of both mobile and laptop/desktop Qutest version. A follow-up analysis of answering aids (mouse, trackpad, touch screen) for the computer version recommended using a mouse or touch screen instead of a trackpad due to statistically significant difference in performance among the three tools. Thus, Qutest can be used as a psychometrically adequate test and be flexible in various devices to assess attention and willpower for (prospective) employee screening.

Pengukuran Aptitude dengan Uji Kraepelin Menggunakan Metode Linear Congruential Method (LCM)

Psychological tests are an important need in various spaces of human life. Not only related to matters of a clinical nature, psychological tests are also used in the workspace. Psychological tests are carried out as an effort to find out by knowing more about a person's personality. One of the methods used by psychologists is Kraepelin to get personality types. In practice, psychological tests in understanding an object, namely humans with all their attitudes and behavior, still use the old way. Psychological tests still use sheets or series of questions given to related objects and the calculation of results or assessments is still done manually. Errors in the assessment will affect the results so that it will lead to inappropriate perceptions. Making questions requires time and high accuracy, so the system is built using the Linear Congruential Method (LCM). LCM method is used to generate random numbers with better access time performance in terms of complexity and optimality. The 20 minute test application consists of 40 columns and 60 rows of questions with a time limit of 30 seconds for each column. The website-based Kraepelin test application can support all related parties, both the test organizers and test takers, to get real-time and accurate test results by applying the Kraepelin test using the LCM method. The implementation of the Kraepelin test is in accordance with the purpose of using the test, namely as a tool to measure aptitude (speed, accuracy, stability and work endurance). Based on the test results, the calculation of the score using the system will be faster with a calculation time of 2 seconds while the manual calculation is 5 minutes.

Brain Response and Reaction Time in Natural and Comfort Conditions, with Energy-Saving Potential in an Office Environment

Psychological adaptation to ambient temperatures is fascinating and critical, both theoretically and practically, for energy efficiency in temperate climates. In this study, we investigated and compared the brain response (event-related potentials with a late positive component and latency ~300 milliseconds; labeled “P300” in the present study) and reaction times of Indonesian participants (n = 11), as tropical natives living in Japan, and Japanese participants (n = 9) in natural (i.e., hot during the summer and cold during the winter) and comfort conditions (with cooling and heating). Thermal comfort under contrasting conditions was studied using both instruments and subjective ratings. P300 potential and reaction time were measured before and after a Uchida–Kraepelin (U–K) test (30 summation lines). The results showed that P300 potential and latency did not change between the pre- and post-U–K test among conditions in any of the groups. Furthermore, Indonesian participants showed lower P300 potential (hot conditions) and slower P300 latency (hot and cooling conditions) than Japanese participants. We also found that the reaction time of the Indonesian group significantly differed between the pre- and post-U–K test in an air-conditioned environment, with either cooling or heating. In this study, Indonesian participants demonstrated a resistance to P300 and worse reaction times during work in a thermally unfamiliar season, specifically indicated by the indifferent performances among contrasting environmental conditions. Indonesian participants also showed similar thermal and comfort sensations to Japanese participants among the conditions. In the winter, when the Indonesian neutral temperature is higher than Japanese’s, the energy consumption may increase.

Psychoemotional deadaptation and health problems as risk factors of decreasing learning at female students with idiopathic arterial hypotension

The aim of the work is to study the clinical and psychological manifestations of maladjustment of young female students with idiopathic arterial hypotension (IAH). Two groups, aged 18–35 years, were examined: 200 women with IAH with SBP level of 61–98 mm Hg, DBP – 59 mm Hg and less, and 130 women with normal blood pressure. The groups were compared by the frequency of complaints about health problems and the results of assessing mental performance, fatigue using the E. Kraepelin test. The studies were carried out as part of a preventive medical examination. A comparative analysis of complaints showed that women with IAH limit their physical activity due to a deterioration in subjective well-being – the appearance of shortness of breath, pain and discomfort in the chest and legs, dizziness, poor cold tolerance – chilliness of the hands and feet, episodes of involuntary urinary incontinence. With IAH, complaints of apathy, weakness and fatigue, and difficulty concentrating were more often recorded. Women with IAH under psychoemotional stress made more mistakes, and the proportion of women who made mistakes when performing a test was twice as high as in women with normal blood pressure. Thus, we can conclude that IAH in young women is characterized by more frequent complaints of health problems than in women with normal blood pressure, which is combined with a decrease in daily physical activity and cognitive impairment. IAH in female students can be regarded as a risk factor for psycho-emotional and social maladjustment, which negatively affects the effectiveness of learning in the higher education system.

IDENTIFYING THE MENTAL STRESS OF MALAY STUDENTS WHO EXPERIENCING HYSTERIA PHENOMENON USING KRAEPELIN TEST

Hysteria is a symptom of emotional distress and mental illness that is prevalent among teenage girls. It happens a lot in schools during class. Hysteria frequently starts with one student and then spreads to other pupils, sometimes as many as 20-50 at a time. Its strange symptoms include uncontrollable screaming, struggle, crying for no apparent cause, speaking incoherently, and body paralysis. Many elements that create hysteria have been recognized in previous studies on the subject by psychologists, psychiatrists, and physicians from an alternative Islamic perspective. Hysteria can be influenced by cultural elements as well as personal values and beliefs. Psychologists feel that the patient's mental stress is the main cause of hysteria. One way for these patients to express themselves is through hysteria. Hysteria, according to psychiatrists, can be caused by intense emotional stress resulting from long-standing, unsolved, and unspoken emotional issues. The purpose of this study is to identify the mental stress of Malay students thus involved in hysteria by using the Kraepelin test. The Uchida-Kraepelin (U-K) test is a simple mathematic that requires intense concentration and effort and has been used as a tool to induce mental stress. This test used to identify mental stress among Malay students who attacked by hysteria. Hysteria is a social problem, which always occurs among school students in Malaysia. 10 hard hysteria students from four different schools were selected for this research. Mental stress status was assessed using the Kraepelin test. The state of mental speed reflects the state after they involved in hysteria. 10 students between the ages of 13 and17 from four different schools participated.

Effects of Daily Matcha and Caffeine Intake on Mild Acute Psychological Stress-Related Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study.

Matcha, a type of green tea, has a higher amino acid content than other types of tea. We previously examined the ability of matcha to improve cognitive function in older adults and determined that continuous matcha intake improves attention and executive function. This study aimed to compare the effects of matcha and caffeine and clarify the differences between these effects. The study was registered at the University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN000036578). The effect of single and continuous intake was compared, and the usefulness of continuous intake was evaluated under the stress condition. The Uchida–Kraepelin test (UKT) was used to induce mild acute stress, and the Cognitrax was used to evaluate cognitive function. A single dose of caffeine improved attentional function during or after stress loading. The reduced reaction time in the Cognitrax, observed following a single dose of matcha, was likely due to caffeine. The matcha group showed an increase in the amount of work after continuous intake, whereas the caffeine group only showed an increase in the amount of work for the UKT after a single dose. Ingesting matcha with caffeine improves both attention and work performance when suffering from psychological stress compared with caffeine alone.

Matcha consumption maintains attentional function following a mild acute psychological stress without affecting a feeling of fatigue: A randomized placebo-controlled study in young adults

Tea is a beverage commonly consumed worldwide. Matcha is a type of green tea produced by drying and grinding tea leaves (Camellia sinensis L.) into a fine powder. Matcha contains catechin, theanine, and caffeine, which affect cognitive function. Epidemiological studies conducted in Japan have shown that green tea consumption improves cognitive impairment. Previously, we found that daily matcha intake improves attention and executive function in middle-aged and older people. However, its effect on cognitive function in younger adults remains unclear. Moreover, it is unclear which cognitive functions are impaired by stress. This study aimed to clarify whether the administration of matcha improves the attentional function of young adults after mild acute stress and which cognitive function is improved. We included 42 participants aged 25 to 34 years who consumed 2 g of matcha daily for 2 weeks. The Uchida–Kraepelin test was used to induce mild acute psychological stress. Memory, attention, facial expression recognition, working memory, visual information, and motor function were evaluated. Reaction times on the Stroop test for attentional function were significantly lower in the matcha group than in the placebo group. Correct hits in the emotion perception test increased significantly for participants in the matcha group compared to those in the placebo group. We found no significant between-group differences in the other tests. In conclusion, after 2 weeks of matcha intake, the attentional function was maintained after mild acute psychological stress. Thus, matcha might improve cognitive function during or after stress conditions in young adults.

Elucidation of Fixation Time on the Number of Answers of Kraepelin Test

Elucidation of Fixation Time on the Number of Answers of Kraepelin Test

PENGEMBANGAN SIMULASI “STRESS TEST” MENGGUNAKAN TES KRAEPELIN PADA TES PSIKOLOGI

Psychology test is intended to measure the differences between individuals to determine the reaction of the individual for a different situation which aims to assess someone's behavior. One of the most common psychological tests is the kraepelin test or newspaper test. Generally, this test uses several sheets of papers with numbers written in it. In this research, a web-based kraepelin test simulation was developed in order to accessible via computer or smartphone. User can do the test by selecting the kraepelin test menu, and then do the kraepelin test by adding two numbers. If the result of a sum was tens, write the last digit only within the specified time. The waterfall method is used to developed this system, where the stages consist of requirements analysis, design, implementation, and black box testing. The results of the black box test showed 80.88%. From this research, “stress test” simulation using kraepelin test on psychology has been developed to someone who will take a kraepelin test.

Rancang Bangun Aplikasi Kraepelin Test Berbasis Web Menggunakan Metode Bubble Sort

Psychological testing has now become an important enough part of life to be able to understand and recognize one's potential and personality. One of the instruments used by psychologists is Kraepelin test. Kraepelin test is part of a psychological test that measures speed, accuracy, constancy, and endurance at work. The scoring process is currently done manually, so it requires time, calculation process and high accuracy, for this research makes a website-based application with the aim to facilitate scoring so that it can anticipate misperceptions about the results of other people's tests because scoring errors are done manually. Kraepelin test in this application uses the UI version which amounts to 40 question lines referring to the standard standards of the Kraepelin Test norm. To maintain the rigidity of the problem, the Bubble Sort method is used. Psychology Expert Test obtained the percentage of suitability between the application with the manual, namely: Panker (Speed) 100%, Tianker (Accuracy) 100%, Janker (Constancy) 100% and Hanker (Endurance) 100%.

Anti-stress effects of simplified aroma hand massage

In order to be able to use the aroma hand massage as a skill that can be done by a nurse who does not have a special aromatherapy technique, we examine anti-stress effects of simplified aroma hand massage for healthy subjects. We evaluated the anti-stress action of aroma hand massage and the different components of the procedure in 20 healthy women in their twenties. We used autonomic nervous function measured via electrocardiogram as an index of stress. After conducting a baseline electrocardiogram, we induced stress in the participants by asking them to spend 30 minutes completing Kraepelin's arithmetic test. We then administered various treatments and examined the anti-stress effects. Kraepelin's test significantly increased sympathetic nervous function and significantly reduced parasympathetic nervous function. Compared with massage without essential oil or aroma inhalation, aroma hand massage significantly increased parasympathetic nervous function and significantly decreased sympathetic nervous function. The effect of the aroma hand massage persisted when the procedure was simplified. The anti-stress action of the aroma hand massage indicates that it might have beneficial application as a nursing technique. There are several limitations in this study; ambiguities of low component/high component ratio of heart rate variability and bias by small subjects groups of the same women.

Relationship of a Special Acidified Milk Protein Drink with Cognitive Performance: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study in Healthy Young Adults.

A previous in vivo study with rats suggested that a special milk protein drink manufactured using an acidification procedure to suppress the aggregation of milk proteins was absorbed quickly after feeding. We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, repeated-measure crossover study to investigate the short-term effects on cognitive performance in 29 healthy young adult men after they consumed this drink in the morning. After an overnight fast, subjects were tested for performance in the Uchida–Kraepelin serial arithmetic test and the Stroop test as well as for subjective feeling, body temperature, and heart rate variability before and after consumption of either the acidified milk protein drink or an isoenergetic placebo drink. Subjects showed a significant improvement in performance in the Uchida–Kraepelin test, the primary outcome measured, when they consumed the acidified milk protein drink compared with the placebo control condition. In addition, consumption of the acidified milk protein drink, compared with the placebo control, was associated with increases in vagally-mediated heart rate variability indices which, from recent theoretical perspectives, may reflect a higher ability to modulate cognitive and behavioral processes. There was no significant difference in subjective feelings and body temperature between the test drink conditions. These data suggest that consumption of the acidified milk protein drink may improve cognitive performance, with possible involvement of physiological systems that regulate cognition and behavior.

クレペリン検査の作業量に与える脳波と利き手の影響

This study takes the approach of EEG analysis by FFT to discuss the correlation between EEG and the workload during the Kraepelin test. Calculating the Cα /Cβ, which is the content ratio of the power for the α-wave bands and the β-wave bands, was applied to compare the workload in the number of answers for the handedness, men and women. The analysis results revealed that, for the right-handed men, the number of answers had the correlation with Cα/Cβ in the left hemisphere in the brain, however no correlation with Cα/Cβ in the right hemisphere were found. On the other hand, for the both-handed men and the right-handed women, the number of answers had the correlation with Cα/Cβ in both the left and the right hemispheres.

A Preliminary Study to Investigate Relaxation and Sleep-Inducing Effects of Cedrol

Background: Cedrol exhibits relaxation effects, and its scent may reduce stress, thereby contributing to various stressful life situation. However, cedrol has also been reported to induce sleep, which is dangerous by case. Therefore, studies are needed in order to determine whether the relaxation or sleep-inducing effects of cedrol are induced under stressful situation and also how to only attain the former. Method: A cross-over open study was conducted. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups (n = 3 per group). After one course of the Kraepelin test and additional dumbbell lifting before and after the test was performed, subjects entered the placebo or cedrol exposure room, and rested in a sitting position for 20 minutes. Electrocardiographic, electroencephalographic, and blood pressure measurements as well as VAS assessments were conducted. Result: In the present study, no stress response was clearly detected. However, the results of analyses with respect to individuals suggested that cedrol exhibited relaxation effects, and that it did not induce sleep under the conditions adopted in this study.

Effects of a dynamic chair on pelvic mobility, fatigue, and work efficiency during work performed while sitting: a comparison of dynamic sitting and static sitting.

[Purpose] Working while sitting for long periods can cause lumbar pain, fatigue, and reduced work efficiency. How a dynamic chair with a seat that moves three-dimensionally affects pelvic mobility before and after work, work efficiency, and post-work fatigue were examined. [Subjects and Methods] Subjects were 17 healthy adults (10 males, 7 females, mean age 21.8 ± 2.7 years). Subjects performed a 30-min Kraepelin test under two conditions: sitting in a standard office chair and sitting in a dynamic sitting balance chair. Root mean square (RMS) values of pelvic movement measured by a triaxial accelerometer during 30 minutes of work, finger-floor distance before and after work, lumbar fatigue, and pelvic movement RMS values during finger-floor distance measurement were used as outcome measures. [Results] Pelvic movement RMS values collected every 5 minutes during 30 minutes of work were significantly higher while sitting in the dynamic balance chair. Changes in pelvic movement RMS values during finger-floor distance measurement after work and amount of work performed during 30 minutes were significantly higher and lumbar fatigue was significantly lower for the dynamic balance chair. [Conclusion] Dynamic sitting maintained or increased pelvic flexibility. The dynamic balance chair may effectively help workers work continuously in seated postures with little fatigue.

Masticatory performance alters stress relief effect of gum chewing

PurposeWe evaluated the effects of gum chewing on the response to psychological stress induced by a calculation task and investigated the relationship between this response and masticatory performance. MethodsNineteen healthy adult volunteers without dental problems undertook the Uchida–Kraepelin (UK) test (30min of reiterating additions of one-digit numbers). Before and immediately after the test, saliva samples were collected from the sublingual area of the participants. Three min after the UK test, the participants were made to chew flavorless gum for 3min, and the final saliva samples were collected 10min after the UK test. The experiment was performed without gum chewing on a different day. Masticatory performance was evaluated using color-changing chewing gum. ResultsSalivary CgA levels at immediately and 10min after the UK test were compared with and without gum chewing condition. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance revealed significant interaction between gum chewing condition and changes in CgA levels during post 10min UK test period. A significant correlation was found between changes in CgA levels and masticatory performance in all participants. ConclusionOur results indicate that gum chewing may relieve stress responses; however, high masticatory performance is required to achieve this effect.

Audio-Visual and Autogenic Relaxation Alter Amplitude of Alpha EEG Band, Causing Improvements in Mental Work Performance in Athletes.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of regular audio-visual relaxation combined with Schultz's autogenic training on: (1) the results of behavioral tests that evaluate work performance during burdensome cognitive tasks (Kraepelin test), (2) changes in classical EEG alpha frequency band, neocortex (frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal), hemisphere (left, right) versus condition (only relaxation 7-12Hz). Both experimental (EG) and age-and skill-matched control group (CG) consisted of eighteen athletes (ten males and eight females). After 7-month training EG demonstrated changes in the amplitude of mean electrical activity of the EEG alpha bend at rest and an improvement was significantly changing and an improvement in almost all components of Kraepelin test. The same examined variables in CG were unchanged following the period without the intervention. Summing up, combining audio-visual relaxation with autogenic training significantly improves athlete's ability to perform a prolonged mental effort. These changes are accompanied by greater amplitude of waves in alpha band in the state of relax. The results suggest usefulness of relaxation techniques during performance of mentally difficult sports tasks (sports based on speed and stamina, sports games, combat sports) and during relax of athletes.