Korean Fathers Research Articles

일상 속 마이크로어그레션 척도 개발 및 타당화 연구: 다문화가정 성인자녀를 중심으로

Objectives The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a scale to measure the everyday microaggressions perceived by emerging adult from multicultural families. Methods For this purpose, in-depth interviews and surveys were conducted with emerging adult from multicultural families, specifically those born to a foreign-born mother (or father) and a Korean father (or mother), who grew up and currently live in Korea. Initial items were created based on key statements from the in-depth interviews with 14 participants and a review of the literature. . A preliminary survey was then conducted with 144 participants, and based on the preliminary survey with 144 participants, item analysis and exploratory factor analysis were conducted to finalize the items. Based on this, a final survey was conducted with 253 participants, and confirmatory factor analysis and validity analysis were performed. Results The results showed that the scale of he everyday microaggressions developed in this study appropriately explained the data for emerging adult from multicultural families. The scale consisted of three sub-factors: ‘Subtle Negative Prejudices,’ ‘Subtle Discriminatory Treatment,’ and ‘Subtle Exclusion.’ Additionally, the scale showed appropriate correlations with measures of perceived everyday discrimination, general sense of belonging, and life satisfaction, confirming its convergent validity. Conclusions The everyday microaggression scale developed in this study was found to have appropriate validity. It is hoped that this scale will be used in future research to explore the impact of everyday microaggressions on adult children from multicultural families in Korea. Suggestions for future research and limitations of the study were also discussed.

Validation of the Mediating Effect of Parenting Stress in the Relationship between Work-Family Strains and Gains and Marital Satisfaction for Fathers in Korea.

This study aimed to examine the relationship between Korean fathers' work-family strains and gains and marital satisfaction and to validate the mediating effect of parenting stress in the relationship. This study used the 14th-year survey data of the Panel Study of Korean Children (PSKC) conducted by the Korea Institute of Child Care and Education (KICCE), the latest available data. The PSKC is a longitudinal study of children's growth and development from birth in the Republic of Korea. After excluding datasets containing missing values from the data collected from 2150 respondents, the data were extracted from the survey responses collected from 1130 respondents, and descriptive statistical analysis, path analysis, and mediating effect analysis were conducted. First, Korean fathers' work-family strains had a positive (+) influence on parenting stress (β = 0.658, p < 0.001). Second, Korean fathers' work-family strains had a negative (-) influence on marital satisfaction (β = -0.185, p < 0.001). Third, Korean fathers' work-family gains did not have a statistically significant influence on parenting stress (β = 0.016, p = 0.632). Fourth, Korean fathers' work-family gains had a positive (+) influence on marital satisfaction (β = 0.381, p < 0.001). Fifth, Korean fathers' parenting stress did not have a statistically significant influence on marital satisfaction (β = 0.011, p = 0.783). Sixth, the indirect effect of work-family strains on marital satisfaction via parenting stress (β = 0.013, 95% Bias-corrected CI = -0.042∼0.075) was statistically significant, and specifically, it had a partial mediating effect. Seventh, the indirect effect of work-family gains on marital satisfaction via parenting stress (β = 0.028, 95% Bias-corrected CI = 0.005∼0.051) was statistically significant, and specifically, it had a partial mediating effect. This study aims to provide the basic data for various family support policies for fathers by understanding the current status of work-family balance for fathers in modern society, as well as by examining the effects of parenting stress in the relationship with marital satisfaction.

Effects of Perceived Discrimination on Multicultural Adolescents’ Ethnic Identity Conflict: A Moderated Mediation Effect of Parent-Child Open Communication through Bicultural Competence

This study examined the effects of perceived discrimination on multicultural adolescents regarding feelings of conflict over their ethnic identity by investigating the moderating role of father-child open communication and mother-child open communication mediated by bicultural competence. A total of 234 middle school students (grades 7-8; 139 girls and 95 boys) from multicultural families, from which the father is Korean and the mother is not, participated in the study. Data was collected through an online self-report questionnaire and was analyzed via SPSS 26.0 and Process (Version 4.1) MACRO. The results can be summarized as follows. First, bicultural competence mediated the effects of perceived discrimination on feelings of conflict over one’s ethnic identity. Enhanced bicultural competence resulting from a lower perception of discrimination contributed to a reduction in feelings of conflict over one’s ethnic identity. Second, the moderated mediation effect of fatherchild open communication was significant, while the effect of mother-child open communication was not. Thus, the mediation relationship (lower perceived discrimination increased bicultural competence and, thus, reduced conflict over one’s ethnic identity) grew stronger as the level of father-child open communication increased. The significance of this study lies in uncovering the causal relationships between individual and environmental factors that contribute to ethnic identity development among multicultural adolescents, particularly highlighting the important role of Korean fathers within multicultural households.

Korean fathers’ immigration experience

ABSTRACT Korean immigrant fathers were interviewed and the consensual qualitative research (CQR) method was employed to analyze the data. Five domains (challenges, identity, values, relationship, and well-being) and seventeen categories emerged. Participants experienced implicit discrimination and cultural barriers. They identified themselves as Koreans and valued family’s well-being as their priority. They made efforts to find meaning and satisfaction by supporting children to become independent adults. Participants were aware of their traditional parenting styles and the intergenerational cultural gap with their children. As first-generation immigrants, Korean immigrant fathers reported a lack of genuine relationships with both Korean Americans and non-Korean Americans outside of their families. Although participants reported freedom from the pressure caused by interdependent Korean culture, they felt homesickness and emptiness without their own valued life goals.

10.1 Representations of Korean Fathers in Media: An Analysis of Contemporary Song Lyrics

10.1 Representations of Korean Fathers in Media: An Analysis of Contemporary Song Lyrics

Analysis of mutation rates and haplotypes of 23 Y-chromosomal STRs in Korean father–son pairs

Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats (Y-STRs) have been widely used in forensic genetics, and accurate knowledge of mutation rates at Y-STR loci is essential in kinship analysis. The main aim of this study was to estimate Y-STR mutation rates in Korean males. To obtain locus-specific mutations and haplotypes at 23 Y-STRs, we analyzed samples from 620 Korean father–son pairs. In addition, we also analyzed 476 unrelated individuals using the PowerPlex® Y23 System, with the aim of augmenting the available data for the Korean population. The PowerPlex® Y23 system facilitates analysis of the 23 Y-STR loci (DYS576, DYS570, DYS458, DYS635, DYS389 II, DYS549, DYS385, DYS481, DYS439, DYS456, DYS389 I, DYS19, DYS393, DYS391, DYS533, DYS437, DYS390, Y GATA H4, DYS448, DYS438, DYS392, and DYS643). Locus-specific mutation rate estimates varied from 0.00 to 8.06 × 10−3 per generation, with an average mutation rate of 2.17 × 10−3 (95% CI, 1.5–3.1 × 10−3). To obtain comprehensive genetic values for the Korean population, we combined data obtained in this study with previously reported values, thereby enabling us to estimate the locus-specific mutation rates regarding 22,711 allele transmissions. By combining these data, we obtained an overall average mutation rate of 2.91 × 10−3 (95% CI, 2.3–3.7 × 10−3). In addition, among the 476 unrelated Korean males, we detected 467 different haplotypes, with an overall haplotype diversity value of 0.9999. By extracting haplotypes of Y-STRs described in previous literature on 23 Y-STR reported in Korea, we obtained gene diversities for 1133 Korean individuals. We believe that the values and characteristics of the 23 Y-STRs analyzed in this study will contribute to establishing criteria for forensic genetic interpretation, including kinship analysis.

The Intergenerational Transmission of Risk Preferences: Evidence from Field Experiments in China and Korea.

In this study, we conduct field experiments with 196 worker-parent pairs from two companies in China and South Korea and explore factors that affect the similarity of risk preferences between parents and their offspring. In the Chinese data, we show more similar risk preferences between parents and their offspring when there are higher levels of parental involvement and financial parenting. In contrast, in the Korean data, a more demanding parenting style contributes to intergenerational transmission. These effects are mainly captured by the intergenerational transmission from Chinese mothers to their offspring and from Korean fathers to their offspring. In addition, we find that in our study, same-gender transmission contributes highly to intergenerational transmission, and the risk preferences of Chinese workers and their parents are more similar than those of Korean workers and their parents. We also discuss potential differences in the intergenerational transmission of risk preferences between China and Korea and Western countries. Our study provides a better understanding of the formation of individuals' risk preferences.

Toward exploring a new path for parenting within a digital environment: an investigation of Korean fathers’ online involvement in parenting

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to investigate fathers’ online involvement in parenting focusing on the process of promoting and supporting children’s lives using computers or smart devices. For this purpose, 411 Korean fathers raising young children participated in a survey. The results showed a marginally low level of online involvement in parenting. Among the five sub-constructs of fathers’ online involvement in parenting, the highest and lowest mean scores were found in ‘sharing responsibility’ and ‘educational involvement’ respectively. Concerning group differences in fathers’ online involvement in parenting, only education and income showed statistically significant differences. Specifically, the fathers with higher levels of education and income showed more active online involvement in parenting. A cluster analysis was conducted to determine whether fathers’ groups showed distinct patterns of online involvement. The results revealed four definable groups: ‘low involvement’, ‘easy-task involvement’, ‘active involvement’, and ‘spousal communication’. Implications for policy development facilitating fathers’ online involvement in parenting were discussed.

Developmental trajectories of Korean and heritage language proficiencies and their association with maladjustment among Korean multicultural adolescents.

This study identified changes in Korean and heritage language proficiencies across five waves (2011-2015) and examined the association between linguistic acculturation trajectories and adjustment (2016) among Korean adolescents with immigrant family backgrounds (N=1441; 51.21% female; Mage(baseline) =9.97). All adolescents were from multiethnic families with 91.65% comprising a non-Korean Asian mother (e.g., Japan, Philippines, China, Thailand) and Korean father. Parallel process latent class growth modeling and multivariate regression analysis were conducted to estimate the trajectories of linguistic acculturation and their effects on adolescents' future adjustment. Linguistic acculturation trajectories were classified into three latent groups. Bilingual adolescents demonstrated better adjustment over adolescents in other trajectories. Findings highlight the importance of considering patterns of change in linguistic acculturation for understanding Korean multicultural adolescents' adjustment.

성장혼합모형을 활용한 다문화 청소년의 삶의 만족도 변화 유형화 및 영향 요인 검증

Objectives The purpose of this study was to predict the longitudinal changes in life satisfaction of multicultural adolescents from middle school to high school and to identify relevant factors affect on the changes. The study also looked at career attitude of adolescents in 12th grade.&#x0D; Methods Data of 1,154 international marriage families (Korean father and foreign mother) from the 6 years (2014-2019) of Multicultural Adolescents Panel Study (MAPS) were used. In specific, international marriage families (Korean father and foreign mother) were used. The unconditional model based on the latent growth modeling and the life satisfaction potential class based on the growth mixture modeling were analyzed. R3STEP and BCH were also used to identify relevant factors on latent classification of life satisfaction and to differentiate carrier attitude deepening on the classification.&#x0D; Results As the results, the life satisfaction was decreased during both middle and high school, and greater decreases were found in middle school. Also, there were three distinct latent growth classes of life satisfaction were found; (1) low-level increasing and maintaining group, (2) middle-level-decreasing group, and (3) high-level-decreasing group. In addition, self-esteem, school achievement, cultural adaptation stress, social withdrawal, parent supervision, supports from family, parents, friends, and teacher were found as relevant factors to differentiate classes. Adolescents’ carrier attitude in 12th grade was also different based on classifications of the life satisfaction.&#x0D; Conclusions These results suggest that multi-factors (individual, parents, family, friends, teachers) should considere to increase life satisfaction of multicultural adolescents.

Association between parents’ country of birth and smoking risks in South Korean adolescents

This study aimed to determine whether significant associations exist between multicultural families and adolescent smoking risks in South Korea. Data from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based survey from 2016 to 2020 were analyzed. Participants were classified into four family types (South Korean mother–foreign father, South Korean father–foreign mother, both foreign parents, and both South Korean parents) according to their parents’ country of birth and smoking was assessed using a self-reported questionnaire. A logistic regression analysis was used to examine the significance of the associations. Overall, 194,259 participants (boys: 94,793, girls: 99,466) enrolled in this study. Adolescents whose parents were born overseas were more likely to smoke than native South Korean adolescents (boys: odds ratio [OR] = 2.61, confidence interval [CI] = 1.79–3.81, girls: OR 3.94, CI 2.42–6.43). When the mother’s country of birth was a developing country, there was an increased likelihood of girls smoking, and there was an increased likelihood of smoking among boys when the mother’s country of birth was North Korea. When both parents were born abroad, and the mother’s country of birth was a developing country, the likelihood of smoking risks among their multicultural teenage children increased. Policies and interventions need to be established and implemented to lower the smoking rate among multicultural teenagers.

How Does Social and Work Life Change for Fathers of Children With Cancer?

Caring for a child with cancer greatly affects fathers’ social lives, with fathers experiencing conflicts between work demands and their desire to be with their sick child. To date, fathers’ unique experiences of caring for a child with cancer remain poorly understood. This study aimed to understand the impact of a child’s cancer diagnosis on the social and work relationships of their father through in-depth interviews with 20 Korean fathers of a child with cancer within 5 years of the diagnosis. Thematic analysis yielded five themes related to how a child’s cancer diagnosis affected the father’s relationships at work and in social situations: (a) shifting priorities, (b) changes in work, (c) support and struggles at work, (d) not being social out of guilt, and (e) pent-up stress. Overall, the findings highlight that fathers experienced conflicting roles and constraints in social relationships after their child’s cancer diagnosis. This should be considered when developing and implementing social services for families with children diagnosed with cancer.

Experiences of Korean Fathers of Children With Autism in the United States

Abstract There is an increasing number of culturally diverse individuals, particularly Asians, identified with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the United States. Nevertheless, research on culturally diverse caregivers, especially fathers, of children with ASD is scarce. Thus, this phenomenological study explored the essence of shared experiences of Korean fathers of children with ASD in the United States. Five fathers who have a child with ASD participated in a semistructured interview with a Korean-English bilingual researcher. Follow-up interviews and field notes were used for triangulation as a part of data analysis. The fathers' narratives regarding family characteristics, interactions, and functioning are discussed in alignment with the family systems theory. The findings provide recommendations for future practice and research.

Workplace matters: negotiating a sense of entitlement towards taking time off for childcare among Korean fathers working in Sweden

A gender-equal leave policy for childcare does not necessarily engender a corresponding sense of entitlement in fathers to actually take leave, but few studies have focused on how fathers develop their sense of entitlement at work. This study explores how Korean fathers, accustomed to a work-centred life, changed their sense of entitlement towards childcare leave while working in a father-friendly country, Sweden. Sixteen Korean fathers’ narratives were analysed under two different work settings in Sweden: about half worked in Swedish companies while the other half worked in Korean-owned companies with branches in Sweden. The findings suggest that the fathers working at Swedish companies developed a stronger sense of entitlement to take childcare leave. Three contexts appeared to influence this development: the conceivability of being absent and putting responsibilities on hold, having a horizontal relationship with superiors (daring to refuse), and the social recognition of a father’s responsibilities as a co-parent.

The Influence of Mothers’ Acculturative Stress on Adolescents&amp;apos; Depression in Multicultural Families: The Moderating Effect of Sex

Background: With the increasing number of multicultural adolescents, concerns about their healthy development are also on the rise. This study aimed to examine the influence of mothers’ acculturative stress on adolescents’ depression in multicultural families with respect to the moderating effect of sex.Methods: A series of regression analyses were conducted using a sample of 1,052 adolescents from multicultural families composed of a foreign-born mother and a Korean father based on the 9th wave of the Multicultural Adolescents Panel Study (MAPS).Results: First, foreign-born mothers’ acculturative stress positively and significantly influenced adolescents’ depression. When the level of acculturative stress increased, so did the level of depression. Second, the influence of mothers’ acculturative stress on adolescents’ depression was moderated by sex. The influence was larger for female than for male adolescents.Conclusions: Based on its findings, this study discussed intervention strategies to address depression among multicultural adolescents.

Factors influencing suicidal tendencies during COVID-19 pandemic in Korean multicultural adolescents: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThere is concern that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on the psychological wellbeing of many populations, including increase of fear, anxiety, and uncertainty. Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, adolescents specifically have experienced direct and indirect impacts on their mentally, resulting in severe depression, self-harm and suicide. This study aimed to identify factors influencing suicidal tendencies and the mental health status of multicultural adolescents in Korea during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted with 784 multicultural adolescents (Korean fathers and foreign mothers) who participated in the 16th national Korean Youth Risk Behaviour online survey. Research variables were measured using self-reported questionnaires for mental health and suicidal tendencies. Data was analysed using SPSS 26.0 program.ResultsThe factors influencing suicidal tendencies (contemplating suicide, suicidal plans, and suicide attempts) were sexual intercourse experience (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 7.67, 5.04, 7.10), depressive mood (aOR 1.03, 0.98, 0.97, 0.90), and unhappiness (aOR 13.00, 7.28, 5.56).ConclusionsIn conclusion, the factors that affect suicidal tendencies showed sexual intercourse experience, depressive mood and unhappiness. Screening for suicidal tendencies and suicide prevention programs that consider the significant factors that affect suicidal tendencies should be developed for multicultural adolescents. School health professions and mental health counselors at schools need to emphasize the mental health and psychosocial support needs of senior high school students.

Effects of Korean fathers’ participation in parenting, parental role satisfaction, and parenting stress on their child’s playfulness

ABSTRACT This study aimed to examine the effects of fathers’ participation in parenting, parental role satisfaction and parenting stress on their child’s playfulness. The sample of the study consisted of 300 fathers of children aged eight years and below (children studying in second or lower grades), living in Korea. The subjects were surveyed between April and May, 2021. The results of the study were as follows: fathers’ participation in parenting and parental role satisfaction were positively related, while fathers’ participation in parenting and parenting stress were negatively related. Child’s playfulness was positively related to fathers’ participation in parenting and parental role satisfaction, and negatively related to parenting stress. It was confirmed that fathers’ participation in parenting, parental role satisfaction, and parenting stress are variables that affect child’s playfulness. Fathers’ participation in parenting had the greatest impact on child’s playfulness, followed by parental role satisfaction and parenting stress.

Korean Fathers’ Value of Children and Their Patterns of Parenting Behavior: A Cluster Analysis

Studies concerning fathering have rarely examined the relationships between how fathers value their children and their parenting behaviors. The purpose of this study was to identify Korean fathers’ value of children and patterns of parenting behavior through cluster analysis. Data from 1,520 fathers who participated in the 2013 Panel Study on Korean Children (PSKC) were subjected to a two-step cluster analysis using the k-means algorithm for clustering fathers’ value of children and their parenting behaviors. The results indicated three clusters: “only valued emotionally,” “highly involved,” and “detached.” Furthermore, when the influencing factors dividing clusters 2 and 3 were explored, the fathers’ psychological characteristics, such as high parenting stress, depression and low self-esteem, in addition to their sociodemographic factors, increased the likelihood of being assigned to the “detached” cluster. The significance of this study lies in the clustering of fathers using their value of children and parenting behaviors, which is an approach that had not been studied previously. Moreover, this study is valuable as it identifies the relative influence of fathers’ psychological characteristics that affected the classification of clusters.

Norms about childcare, working hours, and fathers’ uptake of parental leave in South Korea

ABSTRACT The number of leave-taking fathers in South Korea has quintupled in the last five years, but those taking leave are still a minority of the total eligible fathers. These minority fathers, however, take some of the longest leave in the world. Driven by such notable trends, this paper inquires how norms about childcare and working hours shape Korean fathers’ decision to take leave as well as work-family balance after leave. I find that fathers are often pushed to take leave as a last resort in light of poor work-family balance and absence of more desirable alternatives to care for a young child. While these conditions continue to constrain parents after the end of the fathers’ leave, fathers respond in divergent ways: making continued effort to balance employment and family life, reverting to work-centric lifestyles with grandparental support, or going through career changes to address continued childcare needs. My findings highlight that incentives targeting fathers to take leave need to go hand in hand with more fundamental reforms to working hours and reliable ECEC to sustainably support gender equality and work-family balance of dual-earner parents.

Child Happiness Associated with Paternal Profiles in Parenting Behaviors and Work-Family Balance

In Korea, expectations for paternal roles are changing from strict fathers to intimate fathers as a result of the rise in dual-income families. Maintaining a work-family balance to allow for more involvement in parenting can be difficult for Korean fathers because they tend to be work-oriented. They also typically lack a role model for close father-child relationships due to Korea’s tradition of authoritarian fatherhood. In this study, we identify paternal profiles and what types of fathers are positively associated with child happiness. For this purpose, we investigate (a) the number and characteristics of paternal profiles in parenting behaviors (authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting) and work-family balance (work-family benefits and conflicts); (b) predictors of the profiles, and (c) how the profiles are associated with child happiness. Our sample included 1,159 fathers with children in the 3rd grade from the 10th wave of the Panel Study on Korean Children. The mean age of the fathers was 42.15 years ( SD = 3.88), and the mean length of their marital relationship was about 12.90 years ( M = 154.83 months, SD = 36.98). Using Mplus, we applied latent profile analysis and found three profiles: (1) authoritative fathers with work-family benefits (22.1%); (2) authoritative-permissive fathers with work-family balance (52.9%); and (3) inconsistent fathers with work-family conflicts (25.0%). We also examined predictors of the profiles and child happiness. Health, age, and marital relationship satisfaction were the significant predictors of the profiles. Children of authoritative fathers with work-family benefits showed significantly higher happiness than children of the other paternal types. Our findings provide valuable implications for family practices and government policies regarding the importance of paternal roles on child happiness and the impact of health status, age, and marital relationship satisfaction on fathers’ parenting.