Korean Parent Research Articles

Mutational analysis of 23 autosomal short tandem repeats based on trio paternity testing in the Korean population

This study aimed to estimate A-STR mutation rates in 2,317 Korean parent–child trios by examining 20 Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) core loci (D3S1358, D5S818, D7S820, D8S1179, D13S317, D16S539, D18S51, D21S11, CSF1PO, FGA, TH01, TPOX, vWA, D1S1656, D2S441, D2S1338, D10S1248, D12S391, D19S433, and D22S1045) and three non-CODIS loci (Penta E, Penta D, and SE33). Locus-specific mutation rate estimates varied from 0.00 to 8.63 × 10-3 per generation, with an average mutation rate of 1.62 × 10-3 (95 % CI, 1.39–1.88 × 10-3). We also combined data from previous studies to obtain comprehensive genetic values for the Korean population, and the average mutation rate was 1.59 × 10-3 (95 % CI, 1.38–1.82 × 10-3). Single-step mutations (95.69 %) and double-step mutations (3.35 %) were observed in the mutation pattern analysis, and cases expected to have multi-step mutations (0.96 %) were also observed. Large-sized alleles exhibited more loss mutations than gain mutations, and paternal mutations (62.68 %) were more frequently observed than maternal mutations (19.62 %). The calculated values and features of the 23 A-STRs explored in this study are expected to play a crucial role in establishing criteria for forensic genetic interpretation.

Unconsolidated separate financial statements and dividends: Evidence from Korea

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether Korean parent firms manage dividend payments by taking advantage of the Commercial Act of Korea and accounting discretion allowed under the Korean IFRS. While IFRS adoption has transformed primary financial statements from unconsolidated to consolidated financial statements, the Commercial Act of Korea continues to compute distributable profits based on unconsolidated separate financial statements. The discrepancy between the earnings for financial reporting and the distributable profits provides an opportunity for a parent firm to manage dividends upward through internal transactions without affecting consolidated earnings. Using the parent firms listed on the Korea Exchange (KRX) during the period from 2001 to 2018, we examine whether these parent firms engage in dividend management through internal transactions to meet the dividend expectations of their shareholders in the post-IFRS period. We find that the parent firms with small consolidated but large unconsolidated earnings (‘SCLU’ firms) pay more dividends than others in the post-IFRS period when they have significant transactions with related parties. The dividend-increasing behavior of the SCLU firms through related-party transactions is more pronounced when the ownership of foreign shareholders or the largest shareholder is high. Our results suggest that Korean firms may pay excessive dividends by managing distributable profits despite poor consolidated performance in order to meet shareholders’ dividend demands.

Associations of Broader Parental Factors with Children's Happiness and Weight Status through Child Food Intake, Physical Activity, and Screen Time: A Longitudinal Modeling Analysis of South Korean Families.

This study investigated how broader parental factors including parental happiness, parental play engagement, and parenting stress are related to Korean children's happiness and weight status across three years via indirect pathways through the children's energy-related behaviors of healthy and unhealthy food intake, physical activity, and screen time. Data from 1551 Korean parent pairs and 7-year-old children in the Panel Study on Korean Children were analyzed. A path analysis and gender-based multi-group analysis were conducted. Maternal happiness was negatively related to child screen time. Maternal play engagement showed positive concurrent associations with child healthy food intake and physical activity and negative associations with screen time. Maternal parenting stress was negatively related to child healthy eating. There was one significant finding related to fathers' role on children's energy-related behaviors, happiness, and weight status: the positive association between parental happiness and boys' unhealthy food intake. Child screen time was positively related to child weight status and negatively to child happiness at each age. Broader maternal parenting factors can serve as a protective factor for childhood happiness and weight status in 7-to-9-year-olds through being associated with a reduction in child screen time.

Effect of Mother’s Social Competence on Care Difficulties during COVID-19: Examining the Sequential Mediating Effects of Mother’s Sense of School-Based Community and Satisfaction with Online Learning

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of mother’s social competence on the care difficulties during COVID-19 through sequential mediating effects of mother’s sense of schoolbased community and satisfaction with online learning.Methods: Data were collected from 308 mothers of 4th grade elementary school children who participated in the 4th wave of Panel Study on Korean Parent Educational Involvement [PSKPEI] in 2020. Structural equation modeling analysis was conducted using STATA 17.Results: There were no direct effects of mother’s social competence on the difficulties of caring during the COVID-19. However, mother’s social competence had an indirect effect on the difficulties of caring during the COVID-19 through the sequential mediation of the mother's sense of school-based community and satisfaction with online-learning.Conclusion: This study confirmed the importance of a family-school partnership during COVID-19. To support mothers’ caring during COVID-19, it is necessary to consider indirect factors such as family-school partnership rather than just the direct influence of individual factors such as social competence. This suggests that efforts should be made to establish a cooperative relationship between family and schools to help parents adapt to their role as caregivers in an ever-changing society as well as the current pandemic.

Legitimacy, incipience, and perception of informal social control of intimate partner violence: Experiment on a Korean parent sample.

Evidence from a growing research literature on the causes and effects of informal social control (ISC) and bystander interventions carried out by nonprofessionals against intimate partner violence (IPV) shows anomalies and unexplained counterintuitive findings. This study employs a new experimental vignette design to examine the hypothesis: high bystander legitimacy (in the eyes of potential perpetrators) will moderate the effects of (1) incipient ISC and (2) perceived ISC, on parent's self-estimated likelihood of perpetrating IPV. The data consistof 210 rural Korean parents randomly drawn from Kyunggi province using a three-stage cluster probability proportional to size approach. Parents were randomly assigned to low and high incipient ISC, perceived ISC, and collective legitimacy conditions, following a 2 × 2 × 2 experimental vignette approach. Hypotheses were tested using regression models with standard errors corrected for district clusters. Incipient ISC was associated with significantly less self-estimated likelihood of perpetrating IPV. An interaction between high bystander legitimacy and incipient ISC was negative (B = -8.88, p < 0.01). The interaction between perceived ISC and legitimacy was not significant. However, the interaction between perceived ISC and female gender was positively associated with self-estimated likelihood of perpetrating IPV (B = 8.61, p < 0.05). The findings suggest that the presence of a legitimate bystander (whom the potential perpetrator believes has a legitimate right to be concerned about his or her family) may deter parents from perpetrating IPV. Programs to boost ISC and bystander intervention should include modules that strengthen collective legitimacy.

The evolution of emerging market firms and time until subsidiary exit: Competitive dynamics of domestic market followers and contingency factors

The literature has tended to overlook the great divergence in the competitive dynamics of firms in emerging economies. Drawing on the strategic competitive dynamics literature and prospect theory, this article aims to deepen our understanding of the competitive dynamics among firms in emerging economies and how the dissatisfaction of dominated firms with their domestic position affect foreign subsidiary exit time. Using hazard models with an accelerated failure time (AFT) specification, we investigate the impact of a firm’s domestic market position on subsidiary exit time using a longitudinal sample of 6,651 subsidiary-year observations and 735 subsidiary exits of 296 South Korean parent firms with international operations in 64 countries over a 27-year span (1990–2016). The empirical results suggest that the domestic market position affects the risk-taking orientation of dominated firms and plays a critical role in the internationalization of firms in emerging economies. Specifically, dominated firms, compared to dominant firms, have some advantages when investing abroad, notably in less-developed countries.

The Effect of the Characteristics of Overseas Subsidiaries on the Export of Firms

Purpose - Amid restrictions on international movement and decrease in overseas investment and trade due to COVID-19, this study analyzed the impact of asset size and age of overseas subsidiaries on exports and export costs of domestic parent companies. Design/Methodology/Approach - The samples used were 61,423 company-year date for the period covering 2011 to 2020 by the Korea Listed Companies Association TS2000 and KISVALUE. Findings - The results of empirical analysis were as follows. The asset size and age of overseas subsidiaries have a statistically significant positive impact on the total export volume of Korean parent companies and support the export complementary effect of overseas subsidiaries. In addition, the effects of characteristics of overseas subsidiaries on exports of goods and exports of product were examined separately, and results were not consistent. In the case of product exports, it can be interpreted that using an overseas subsidiary as a factor of production to reduce costs will result in the reimport of overseas produced products, thereby reducing the trade balance. Finally, subsidiary assets size and age have a significant positive effect on export costs. Research Implications - In conclusion, this suggests that if a company ownes an overseas subsidiary, it needs to enter the overseas market as early as possible and grow assets through proactive investment.

Analyzing the Typology of First Graders’ School Adjustment and Identifying the Predictors of Mothers’ Educational Involvement

Objectives The purpose of the present study was to investigate the types of school adjustment of children in the first grade and to identify the predictors of mothers’ educational involvement on the children’s school adjustment types. Methods Data were collected from 144 pairs of mothers and teachers from the Panel Study on Korean Parent Educational Involvement (PSKPEI) in 2018. Preliminary analyses were examined using descriptive statistics. Furthermore, a latent profile analysis and a three-step approach using the Mplus program were conducted to examine the typology of first graders’ school adjustment and to identify the predictors of mothers’ educational involvement. Results The major findings of this study are as follows: First, the latent profiles of first graders’ school adjustment were classified into three types (mild adjustment difficulties, adequate adjustment, and high-level adjustment). Second, the probability of being classified into each type differed according to parenting efficacy, educational support activities at home, and teacher-mother relationships among mothers’ educational involvement. In particular, first graders are more likely to belong to the high-level adjustment group compared to those in the mild adjustment difficulties group when mothers have high levels of parenting efficacy, there are educational support activities at home, and there are positive teacher-mother relationships. Conclusion These findings empirically confirmed individual differences in first graders’ school adjustment, and suggest the importance of mothers’ educational involvement on their children’s adjustment in their first year at school. Keywords: school adjustment, children in the first grade, latent profile analysis, mothers’ educational involvement, Panel Study on Korean Parent Educational Involvement (PSKPEI)

Contested everyday cultural citizenship: “Mixed race” children and their ethnicized citizenship in South Korea

ABSTRACT This article examines how the everyday cultural citizenship of “mixed race” children of one Korean parent and one immigrant parent is contested. This study transposes the concept of ethnicized citizenship to mixed race children and their everyday practices of citizenship based on ethnicity and parent(s). Relying primarily on the personal narratives of mixed race children, derived from essay competitions, this research comparatively analyzes the experiences of three categories of mixed race children: co-ethnic (with a Korean father and ethnic Korean mother from China), inter-Asian (Korean father and Asian [non-Korean] mother), and multiracial (one Korean parent and one European or African American parent). This article argues that the ethnicized citizenship of an immigrant mother operates as a mechanism for institutional and socio-cultural exclusion of mixed race children.

Factors Related to Depressive Symptoms Among Multicultural Adolescents in Korea.

This study aimed to compare related factors of depressive symptoms among multicultural adolescents in South Korea. Cross-sectional data were collected from 1,325 students studying in ninth grade (mean age: 14.97 ± 0.36 years) who had one Korean parent and one foreign-born parent. The score of depressive symptoms among girls (1.777 ± 0.550) was higher than boys (1.647 ± 0.512). The regression model-including demographic, psychological, and social factors-explained 38.3% of depressive symptoms among boys and 27.9% among girls. Body image satisfaction was the most powerful factor related to depressive symptoms in both boys and girls. Gender-differentiated factors identified in this study such as demographic, psychological, and social factors need to be studied while planning gender-tailored intervention programs to help relieve depressive symptoms among multicultural adolescents.

Bidirectional Transfer in Korea-Chinese Children’s Language Acquisition

With the development of economy, international trade and commerce frequently boomed, multicultural families are gradually increasing, so developing children’s bilingual competence has become a focused issue. This thesis collects 38 Korean-Chinese children’s bilingual proficiency test paper to research language bidirectional transfer in the process of K-C children bilingual acquisition. There are two types of children involved, that one is bilingual children who born in china, with a Korean parent and a Chinese parent; the other type is early second acquisition children who came to China before the age of three, and their parents are both Korean. Early second acquisition children have lived in a Chinese environment since childhood. Based on the influence of bilingual language community and early childhood education intervention, they input Chinese signals implicitly, and started to learn Chinese systematically in kindergarten at around age of three. Two types of children are affected by language transfer from Korean and Chinese. As far as the pronunciation is concerned, K-C children have difficulty in identifying Pinyin, recognition of tone labeling, and pronunciation of speech cross languages; in terms of syntax, K-C children show object-verb inversion and shift of topic focus of prepositional verb. This thesis mainly involves error analysis of speech and syntactic structure, classification of error item, to study the cross-lingual impact between Chinese-Korean in children’s bilingual acquisition who are under the Chinese environment, which will help to build dynamic schema of bidirectional transfer in K-C children language acquisition, and final finally give some suggestions.

Analysis of the Samsung Case on the Determination of a Permanent Establishment for Services Provided by Seconded Employees of a Korean Parent to Its Subsidiary in India

This article examines the ruling of the Delhi Bench of the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT or the Tribunal), i.e. the highest fact-finding authority under the Indian Income Tax Act (the Act), in the case of Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. and the ramifications of that case for the interpretation of the treaty article on the determination of a permanent establishment, especially in the case of expatriate employees seconded and visiting the Indian subsidiary and the attribution of profits to a PE. The issue of reassessment proceedings under Indian law is also considered.

Heritability of muscle mass in Korean parent–offspring pairs in the Fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V)

ObjectivesDecreased muscle mass is known to be associated with several serious medical conditions. We analyzed the Fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V, 2010–2011) to estimate the heritability of muscle mass in Korean parent-offspring pairs. Study DesignCross-sectional. Main outcome measuresA total of 1233 parents (average age 57.67 ± 8.50 years) and 917 offspring (average age 29.10 ± 7.57 years) from 743 families were included in the analysis. Muscle mass was estimated based on three different indices: appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) measured with a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), weight-adjusted ASM (SMI), and height-adjusted ASM (RASM). The heritability was estimated by employing the maximum-likelihood variance components implemented in Sequential Oligogenic Linkage Analysis Routines (SOLAR). The best-fitting model was determined out of four polygenic models. Pearson’s partial correlation coefficient was also calculated using the muscle mass indices to further study the association between father or mother and son or daughter pairs. ResultsThe heritability estimates of the muscle mass indices ranged from 55% to 80% (all p < 0.01). The correlation coefficient of father and offspring ranged from 0.11 to 0.40, while that of mother and offspring ranged from 0.23 to 0.43 (all p < 0.01). ConclusionsThe heritability estimates of muscle mass in Koreans are large and significant, suggesting that parental muscle mass is an important predictor of the offspring’s muscle mass. The result implies that there may be a genetic factor partly determining muscle mass.

Industrial proximity and vertical integration of multinational firms

PurposeWith the rise of foreign direct investment and global value chain, firms organize their plant allocation across countries to take advantage of production cost reduction opportunities and market access. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the production-supply strategies of Korean firms over foreign and domestic affiliates, using industrial proximity between Korean parent firms and their affiliates.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper first, using the Survey of Business Activities provided by Statistics Korea, the authors build a matching data set between a parent firm and each affiliate both in domestic and foreign countries. Second, the authors define their vertical relationship based on the input requirement coefficients of the Input-Output table (IO table). Furthermore, using the same IO table, the authors define the proximity for the pairs of the parent firm and the affiliates in domestic and foreign markets. Then, the authors test the relationship between the parent firm’s choice for foreign affiliate and their proximity index.FindingsThe main result shows that the stronger the industrial proximity between a final good producing firm and its input supplying affiliate is, the more likely the cross-border vertical integration is to be observed than the domestic vertical integration. Also, the authors find that the firms whose production structure accords the main result outperform and conduct more self-R&D and less R&D on trust than the other firms.Originality/valueThe finding is novel and original in a sense that the authors showed for the first time at firm-level microdata evidence that there is an optimal pattern of organizing supply chains within a multinational firm.

Integrating Faith-based and Community-based Participatory Research Approaches to Adapt the Korean Parent Training Program

PurposeFaith and community based inquiry approaches are rarely used to develop research interventions. The purpose of this article is to present how a research team worked with six Korean American Christian churches to revise the prototype Korean Parent Training Program (KPTP), based upon the Bright Futures Parenting Program. The collaboration was sought to better integrate and align the KPTP with Korean culture and faith. The KPTP was developed to promote positive parenting practices and decrease mental health disparities of Korean American children. Design and MethodsSixteen church participants completed a Delphi survey, a workshop series, Community Theaters, and focus groups. ResultsThe participants suggested adding Korean traditional parenting virtues, Christian parenting principles, and revising the standardized parent training and program philosophy. ConclusionsRevisions made KPTP sensitive to Korean culture and faith, and promoted program acceptability. ImplicationsThe process demonstrated the importance of working with church volunteers to develop faith-based and community-based health promotion interventions targeting Korean American faith communities. This research presents significant and meaningful implications for working with other faith communities from minority backgrounds.

Knowledge Creation in IJVs: The Mediating Role of Formal and Informal Communication

This study explores the path of knowledge creation in an international joint venture (IJV) by examining the distinctive mediating role of formal and informal communication. We present that an organizational learning platform, which includes commitment, cultural distance, and cultural alignment, is a crucial determinant for communication between partner firms that leads to new knowledge creation in IJVs. Using survey data collected from 136 Korean parent firms of IJVs, we find that an organizational learning platform of IJVs largely influences formal and informal communication between partners. Whereas commitment to partners and cultural distance between partners promote only formal communication, cultural alignment enhances both formal and informal communication. We also find that the impact of formal communication on IJV knowledge creation is greater than that of informal communication. Our findings provide important implications for managers of both IJVs and parent firms that aim to create new knowledge through IJVs.

A Qualitative Study on the Exploration of Connected Possibilities from the Limited Life of Second Generation North Korean Refugees Born in a Third Country : From North Korean Parent’s Perspective

본 연구의 목적은 제3국 출생 북한이탈주민자녀를 양육한 북한출신 어머니가 인식한 중국과 남한 사회문화적 맥락 안에서 과거를 보듬으며 성장 가능성을 연계, 확대시켜 삶의 질을 향상시킬 수 있는 전문적이고 구체적인 개입 방안을 구축하고자 함이다. 눈덩이 표집방법에 따라 총10명을 2014년 8월부터 12월까지 심층면접하였다. 연구 질문은 ‘북한출신 양육자가 인식한 제3국 출생 북한이탈주민 자녀(아동청소년)의 삶의 제한성으로부터 가능성 연계 과정이란 어떠한 의미인가’였다. 내러티브 탐구방법을 적용하여 분석하였고 결과는 총 4개의 범주, 1) 중국에서: 그늘진 생에서 버팀목이 된 자녀, 2) 남한이주 과정에서: 힘겨웠던 생존의 터널을 빠져나감, 3) 남한입국 후 하나원에서: 어린 이방인에 대한 다른 차원의 배려, 4) 하나원에서 벗어난 일상생활에서: 또 다른 힘겨움을 받쳐줄 삶의 끈을 잡아당김으로 분석되었다. 결과논의에서 북한이탈주민지원법과 다문화지원법의 통합적 또는 절충적 관점에서 교육적 혜택 지원의 필요성을 강조하였다.

An integrated multi-stage model of knowledge management in international joint ventures: Identifying a trigger for knowledge exploration and knowledge harvest

This paper examines the evolution of knowledge management from the initial knowledge migration stage, through adaptation and creation, to the reverse knowledge migration stage in international joint ventures (IJVs). While many studies have analyzed these stages (mostly focusing on knowledge transfer), we investigated the path-dependent nature of knowledge flow in IJVs. The results from the empirical analysis based on a survey of 136 Korean parent companies of IJVs reveal that knowledge management in IJVs follows a sequential, multi-stage process, and that the knowledge transferred from parents to IJVs must first be adapted within its new environment before it reaches the creation stage. We also found that only created knowledge is transferred back to parents.

Pilot Study of the Korean Parent Training Program Using a Partial Group‐Randomized Experimental Study

Korean American (KA) parents need a culturally tailored parent training that helps them bridge the Korean and American cultures and divergent parenting practices. The Korean Parent Training Program (KPTP) was pilot tested with 48 KA mothers of children between 3 and 8 years old using a partial group-randomized controlled experimental study design. Researchers gathered self-report survey and observation data. Analyses, which used generalized estimating equations, indicated the intervention group mothers increased use of effective parenting practices and their children decreased behavioral problems and reported less acculturation conflict with their mothers. The KPTP is a promising way to promote effective parenting and increase positive child mental health in KA families.

Voices of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Parents: The Case of Korean-American Parents

Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate attitudes and perspectives of Korean immigrant parents in rearing and educating their children in the United States. One hundred nineteen Korean parents from three cities in the United States were surveyed using the Korean Parent Questionnaire. The responses of the questionnaire were analyzed using Chi-square test, one-way ANOVA, and content analysis. Major findings of this study were (1) Korean parents’ limited English skills prevented them from communicating effectively with their children’s school personnel or getting actively involved in their children’s schooling, (2) the parents believe that rearing a child in America had its benefits, and (3) the parents spoke only Korean in the home and did not become immersed in the American culture.