Korea In Summer Research Articles

Influence of warm surface water originating from the East China Sea on surface water temperature off the south coast of Korea in summer

Surface seawater temperature in the southwestern coast of Korea suddenly rose in the summer of 2017. This rapid temperature rise event occurred simultaneously with a change in wind direction in the Korea Strait from northwesterly to southeasterly due to the approach of typhoon Noru. To identify the causes of the abrupt rise in surface temperature, the variations of the surface currents and temperature were investigated using a three-dimensional ocean circulation model. Warm and less saline surface water, a mixed shelf water of the Changjiang Diluted Water and saline water from an onshore branch of the Kuroshio in the East China Sea (ECS), flowed northeastward to the west and south of Jeju Island, proceeding eastward through the Jeju and Korea Straits. While westerly winds prevailed, wind-driven ageostrophic currents flowed southeastward, moving away from the south coast of Korea, due to Ekman transport. The shallow coastal region was occupied by cool and saline surface water (T < 22 °C, S > 32.5 psu). However, after the wind shifted to an easterly direction, the surface ageostrophic currents realigned northwestward, and the warm and less saline water moved into the shallow coastal region. In a passive tracer dispersal experiment, dyes injected from the ECS flowed to the west of Jeju Island and through the Jeju Strait via geostrophic currents. These dyes did not affect the shallow southern coastal region of Korea while the westerly winds dominated. However, during the easterly wind event, the dyes were advected toward the coast by the coastward Ekman transport. An analysis of temperature data observed at Cheongsando over 16 years and the tracer experiment revealed that the abrupt temperature rise in the summer of 2017 was a marine heatwave event generated by the advection of warm and less saline surface water from the ECS to the southwestern coast of Korea through the Jeju Strait.

Effect of Supplemental Inter-Lighting on Paprika Cultivated in an Unheated Greenhouse in Summer Using Various Light-Emitting Diodes.

This study investigated the effects of supplemental inter-lighting on paprika (cv. Nagano RZ) in South Korea in summer using various LED light sources. The following LED inter-lighting treatments were used: QD-IL (blue + wide-red + far-red inter-lighting), CW-IL (cool-white inter-lighting), and B+R-IL (blue + red (1:2) inter-lighting). To investigate the effect of supplemental lighting on each canopy, top-lighting (CW-TL) was also used. Additionally, a control without supplemental lighting was included for comparison. Significant variations were observed in the plant growth indexes 42 days after treatment. The SPAD values and total chlorophyll content in the last period of cultivation were significantly higher than those of the control. In November, the marketable fruit yield was significantly higher than that of the control. QD-IL, CW-IL, and CW-TL resulted in significantly higher values of total soluble solids than the control, and CW-IL resulted in higher values of ascorbic acid content than the control. Regarding the economic analysis, CW-IL resulted in the highest net income rate (12.70%) compared with the control. Therefore, the light sources of CW-IL were assessed as suitable for supplemental lighting due to the highest total soluble solids, ascorbic acid content, and net income rate obtained.

Syndinean dinoflagellates of the genus Euduboscquella are paraphyletic.

Syndinean dinoflagellates of the genus Euduboscquella infect marine ciliates and dinoflagellates. Euduboscquella species infecting dinoflagellates are understudied relative to congeners infecting ciliates and their molecular phylogeny remains uncertain. Morphology, development, and rRNA gene sequences of intracellular parasites infecting heterotrophic dinoflagellates from coastal waters of Busan, Republic of Korea in summer to fall of 2019-2021 indicate that Cucumeridinium coeruleum, Gyrodinium cf. ochraceum, and two unidentified species of Gyrodinium were each infected by a different Euduboscquella species. Morphological features including shield structure, shape and color of the mature trophont, and sporogenic process distinguished each of the four parasites from the 10 previously described species of Euduboscquella. Our molecular and phylogenetic analyses showed considerably greater genetic distance of SSU and ITS-LSU rRNA gene regions among Euduboscquella species infecting dinoflagellates than among those infecting ciliates. Rather than clustering as a group with Euduboscquella species infecting ciliates, SSU rRNA sequences of the four novel parasites spread out across the syndinean Group I phylogeny, occurring in two different clades and a new lineage. Placement of our novel parasites in multiple clades that encompass Ichythyodinium chabelardi strongly indicates that the genus Euduboscquella is paraphyletic.

Wind-driven retreat of cold water pool and abrupt sea temperature rise off the southwest coast of Korea in summer 2017

Variations in seawater temperature have a critical influence on marine ecosystems and aquaculture industries in coastal regions. From July 25 to August 5, 2017, the sea surface temperature off the southwestern coast of Korea rose rapidly from 17.1 °C to 27.3 °C, which induced environmental stress in marine organisms such as farmed abalone. This study investigated the cause of this abrupt sea temperature rise. Westerly winds from July 1 to 25 were favorable for the upwelling of cold subsurface water along the bottom slope in this coastal region, helping maintain cool surface water temperatures. As the wind changed to easterly, the cold subsurface water moved away and warmer, fresher surface water moved into the coastal region, where the surface currents changed from a southeastward flow to a northeastward flow from July 25 to August 5. Thus, to maintain stable, cool seawater temperatures during summer, both cold water supply and upwelling wind conditions are essential. The analysis of water masses indicated that the cold water was formed by the mixing of the Tsushima Warm Current Water and Yellow Sea Bottom Water in the northern East China Sea. The cold water advected eastward and formed a cold water pool in the intermediate depths (30–80 m) of the northern Jeju Strait, providing cold water to the coastal region during the upwelling period. The westerly winds were disrupted by the approach of a typhoon, which discontinued the supply of bottom cold water. The physical processes identified in this study will help predict short-term increases in water temperature and can assist in the development of countermeasures for the aquaculture industry against the negative effects of abrupt environmental changes.

Environmental factors affecting neustonic zooplankton in the southwestern area of Korea in summer

Environmental factors affecting neustonic zooplankton in the southwestern area of Korea in summer

Red tide dataset in the waters around the Korean Peninsula

Red tide blooms are increasing worldwide. Since 1995, Margalefidium polykrikoides blooms have occurred frequently in the waters around the Korean Peninsula. These blooms generally appear first on the South Sea of Korea in summer. When they occur on a large scale, they extend to the East Sea of Korea and the West Sea of Korea, causing great damage to fisheries and marine ecosystems. Harmless red tide can also adversely affect the environment of the waters by causing oxygen depletion in waters when occurring at high density. Currently, the National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS) is providing the daily red tide report based on M. polykrikoides red tide species. This report contains red tide species, location, and cell abundance information, but is limited to use as cell abundance data based on exact location. In addition, the waters around the Korean peninsula have different characteristics, so that the optical characteristics and seawater environment are different for each water. In the East Sea in Aug. 2013, the West Sea in Aug. 2016, the South Sea in Aug. 2018, and the South Sea in Aug. and Sep. 2019, during red tide season, dataset were obtained for red tide cell abundance, spectrum, chlorophyll concentration, and suspended particulate matter concentration. Noctiluca scintillans species were observed in the field survey conducted in 2016, and M. polykrikoides was mainly found in the other field surveys. Location-based red tide cell abundance data and seawater environment information obtained during red tide occurrence will be useful data for the construction of red tide warning system to reduce damage due to red tide blooms.

2018 summer extreme temperatures in South Korea and their intensification under 3 °C global warming

With the acceleration in global warming, extreme hot temperatures have emerged as one of the most prominent risks. In this study, we characterize the unprecedented extreme temperatures that occurred in Korea in summer 2018, and attempt to explain how this locally observed extreme event can be interpreted in the context of 2 °C and 3 °C global warming above the pre-industrial level. To better resolve geographically diverse climate features and enhance confidence in future changes, three global projections are dynamically downscaled using three regional climate models that are customized over Korea and the systematic biases are statistically corrected using quantile mapping. In July and August 2018, abnormally high maximum temperatures (Tmax) were observed over the entire territory of South Korea. Beyond the increase of mean value, Tmax at individual stations departed significantly from the typical Gaussian distribution of climatological Tmax due to the dramatic changes in the extent and shape of upper tails. The distinct behaviors of Tmax that appeared in 2018 largely represent the statistical analog of the distribution pattern expected under 3 °C global warming based on fine-scale climate projections. This implies that statistically extremely rare events like that of summer 2018 will become increasingly normal if global average temperature is allowed to increase by 3 °C. More importantly, the extreme heat stress measured by the wet-bulb globe temperature is projected to intensify the risks to a level never before seen in contemporary climate. This study is timely and relevant to the need to identify how the globally aggregated warming target temperature can be disaggregated into regional impacts.

Source signatures from combined isotopic analyses of PM2.5 carbonaceous and nitrogen aerosols at the peri-urban Taehwa Research Forest, South Korea in summer and fall

Isotopes are essential tools to apportion major sources of aerosols. We measured the radiocarbon, stable carbon, and stable nitrogen isotopic composition of PM2.5 at Taehwa Research Forest (TRF) near Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) during August–October 2014. PM2.5, TC, and TN concentrations were 19.4 ± 10.1 μg m−3, 2.6 ± 0.8 μg C m−3, and 1.4 ± 1.4 μg N m−3, respectively. The δ13C of TC and the δ15N of TN were − 25.4 ± 0.7‰ and 14.6 ± 3.8‰, respectively. EC was dominated by fossil-fuel sources with Fff (EC) of 78 ± 7%. In contrast, contemporary sources were dominant for TC with Fc (TC) of 76 ± 7%, revealing the significant contribution of contemporary sources to OC during the growing season. The isotopic signature carries more detailed information on sources depending on air mass trajectories. The urban influence was dominant under stagnant condition, which was in reasonable agreement with the estimated δ15N of NH4+. The low δ15N (7.0 ± 0.2‰) with high TN concentration was apparent in air masses from Shandong province, indicating fossil fuel combustion as major emission source. In contrast, the high δ15N (16.1 ± 3.2‰) with enhanced TC/TN ratio reveals the impact of biomass burning in the air transported from the far eastern border region of China and Russia. Our findings highlight that the multi-isotopic composition is a useful tool to identify emission sources and to trace regional sources of carbonaceous and nitrogen aerosols.

A New record of four Penicillium species isolated from Agarum clathratum in Korea.

Agarum clathratum, brown algae, play important ecological roles in marine ecosystem, but can cause secondary environment pollution when they pile up on the beach. In order to resolve the environment problem by A. clathratum, we focus to isolate and identify Penicillium because many species are well known to produce extracellular enzymes. A total of 32 Penicillium strains were isolated from A. clathratum samples that collected from 13 sites along the mid-east coast of Korea in summer. They were identified based on morphological characters and phylogenetic analysis using β-tubulin DNA sequences as well as a combined dataset of β-tubulin and calmodulin. A total of 32 strains were isolated and they were identified to 13 Penicillium species. The commonly isolated species were Penicillium citrinum, P. roseomaculatum, and Penicillium sp. Among 13 Penicillium species, four species - P. bilaiae, P. cremeogriseum, P. madriti, and P. roseomaculatum - have not been previously recorded in Korea. For these four new species records to Korea, we provide morphological characteristics of each strain.

Lepidopterous Insects Composition in Jindo Island, Korea in Summer

We surveyed the biodiversity of lepidopterous insects in Jindo Island using UV bucket trap in July 2016 to determine the relationship between surrounding environment and ecosystem in order to contribute to biodiversity conservation and management of coastal islands in Korea. Based on our survey results, a total of 262 lepidopterous insect species in 16 families were collected from Jindo Island. Members belonging to families Noctuidae and Geometridae made up approximately half of the total species (86 species [32.82%] in Noctuidae and 44 species [16.79] in Geometridae). There were 29 species (11.07%) belonging to Crambidae and 28 species (10.69%) belonging to Pyralidae. As a result of all collections based on previous literature and this study, a total of 730 species belonging to 34 families were collected from Jindo Island, including 33 protected species, 242 species (33.15%) belonging to Noctuidae (the most abundant), 124 species (16.99%) belonging to Geometridae, 79 species (10.82%) belonging to Crambidae, and 65 species (8.90%) belonging to Pyralidae. The most frequently collected species was Lamoria glaucalis in this syudy. Our results on the diversity of lepidopterous insects will provide basic information for future investigation on diverse changes in the ecosystem of Jindo Island, Korea.

Weekly variability of precipitation induced by anthropogenic aerosols: A case study in Korea in summer 2004

We examine the effect of anthropogenic aerosols on the weekly variability of precipitation in Korea in summer 2004 by using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) and Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) models. We conduct two WRF simulations including a baseline simulation with empirically based cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentrations and a sensitivity simulation with our implementation to account for the effect of aerosols on CCN number concentrations. The first simulation underestimates observed precipitation amounts, particularly in northeastern coastal areas of Korea, whereas the latter shows higher precipitation amounts that are in better agreement with the observations. In addition, the sensitivity model with the aerosol effects reproduces the observed weekly variability, particularly for precipitation frequency with a high R at 0.85, showing 20% increase of precipitation events during the weekend than those during weekdays. We find that the aerosol effect results in higher CCN number concentrations during the weekdays and a three-fold increase of the cloud water mixing ratio through enhanced condensation. As a result, the amount of warm rain is generally suppressed because of the low auto-conversion process from cloud water to rain water under high aerosol conditions. The inefficient conversion, however, leads to higher vertical development of clouds in the mid-atmosphere with stronger updrafts in the sensitivity model, which increases by 21% cold-phase hydrometeors including ice, snow, and graupel relative to the baseline model and ultimately results in higher precipitation amounts in summer.

The State of Marine Pollution in the Waters adjacent to Shipyards in Korea -3. Evaluation of the Pollution of Heavy Metals in Offshore Surface Sediments around Major Shipyards in Summer 2010

In order to evaluate the pollution of heavy metals in offshore surface sediments around shipyards in Korea, surface sediment samples were collected at eleven stations around four major shipyards located in the southeastern coast of Korea in summer 2010 and nine kinds of heavy metals such as copper(Cu), zinc(Zn), cadmium(Cd), lead(Pb), chrome(Cr), arsenic(As), mercury(Hg), iron(Fe) and aluminum(Al) in sediments were analyzed. The concentrations of Cu at all sampling stations were in the range of 47.10~414.96 ㎎/㎏ and exceeded TEL(Threshold Effects Level) 20.6㎎-Cu/㎏ of Korean marine environmental standards for offshore sediments and ERL(Effect Range-Low) 34.0㎎-Cu/㎏. The concentrations of Cu at seven stations around four shipyards were 65.18~414.96㎎/㎏ and exceeded PEL(Probable Effects Level) 64.4㎎-Cu/㎏ of Korean marine environmental standards for offshore sediments. The concentration of Cu at one station around B-shipyard was 414.96 ㎎/㎏ and exceeded ERM(Effect Range-Median) 270.0㎎-Cu/㎏. The concentrations of Zn at all stations were in the range of 135.09~388.79㎎/㎏ which exceeded ERL 150.0㎎-Zn/㎏. The concentrations of Zn at seven stations around four shipyards were 157.57~388.79㎎/㎏ and exceeded PEL 157.0㎎-Zn/㎏. The concentration of Zn at one station around B-shipyard was 388.79㎎/㎏ and was approaching ERM 410.0㎎-Zn/㎏. The concentrations of Cd at all stations were in the range of 0.11~0.54㎎/㎏ and were below TEL 0.75㎎-Cd/㎏ and ERL 1.2㎎-Cd/㎏. The concentrations of Pb at all stations were in the range of 18.04~105.62㎎/㎏ . The concentrations of Pb at two stations around B-shipyard were 73.87~105.62㎎/㎏ which exceeded TEL 44.0㎎-Pb/㎏ and ERL 46.7㎎-Pb/㎏, and were below PEL 119.0㎎-Pb/㎏ and ERM 218.0㎎-Pb/㎏. The concentrations of Cr at all stations were in the range of 51.26~85.39㎎/㎏ . The concentration of Cr at one station around B-shipyard was 85.39㎎/㎏ and exceeded ERL 81.0㎎-Cr/㎏. The concentrations of As at all stations were in the range of 8.70~22.15㎎/㎏ which exceeded ERL 8.2㎎-As/㎏ and were below ERM 70.0㎎-As/㎏. The concentrations of As at eight stations around A-shipyard, B-shipyard and D-shipyard were 14.93~22.15㎎/㎏ which exceeded TEL 14.5㎎-As/㎏ and were below PEL 75.5㎎-As/㎏. The concentrations of Hg at all stations were in the range of 0.02~0.35㎎/㎏. The concentrations of Hg at three stations around A-shipyard were 0.11~0.13㎎/㎏ which were almost equal to TEL 0.11㎎-Hg/㎏. Those at two stations around B-shipyard were 0.27~0.35㎎/㎏ which exceeded TEL 0.11㎎-Hg/㎏ and ERL 0.15㎎-Hg/㎏, and were below PEL 0.62㎎-Hg/㎏ and ERM 0.71㎎-Hg/㎏ . The concentrations of Fe and Al at all stations were in the range of 2.90~3.66 % and 3.12~6.80 %, respectively. These results imply that heavy metals such as copper, zinc, lead, arsenic and mercury were likely to be transferred to marine environment from shipyards, especially from B-shipyard.

Possible influence of South Asian high on summer rainfall variability in Korea

This study was conducted to examine the correlation between the South Asian High (SAH) shift and the summer (June–August) rainfall variability in Korea over the course of 45 years (1958–2002). It is found that the shift in the west–east direction is closely related to the summer rainfall variability in Korea. The atmospheric circulations in the east shift years showed that at 850 hPa, an intensification of the western North Pacific subtropical high allowed a sufficient amount of warm and humid air to be supplied to the lower atmosphere near Korea. On the other hand at 200 hPa, the SAH expanded toward the east, near the southern part of Korea, causing the intensification of the northwesterlies, and this allowed the supply of cold and dry air to the upper atmosphere near Korea. Meanwhile, in the latitudinal zone in which Korea is located, there were anomalous upward flows with warm and humid characteristics in the lower atmosphere and anomalous downward flows with cold and dry characteristics in the upper atmosphere. As such, the cold and warm air masses present in the upper and lower atmosphere near Korea led to thermal instability, and this was analyzed to be a major factor that could potentially increase the amount rainfall in Korea in summer in the east shift years. Moreover, a warm SST anomaly was formed in the mid-latitude zones of East Asia, and it heated the lower troposphere, thereby intensifying the thermal instability even further. Furthermore, TCs frequently had an impact on Korea in the east shift years, and were another factor that caused the increased rainfall in summer.

국내 조선소 주변해역의 해양오염 현황 - 2. 2010년 하계 대형조선소 주변 해수의 중금속오염 평가

국내 대형 조선소 주변해역의 중금속오염 현황을 밝히기 위하여 2010년 여름에 4개의 대형 조선소 주변 11개의 채수정점과 4개의 대조정점에서 해수 시료를 채취하여 6종의 금속(Cu, Zn, Fe, Cd, Pb, Hg)을 분석하였다. 조선소별 주변해역 수중의 금속을 분석한 결과, (1) 구리(Cu)의 평균 농도는 $0.817{\sim}1.638{\mu}g/L$ 로 해역환경기준(사람의 건강보호기준 $20{\mu}g/L$ , 해양생태계 보호 단기기준 $3{\mu}g/L$ )보다 낮았지만, 대조정점에 비하여 1.64~2.75배의 높은 값을 나타냈다. (2) 아연(Zn)의 평균 농도는 $ 0.228{\sim}0.567{\mu}g/L$ 로 해역환경기준(사람의 건강보호기준 $100{\mu}g/L$ , 해양생태계 보호 단기기준 $34{\mu}g/L$ )보다 낮았지만, 대조정점에 비하여 1.62~5.91배의 높은 값을 나타냈다. (3) 철(Fe)의 평균 농도는 $3.332{\sim}7.410{\mu}g/L$ 로 대조정점에 비하여 1.30~6.75배의 높은 값을 나타냈다. (4) 카드뮴(Cd)의 평균 농도는 $0.013{\sim}0.028{\mu}g/L$ 로 해역환경기준(사람의 건강보호기준 $10{\mu}g/L$ , 해양생태계 보호단기기준 $19{\mu}g/L$ )보다 낮았지만, 대조정점에 비해 1.18~2.33배의 높은 값을 나타냈다. (5) 납(Pb)의 평균 농도는 $0.007{\sim}0.126{\mu}g/L$ 로 해역환경기준(사람의 건강보호기준 $50{\mu}g/L$ , 해양생태계 보호 단기기준 $7.6{\mu}g/L$ )보다 낮았다. (6) 수은(Hg)의 평균 농도는 $0.002{\sim}0.004{\mu}g/L$ 로 해역환경기준(사람의 건강보호기준 $0.5{\mu}g/L$ , 해양생태계 보호 단기기준 $1.8{\mu}g/L$ )보다 낮았다. 비록 모든 중금속의 수중 농도가 해역환경기준보다 낮다고 할지라도, 선박 건조작업에 사용되는 구리, 아연, 철과 같은 중금속의 농도가 대조해역에 비해 조선소 주변해역에서 높다는 것은 조선소의 영향에 기인하는 것을 암시한다. 따라서 조선소로부터 각종 오염물질이 해양에 유입되지 않도록 통제하고 해양오염을 방지하는 국가적 차원의 해양환경관리가 필요하다. 【In order to elucidate the current state of marine pollution of heavy metals around major shipyards in Korea, seawater samples were collected at eleven sampling stations and four control stations around 4 major shipyards located in the southeastern coast of Korea in summer 2010, and 6 kinds of metals such as copper(Cu), zinc(Zn), iron(Fe), cadmium(Cd), lead(Pb) and mercury(Hg) in seawater samples were analyzed. The analyses of heavy metals in seawater showed that the mean Cu concentrations in seawater around 4 major shipyards were in the range of $0.817{\sim}1.638{\mu}g/L$ which were lower than Korean environmental standards of $20{\mu}g/L$ for the protection of human health(PHH) and of $3{\mu}g/L$ for short-term protection of marine ecosystem(SPME) but higher than Cu concentration at control station by a factor of up to 2.75. The mean Zn concentrations were in the range of $0.228{\sim}0.567{\mu}g/L$ which were lower than Korean environmental standards of $100{\mu}g/L$ for PHH and $34{\mu}g/L$ for SPME but higher than Zn concentration at control station by a factor of up to 5.91. The mean Fe concentrations were in the range of $3.332{\sim}7.410{\mu}g/L$ which were higher than Fe concentration at control station by a factor of up to 6.75. The mean Cd concentrations were in the range of $0.013{\sim}0.028{\mu}g/L$ which were lower than Korean environmental standards of $10{\mu}g/L$ for PHH and $19{\mu}g/L$ for SPME but higher than Cd concentration at control station by a factor of up to 2.33. The mean Pb concentrations were in the range of $0.007{\sim}0.126{\mu}g/L$ which were lower than Korean environmental standards of $50{\mu}g/L$ for PHH and $7.6{\mu}g/L$ for SPME. The mean Hg concentrations were in the range of $0.002{\sim}0.004{\mu}g/L$ which were lower than Korean environmental standards of $0.5{\mu}g/L$ for PHH and $1.8{\mu}g/L$ for SPME. Although the concentrations of metals such as Cu, Zn and Fe which were used in shipbuilding works were lower than Korean environmental standards for PHH and SPME, the fact that the concentrations of Cu, Zn and Fe at sampling stations around major shipyards were higher than those at control stations implies that the works in shipyards had some effects on marine water quality around shipyards. Therefore, marine environment management such as the prevention and control of the discharge of various pollutants from shipyards is required on national level.】

Variability of Residual Currents and Waves in Haeundae Using Long-term Observed AWAC Data

Lim, H.S.; Kim, C.S.; Lee, H.J.; Shim, J.S.; Kim, S.J; Park, K.S., and Chun, I., 2014. Variability of residual currents and waves in Haeundae using long-term observed AWAC data.The Haeundae in the southeastern Korean Peninsula is a famous beach which is one of the most popular tourist attractions of Korea in summer. It is about 1.6 km long and 40 m wide facing the southeastern sea of Korea and Korea Strait. During strong winds in winter and severe typhoons in summer, the beach is significantly eroded by waves and nearshore currents in the surf zone. The intensive coastal developments during last 30 years have caused substantial beach erosion and bathymetric changes in the nearshore area, despite various beach restoration projects, including beach nourishments. Recently, the government decided to construct two submerged breakwaters near both ends of the beach to enhance the preservation potential of the beach replenishments. We estimated the seasonal variations in residual currents from one-year flow measurements using the Acoustic Wave and Current (AWAC) meter, at two locations of Haeundae at approximately 15 m and 22 m in depths. Short-term flows were measured in the surf zone during summer and winter. The moving average method was applied fortnightly to estimate the residual currents. In addition, waves measured with the AWAC were analyzed to characterize seasonal variations in the beach environment of Haeundae. The observed residual currents were well matched with the simulated counterpart from a wave and current coupled model. These simulated nearshore currents appear well correlated with seasonal variations in beach erosion and accumulation. The wave and current data were also used to validate an operational coastal modeling system for the prediction of hydrodynamics. These observations will be incorporated in simulations of sediment transport in Haeundae coastal waters for developing coastal erosion control system.

Insect fauna of the scheduled regeneration forests in Samcheok, Gangwon-do, Korea in summer

In the present study, insect fauna in forests around Samcheok, Gangwon-do that were designated as regeneration forests, were investigated from August to October in 2012. This study was carried out to collect the basic data on changes in insect fauna by period. The main groups of forest insects including moths, ground beetles, and stem living insects were collected. Bucket traps, pitfall traps, and funnel traps were used in the study. The following results were obtained: 531 individuals in 48 species of moths were investigated by bucket traps; 92 individuals in eight species of ground beetles by pitfall traps; and 17 individuals in nine species of insects by funnel traps.

Exploring the Meaning of Mobile Learning for Informal Learning

This study defines mobile technology (specifically in this study, smart phone technology) as a contemporary learning tool and environment that can make a difference in users’ informal learning practice. Currently, in Korea, there are thirteen millions smart phone users and the number of smart phone users worldwide is expected to exceed one billion by 2013. Mobile technology is, therefore, becoming a device that many people carry every day and its possibility to facilitate learning seems to be highly promising. With such societal and cultural movement in mind, to understand the nature of mobile users’ experiences and their meanings in terms of learning, the study investigates (a) users’ actual experiences in using mobile, (b) users’ perceptions toward the effectiveness and meaning of mobile for learning, and (c) the characteristics of informal learning appeared through mobile learning. In other words, the study aims to suggest practical guidelines by answering to the following inquires; 1) which experiences do the mobile users perceive conducive to learning? 2) depending on how users understand and define learning in general, does it influence on their use and perception of mobile as a learning tool?, and 3) what can be the most effective way of using mobile for learning in relation to the perspectives of informal learning? Here, the theory of informal learning is applied as a framework. Informal learning, in a broader sense, defines everyday experiences from which we learn something (Merriam &amp; Cafarrella, 1999). According to Schugurensky (2000), informal learning can take different forms due to the presence or absence of intentionality and awareness of learning. He defines informal learning in three forms - self-directed learning, incidental learning, and socialization. While mobile learning has been researched a lot recently, its potential for informal learning, especially for adults has hardly been studied. The research study was conducted in Korea in summer, 2011 and plans to conduct the sequel in USA in fall, 2011. The online survey questionnaire consisted of 20 questions was developed and implemented and the mixed research methodology was applied in that it included both quantitative multiple-choice items and qualitative open-ended questions. The initial findings show that the majority of participants became aware of positive changes in everyday life, including learning. Also, three forms of informal learning: directed learning, incidental learning, and socialization were respectively identified in this environment. More specifically, mobile is perceived to be meaningful especially for directed (or self-regulated) learning while it is seen to be least beneficial for incidental learning. For socialization, interestingly, only certain participants agree that it has occurred through mobile learning or may occur. Finally, the participants find mobile the most useful for information search and knowledge acquisition. In conclusion, the mobile platform can facilitate different types of informal learning and work not merely as a learning tool but a learning environment ultimately. It particularly seems to enhance adults’ learning more enriched and prospered.

Abundance and sources of hydrophilic and hydrophobic water-soluble organic carbon at an urban site in Korea in summer

In this study, the characteristics of total water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and isolated WSOC fractions were examined to gain a better understanding of the pathway of organic aerosol production. 24 h PM(2.5) samples were collected during the summer (July 28-August 28, 2009) at an urban site in Korea. A glass column filled with XAD7HP resin was used to separate the filtered extracts into hydrophilic (WSOC(HPI)) and hydrophobic (WSOC(HPO)) fractions. The origins of air mass pathways arriving at the sampling site were mostly classified into three types, those originating over the East Sea of Korea that passed over the eastern inland urban and industrial regions (type I); those from the marine (western/southwestern/southern marine) and passed over the national industrial complex regions (type II); and those from northeastern China that passed through North Korea and metropolitan areas of South Korea (type III). Measurements showed an increase in the average WSOC fraction of total OC from the type II to III air mass (53 to 64%) periods. Also, higher SO(4)(2-)/SO(x) (=SO(2) + SO(4)(2-)) was observed in the type III air mass (0.70) than those in the types I (0.49) and II (0.43). According to the average values of WSOC/OC and SO(4)(2-)/SO(x), measurements suggest that the aerosols collected during the type III air mass period were more aged or photo-chemically processed than those during the types I and II air mass periods. The relationship between the SO(4)(2-)/SO(x) and WSOC/OC (R(2) = 0.64) suggests that a significant fraction of the observed WSOC at the site could be formed by an oxidation process similar to SO(4)(2-) aerosols, probably the oxidation process using OH radicals, or in-cloud processing. The photochemical production of WSOC(HPO) was also observed to significantly contribute to the total OC.

Contact Zone in TESOL: East and West Immersion

I was invited to give a talk at the Gwangju International Center (GIC) in Korea in Summer 2011. The GIC was established in 1999 by the Gwangju Citizens' Alliance to promote intercultural understanding and cooperation between foreign residents and local people in Gwangju, the capital of Chonnam Province, in Korea. Under the title of “Images of Writing across Cultures,” I gave my talk about culturally embedded writing practices across nations and presented some practical strategies that the audience could use in various writing contexts. There were about 60 people in the audience. Half of them were Korean and the other half were expatriates, which included high school students, teachers in private language institutes, K-12 schools, colleges and universities, house wives, retired professors, and publishers

트롤어구용 해파리 분리 배출장치 기본 구조 개발

The purpose of this study is to develop the jellyfish separator system(JSS) for reducing fishery damage by the increase of jellyfish in the sea area of Korea in summer. First of all, to find the optimum structure of a JSS, six types of JSS in trawl fishery were designed and manufactured, the underwater shape of JSS and the separating process by JSS were observed in the circulating water channel(CWC). And the field experiments were carried out in July and September 2004 in the southern sea of Korea. For the moving path of the jellyfish model in the CWC, in case that the model was larger than the mesh size of the separator net, it was guided toward the lower part of the separator net by the guiding net and discharged through the outlet. In case that the model was smaller than the mesh size of the separator net, some models which passed through the upper part of the guiding net were smaller than the mesh size of the guiding net and discharged through the outlet and most of the model which passed through the lower part of the guiding net moved to the codend passing through the separator net. According to the field experiment result, the optimum tilt angle of separator net was inferred <TEX>$20^{\circ}$</TEX> that the discharge rate of jellyfish was higher than the other tilt angle of separator net and the optimum structure of JSS was inferred GS type(consists of guiding net and separator net) that the discharge rate of jellyfish was higher than S type(consists of separator net). It was demamded to carry out more study for the countermeasure to reduce loss of fish.