Kolmogorov-Smirnov Criterion Research Articles

Assessment of the content of short-chain fatty acids in ulcerative colitis as an indicator of the patient's metabolic health

Numerous studies show that in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC), a significant role is played by a change in the diversity of the intestinal microflora, which is associated with fewer bacteria producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFCS affect the differentiation and activation of cells of the immune system, play a protective role in maintaining the integrity of the epithelial barrier, participate in the regulation of intestinal peristalsis and blood supply to its wall, muscle anabolism, bioavailability of amino acids.The aim of the study. To evaluate the content of SCLC in the feces of UC patients with varying degrees of severity of the current attack, as well as to investigate the relationship between the content of SCLC with dietary characteristics, body mass index (BMI), and dyspenia.Materials and methods. The study involved 80 UC patients, conducted a survey, objective examination, filling out medical history and outpatient records, blood and stool sampling. The content of SCLC was determined in feces. The study of nutritional characteristics in patients with UC was conducted using a standardized questionnaire of the WHO CINDI program. Statistical methods: median (Me), upper and lower quartiles (P25, P75) were calculated; Mann-Whitney criterion; Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion; nonparametric correlation analysis was performed.Results. The absolute content of SCFCS in the feces of patients with UC is lower than the reference values. The relative content of propionic acid in the subgroup with severe attack was significantly lower than in the remission subgroup, in the subgroup with mild and moderate attack of the disease. In patients with body weight deficiency, the relative content of propionic acid is lower than in UC patients with normal or overweight. A positive relationship was found between the total content of SCFCS in feces and the amount of dietary fiber consumed in the form of fruits and vegetables. In patients with dinapenia, the relative content of butyric acid in feces is significantly lower than in patients without dinapenia.

HIV-infection in the Russian Federation: current diagnostic trends

The aim of the study: to analyse diagnostic trends of HIV-infection in the Russian Federation in the period 2017–2022. Materials and methods. The study used data obtained from reports from the Federal Register of persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (FRHIV). The circumstances in HIV diagnosis and clinical and epidemiological characteristics of newly diagnosed patients, including CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts, were analysed. A likely time window between presumed infection and confirmation of HIV diagnosis was also determined. Categorical data evaluated in the study were presented as proportions and caparisoned using the chi-square test (χ2). In case of multiple comparisons, the Bonferroni correction for multiplicity was used. Quantitative data were tested for normality using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion. In most cases, nonparametric characteristics of distributions — median and interquartile range — were applied, as well as the Mann-Whitney criteria for comparison of two independent groups and the Kraskell-Wallis criteria for comparison more than two groups, followed by pair wise comparisons using the Mann-Whitney criterion with Bonferroni multiplicity correction. A p-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Data analysis and graphical visualization was performed using the statistical software R version 4.1.1 and its libraries.Results and discussion. The results showed an increase in HIV detection through voluntary testing, preventive medical examination, and clinical indications. The proportion of injecting drug users (IDUs) decreased over time, while the involvement of women in the epidemic process and heterosexual transmission increased. Additionally, there was an increase in the proportion of patients aged 35 years and older. The analysis of CD4-cell counts revealed significant differences among gender and age subgroups. Women had higher absolute CD4-lymphocyte counts throughout the follow-up period. Patients aged 0–14 years had the highest proportion of CD4-lymphocytes over 500 cells/μL, while patients over 50 years old had the highest proportion of CD4-lymphocytes less than 200 cells/μL. Men who have sex with men and people infected through mother-to-child transmission had the highest mean baseline CD4-cell counts. IDUs and heterosexuals had a statistically significant decrease in CD4-cell counts over the follow-up period and also had the longest median time from infection to disease detection — 24 and 20 months, respectively.Conclusion: Thus, this study helps identify the most significant risk groups of HIV-infected individuals in Russia at present.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in patients with insomnia: a prospective study

INTRODUCTION: Insomnia is one of the most common sleep disorders, the interest of scientists in the occurrence and pathophysiology of insomnia is growing every year. In particular, the brain connectome and its changes in sleep disorders are being actively studied based on the data of resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging.OBJECTIVE: The study is to assess changes in brain connectomes in patients with chronic insomnia using functional magnetic resonance imaging.MATERIALS AND METHODS: 53 people took part in the study, of which 34 patients who applied for a somnologist’s appointment at the Almazov National Research Medical Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation were diagnosed with chronic insomnia, confirmed by polysomnography. All participants of the study had an MRI of the brain on tomographs with a magnetic field induction force of 3.0 Tl at two time points.Statistics: Statistical analysis of MRI data was performed using MathLab 2018a, CONN v1.7. Descriptive statistics, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion were used to process the materials, depending on the characteristics of the data, the MannWhitney U-criterion and Pearson Chi-squared were used to analyze demographic data.RESULTS: The study, neuroimaging markers of insomnia were identified and changes in the functional networks of the brain were described in patients with insomnia and a group of healthy volunteers at different time points.DISCUSSION: The obtained functional data demonstrate ambiguous results. Both an increase and a decrease in the functional connectivity of the medial prefrontal cortex with the structures of the visual analyzer, an increase in functional connections with the temporal pole, in particular with the hippocampus, is determined, which indicates changes in the consolidation of visually encoded information. The relative limitation in this study can be considered the heterogeneity of the age composition of the group.CONCLUSSION: Resting state functional MRI of the brain is a key neuroimaging method in determining the functional connections of the brain in patients with sleep disorders, which allows us to establish a impairment of functional interaction between brain structures involved in the processes of falling asleep and maintaining sleep.

Estimation of traditional numerical characteristics of lognormal distribution laws of a one-dimensional random variable in conditions of large volume statistical data

The efficiency of estimating the numerical characteristics of a family of the lognormal distribution law of a onedimensional random variable under conditions of large volumes of statistical data is considered. To circumvent the problem of large samples, methods of discretization the range of values of a random variable based on the formulas of Sturges, Brooks-Carruthers, Heinhold-Gaede and the formula proposed by the authors of this article are used. Data arrays have been generated that make it possible to evaluate the numerical characteristics of the laws of distribution of random variables, taking into account their discrete values. Based on the transformed data arrays, estimates of the mathematical expectation, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis coefficients were calculated. Estimates of the numerical characteristics of the considered distribution laws under the conditions of a continuous and discrete random variable are compared for different volumes of initial statistical data. The effectiveness of methods for estimating the numerical characteristics of the family of the lognormal distribution law based on the initial statistical data and on the results of transformations of these data using known discretization formulas has been established. The reliability of the comparison of the effectiveness indicators of the studied methods was confirmed by using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion. It is shown that the discretization formula proposed by the authors of this article is better and more effective compared to traditional methods.

Analysis of the Brownian Motion Approach for Ballistic Resistance Evaluation Using the Maximum Likelihood Inference

Armor technologists’ improvement of protection systems led to the design of complex systems. Given the risk factor on human life, increasing requirements on the ballistic resistance evaluation are imposed. Consequently, an increased effort is dedicated to estimating the perforation probability curve as a function of the bullet impact velocity. The main limitation of methods that fits a normal law to perforation velocities is their purely statistical character. A Brownian-based approach that couples the system response variability and physics was proposed using the Chi-square and Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion function for model parameters estimation. One major limitation of this inference approach is the large experimental database required for its execution. The contribution of this paper is the introduction of the maximum likelihood inference for parameters estimation of the Brownian-based approach. The agreement between the obtained results and the experimental ones confirms the appropriateness of the likelihood inference to solve the studied problem. Moreover, the estimations uncertainty was analyzed and compared to the existing method ones. It was observed that the proposed model reduces the confidence intervals on key velocity estimations. Accordingly, the present work encourages the adoption of this proposed methodology in a laboratory context with a restrained sample size.

Динамика изменения уровней развития дивергентного мышления студентов вуза

We analyze the dynamics of changes in the indicators and development levels of students' divergent thinking during the pedagogical experiment. The research purpose is to evaluate the effectiveness of the developed and implemented technology to develop divergent thinking among university students in educational cooperation. To achieve this goal, the level and comparative analysis of the obtained data on all indicators and development levels of divergent thinking of students in the experimental and control groups was carried out. Statistical processing of the data obtained in the primary and final diagnostics and their comparative analysis were carried out on the basis of mathematical statistics methods using IBM SPSS Statistica 27.0 program. The nonparametric Mann–Whitney U-criterion was used to determine differences in independent groups, and the nonparametric Wilcoxon T-criterion was used in dependent groups. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov criterion was used to verify the subordination to the law of normal distribution. Positive dynamics of changes in the indicators and levels of development of divergent thinking was noted both in the experimental and control groups. However, in the experimental group these changes are statistically significant, while in the control group they are insignificant. The conclusion about the effectiveness of the applied pedagogical technology and expediency of its use in the educational process of higher education institution is made.

Pathogenetic and clinical rationale for syntropic pathology based on metabolic syndrome, coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Pathogenetic and clinical rationale for syntropic pathology based on metabolic syndrome, coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Assessment of morphological features of skin and hair cover of Karakul lambs (South of Kazakhstan).

The relevance of the present research is related to the great importance of Karakul sheep breeding in Kazakhstan and the insufficient investigation of morphological features of the skin and hair cover of Karakul lambs in modern literature. The purpose of the research was to explore the specific features of hair pigmentation and histological structure of the skin of Karakul lambs of different colour groups: black, sur, grey, and brown. The work involved the standard methods of assessing the pigment content in the hair of lambs and methods of histological studies. The study utilised statistical methods including the Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion, one-factor analysis of variance, Fisher's F-criterion, and the Bonferroni method, with data processed through the "PASW Statistics 17" and "Statistica 6.0" software packages. The results of the research demonstrate that the pigment content in the hair of new-born Karakul lambs depends on their colouring. Differences in pigment precipitation between different colour groups of lambs were established: pigment grains in black hairs and suras were larger, in comparison with brown and grey hairs, in which pigment was represented by the smallest grains. At the age of 19days, no significant changes in the colouring of the lambs examined were found (p > 0.05), whereas on reaching 4months of age, depigmentation (p < 0.05) was noted in all colour groups, which was slower in black lambs.

Development of an empirical model for damage degree assessment of steel specimens based on the results of acoustic emission signal flow statistical processing

The study is devoted to acoustic emission (AE) method application for monitoring the state of structural materials at the inelastic and ultimate deformation stages. The possibilities of using the standard AE signal parameters recorded at the inelastic and ultimate deformation stages to assess the damage degree of steel specimens were investigated. It was shown that such parameters as the maximum amplitude of the recorded AE signals and their AE activity did not have a clear correlation with the damage degree of products made of structural steel and alloys. This makes it difficult to apply standard methods for assessing the damage degree of structural steels. The feasibility of monitoring the state of damage of 30KhGSA alloyed steel at the inelastic and ultimate stages by the evaluation of partial activity of the high-energy AE signals weight content was presented. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion was used to separate the processes of ductile and brittle fracture.

Features of interpersonal relationships in adolescents with internet addiction

The article is focused on the study of interpersonal relations in adolescents with Internet addiction. The purpose of the article is to identify the characteristics of interpersonal relationships and their relationship with Internet addiction in adolescents. To achieve the research goal, the following psychological tools were used: the «Internet Addiction Scale», the «Dialogic Interpersonal Relationships Scale», and the «Diagnosis of emotional barriers in interpersonal communication». The Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient were used for statistical processing of the results, which allow for further qualitative analysis of the data. According to the results of the study, the relationship between emotional obstacles in interpersonal communication and Internet addiction in Internet addicts and Internet independent adolescents was established. The obtained results indicate that with the growing feeling of inability to overcome the desire to access the Internet; a sense of discomfort if you have to stop using the Internet for a certain period of time, inability to control the duration of time spent for the Internet, the inability to control emotional reactions, the ability to restrain or dose the manifestations of unpleasant emotional experiences, increases internal tension, the tendency to inadequate expression of emotions is actualized; emotional reactions are more often inappropriate. As a conclusion, it can be argued that in the group of adolescents with Internet addictive behavior, with the increase in the severity of emotional barriers in interpersonal communication, a number of Internet addiction symptoms such as "inability to control emotions", "compulsive symptoms", "withdrawal symptoms", "inadequate expression of emotions", "dominance of negative emotions" and "unwillingness to get closer to people on an emotional basis" are exacerbated. The results obtained can be used to improve programmes for the prevention and correction of Internet addiction in adolescents.

Analysis of Molecular Genetic Markers of Osteoporosis in Residents of the Russian Federation

Relevance. Osteoporosis is a multifactorial disease with a high level of disability, which is a serious health problem worldwide. High prevalence and disability rates are associated not only with the peculiarities of the course of this pathology, but also with the untimely diagnosis and initiation of therapy. Therefore, it is extremely relevant to search for specific and accessible markers of osteoporosis, such as molecular genetic markers or single-nucleotide polymorphisms, analysis of which will help identify risk factors for disease development before clinical symptoms manifest during patient examinations.Aims. This study is aimed at finding risk factors for the development of HCG in patients with gastritis and the relationship of polymorphisms of various genes with the development of this pathology.Materials and methods. A search was made for the association with osteoporosis of singlenucleotide polymorphisms of the genes: COL1A1, CYP2R1, ESR1, LCT, LRP5, VDR in residents of the Russian Federation (n = 669). Polymorphic markers of candidate genes were selected for research based on the presence of associations with osteoporosis according to previously conducted studies published in the RSCI, PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Scopus databases, as well as on the results of monitoring polymorphisms included in the panels of genetic predisposition to osteoporosis of companies engaged in genetic testing in the Russian Federation. Two groups were formed for the study: the main (case) – 234 patients with an established diagnosis of Osteoporosis, the control – 435 patients selected using a random number generator from conditionally healthy individuals from the Basis Genomic Group database (Basis Genomics LLC). The groups were comparable in age and gender (p &gt; 0.05).Statistical analysis was carried out using the StatTech v. 3.1.6. program (developed by Stattech LLC, Russia). The nature of the distribution of quantitative data was checked by the Shapiro-Wilk, Kolmogorov-Smirnov criteria, the statistical significance of differences in 2 independent groups was assessed using the Mann-Whitney U-test. The ꭓ2 Pearson criterion was used to evaluate the associations of alleles of selected genes with the risk of osteoporosis.Results and discussions. Analysis of the maps of 669 patients showed that for residents of the Russian Federation, the polymorphism rs3736228 of the LRP5 gene can be used as a genetic marker of osteoporosis, since there were significant differences in the frequency of occurrence of CT and TT allele variants in the group of patients with osteoporosis and in the control group. Results of studies of single-nucleotide polymorphisms COL1A1_rs1800012_G/T, CYP2R1_rs10741657_A/G, ESR1_rs2234693_C/T, ESR1_rs9340799_A/G, LCT_rs4988235_C/T, VDR_rs1544410_A/G, VDR_rs2228570_C/T in residents of the Russian Federation The federations did not show significant differences between the groups, therefore, in the future, the results of studies of these polymorphisms to assess the risk of osteoporosis in patients should be evaluated with caution.Conclusions. According to the results of the study conducted on residents of the Russian Federation, only one of the eight alleles in candidate genes for the risk of osteoporosis showed a significant relationship in patients in the Russian Federation. It has been shown that variants of TT and CT polymorphism rs3736228 of the LRP5 gene are the risk genotype for osteoporosis.

INFLUENCE OF SHOCK ABSORBER PROPERTIES ON TIRE LATERAL FORCE

The article examines how the damping properties of the suspension system of a vehicle affect the process of forming a lateral reaction in the contact patch of a tire and the supporting surface. A mathematical model of a car quarter, a tire stretched string model, and a road surface microprofile generator were used in the study. The dependences of normal and lateral reactions along the distance traveled for three classes of roads were obtained with a change in the parameter characterizing the damping properties of the vehicle suspension. Mathematical statistics methods were used to analyze the dependences. It was found that the average value of the normal load changes little with a decrease in the damping properties of the suspension, while the standard deviation increases. The average value of the lateral force is reduced by 22%, with the standard deviation increasing by 1.6 times. The use of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion for the analysis of implementations of lateral forces makes it possible to determine the permissible range of nominal values of the parameters of the technical condition of vehicle suspension shock absorbers.&#x0D; Purpose. Obtaining and analyzing patterns that describe the change in the lateral reaction of a car tire when it moves under the action of a lateral force and suspension vibrations, as well as when changing the damping properties of a shock absorber.&#x0D; Methodology. In the article were used the methods of mathematical modeling and also statistical methods of the analysis.&#x0D; Results. Dependences have been obtained that characterize the influence of the damping properties of the suspension on the magnitude of the lateral reaction when the wheel moves along a road with bumps and under the action of a lateral force.&#x0D; Practical implications. It is expedient to apply the received results by the organizations and institutions involved in the development of methods and means of diagnosing vehicles.

Features of the brainstem and its cavities in three-year-old children

Background: Little is known about the brainstem in healthy three-year-old children; yet there is a need for further studies because children at this age are growing and developing rapidly.Objective: To study differences in the brainstem and its cavities in healthy three-year-old children, considering the sex and bilateral asymmetry.Materials and methods: We retrospectively analyzed 120 MRI scans of healthy three-year-old children (60 boys and 60 girls) to study the brainstem features. The following parameters of the brain stem structures were assessed: 1) the length of the pons (mm), 2) the height of the pons (mm), 3) the length of the medulla oblongata (mm), 4) the height of the medulla oblongata at the upper and lower borders (mm), 5) the length and height of the vermis (mm), 6) the width of the cerebellum (mm), 7) the length, width, height of the cerebellar hemispheres (mm), 8) the length and height of the third ventricle, 9) the length of the cerebral aqueduct (mm), 10) the length and height of the fourth ventricle (mm). We assessed the compliance of quantitative parameters with the normal distribution according to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion. We used Microsoft Excel 2016 tables to accumulate, correct and systemize the raw data. Statistica 10.0 software (StatSoft. Inc., USA) along with the corresponding statistical method provided the digital data. The differences were considered significant at P &lt; .05.Results: We aimed to study sex-related differences in the basic sizes of the brainstem. The length and height of the pons, the length of the third and the fourth ventricles, and the size of the cerebellar hemispheres were greater in boys. We found a bilateral asymmetry in cerebellar hemispheres (length, width, and height).Conclusions: The changes in the complex brainstem of three-year-old children are sex-dependent and consist in active transformations of its structures.

Features of hemodynamic and immunological parameters in patients with recurrent uveitis complicated by hypertension, Fuchs heterochromic uveitis and Posner-Schlossman syndrome.

Introduction: Uveitis is a disease that manifests with increased vascular permeability and occlusion, with some ischemia and inflammatory mediators. It is characterized by a wide range of pathological processes, including inflammation, increased vascular permeability and occlusion, local ischemia and cell alteration by inflammatory mediators, and is characterized by the presence of complications. Aim: To study the state of ocular hemodynamics by rheoophthalmography, as well as the immune status in patients with idiopathic recurrent anterior uveitis complicated by intraocular hypertension, Fuchs heterochromic uveitis, Posner-Schlossman syndrome, during the relapse period. Materials and methods: 93 patients with idiopathic recurrent anterior uveitis were included in this study, 8 patients with Fuchs' uveitis, and 6 patients with Posner-Schlossman syndrome. According to clinical signs, relapse and remission were considered. The control group (healthy volunteers of the same age) consisted of 27 people. In this regard, 5 groups of subjects were formed. The mean age of the patients was (M ± SD) 39.2 ± 14.6 years. According to the Median (range), the duration of the disease in patients was 2033 (350-3285) days, intraocular hypertension being recorded at P0 > 20 mm Hg. Statistical analysis was carried out in spreadsheets using STATISTICA 8.0 (StatSoft.Inc) program. Quantitative indicators were evaluated according to the correspondence to the normal distribution and to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion. With a normal distribution, arithmetic means (M) and standard deviations (SD), limits of the 95% confidence interval (95% CI) and Student's t-test were calculated. Results: The volumetric blood filling of the eye according to the rheoophthalmographic indicator RQ during the period of remission of uncomplicated and complicated by hypertension anterior uveitis was reduced by 32.4%-40.5%, respectively, compared with the norm. During the period of relapse, RQ was significantly higher by 28% (p<0.05) than in remission, in the group of uncomplicated uveitis, and in the group of uveitis with increased IOP, no significant differences between the periods of remission and relapse were observed, which reflected the ischemic process in the relapse period. Volumetric blood filling in Fuchs and Posner-Schlossman syndromes in the acute period did not differ from the norm. Cellular immunity in the groups of uncomplicated and complicated by intraocular hypertension idiopathic uveitis, as well as with Fuchs and Posner-Schlossman syndromes, had a higher level of CD4 helper lymphocytes and a lower level of CD8 suppressor lymphocytes, which reflected higher values of the immunoregulatory index. The increase in the immunoregulatory index is most pronounced in Fuchs and Posner-Schlossman syndromes. Discussion: In the presented study, the incidence of idiopathic recurrent anterior uveitis complicated by intraocular hypertension was 9,9% among all cases of idiopathic recurrent anterior uveitis in one-time period. According to literature, this complicated form of uveitis occurs in 11,5%-46,1% of cases. Most often (up to 92% of cases), the anterior chamber angle was open. Conclusions: Different activity of the mechanisms regulating the balance of cellular and humoral immunity, sensitivity of T-cells to eye antigens in idiopathic anterior uveitis, Fuchs and Posner-Schlossman syndromes was assumed. Peculiarities of eye hemodynamics in these forms of uveitis were also revealed. Abbreviations: IOP = intraocular pressure, IOHS = inflammatory ocular hypertension syndrome, HSV = herpes simplex virus, CMV = cytomegalovirus, OCT = optical coherence tomography, OD = right eye, OS = left eye.

Исследование эффекта применения трехчастных конструкций «правила трех» в рекламе

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective. &lt;/strong&gt;To get closer to understanding the possibility of using the effect of three-part constructions in advertising in relation to the Russian segment of consumers. To consider the effect of the effect of three-part constructions in advertising relative to the level of education and consumer skepticism.&lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background. &lt;/strong&gt;The credibility of an advertising message consists of many factors. One of them is the number of positive reviews about the advertised product. As for the theory of American psychologists S.B. Shu and K.A. Carlson, three-part constructions or the "rule of three" suggest that a construction of three positive statements about a product is the most favorable combination for consumers, while a large number of statements causes skepticism and distrust of advertising. This study was conducted in the Russian segment of consumers with higher and incomplete higher education. The study of the effectiveness of advertising in relation to its reliability in relation to consumers is certainly an urgent topic in relation to marketing.&lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Study design. &lt;/strong&gt;The study examined the relationship between higher education, impression skepticism, and the number of positive product claims in advertising. The presence and nature of the relationship were checked through the construction of a linear regression model.&lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Participants. &lt;/strong&gt;Russian sample (pilot study): 24 people, of which 14 are women and 10 are men. Participant&amp;rsquo;s ages ranged from 20 to 76 years (&lt;em&gt;M&lt;/em&gt; = 27,0; &lt;em&gt;SD&lt;/em&gt; = 13,9). Study: 110 people, of which 72 are women and 38 are men aged 18 to 76 years (&lt;em&gt;M&lt;/em&gt; = 30,0; &lt;em&gt;SD&lt;/em&gt; = 12,6). The number of respondents with higher education was 56 people, without higher education &amp;ndash; 54 people.&lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Measurements &lt;/strong&gt;Analysis of the regression model. The method of expert assessments. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov criteria were used to assess the nature of the data distribution.&lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results. &lt;/strong&gt;The impressions from advertising with one positive statement about the product are higher among respondents with higher education; the impression of advertising with three and four statements is not interconnected with the presence of higher education; in relation to advertising with five statements, it was found that the impression is better for people without higher education. Low skepticism subjects were found to prefer ads with more product descriptions (5 or 6). In the group of respondents with higher education and a low level of skepticism, a predisposition to advertising with one and two positive statements about the product was found. Regarding the group of respondents with incomplete higher education and low level of skepticism, there was a tendency to advertise with five statements.&lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions. &lt;/strong&gt;The hypotheses that were confirmed showed that the presence of low levels of skepticism among respondents is associated with a stronger impression of advertising with one, two, five and six positive statements about the product. Regarding the three and four positive statements, the phenomenon was not observed. The study did not find any relationship between the level of education and the effect of the &amp;ldquo;effect of three&amp;rdquo; in the advertising message, which suggests the presence of this feature among the Russian segment of consumers.&lt;/p&gt;

MEASUREMENT OF THE AREA OF EROSIVE LESIONS IN PATIENTS WITH LICHIPLANUS OF THE MOUTH USING THE AUTHOR'S COMPUTER PROGRAM

Oral lichen planus is an inflammatory disease of the skin and oral mucosa, the etiology of which has not been fully elucidated, has a certain potential for malignancy and is often torpid to ongoing therapy. To evaluate the effectiveness and control of the therapy, we used a photo protocol using the author's computer program "OralPath – monitoring of pathological foci" (hereinafter referred to as the program). The aim of the study was to measure the area and fix localizations of erosions on the oral mucosa in patients with oral lichen planus using the author's computer program. Materials and methods. The areas of single and multiple erosions were recorded and measured in 89 patients with erosive form of oral lichen planus (47 men, 42 women), whose average age was 48,8±8,9 years. An analysis of groups for the normality of data distribution (Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion, Shapiro-Vilka) was carried out. The groups were described using mean and standard deviation, and a 95% confidence interval was used to estimate the accuracy of the mean. Results of the study. The vast majority of erosions in oral lichen planus were of a single nature, and occurred in 80,9% of cases (n = 72). The area of erosions on the cheek mucosa was the largest in comparison with other localizations. With single lesions it was 1,92±0,7 cm2, with multiple lesions it was 2,6±0,63 cm2. The area of tongue erosions was 0,71±0,26 cm2 for single lesions and 1.08±0.19 cm2 for multiple lesions, respectively. Findings. The use of the computer program "OralPath – monitoring of pathological foci" in the practice of a dentist makes it possible to record observations of patients' conditions, evaluate the dynamics of changes in pathological foci, and, if necessary, correct the treatment process, as well as motivate patients.

Subjective prerequisites for the manifestation of procrastination in students technical university

Introduction. Modern living conditions require a person to be mobile, have a high level of self-organization, the ability to act quickly in conditions of uncertainty, and be able to competently organize their work. Penetrating into all processes of human life, information technologies cause an increasing severity of the phenomenon of procrastination in the youth environment. The purpose of the study is to study the relationship of procrastination with personal characteristics and methods of self-organization of the activities of students of a technical university. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on the basis of the St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (N = 114), using diagnostic tools: the questionnaire «Degree of procrastination severity» by M. A. Kiseleva, N. E. Shustova, O.V. Karina, questionnaire «Self-organization of activity» (OSD) E. Yu. Mandrikova, questionnaire «Big Five», BFI-2 R. McCrae, P. Costa. The study used the methods of mathematical statistics: Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion, correlation analysis, factorial analysis, Student's t-test. Results. It was revealed that students of a technical university have all indicators of procrastination and selforganization of activity at an average level. Significantly significant differences between boys and girls were found. In the group of girls, the level of procrastination is higher than in the group of men (tcrit=3,6; p=0,01), the level of anxiety is also higher (tcrit=4,2; p=0,01), negative emotionality prevails (tcrit= 5,0; p=0.001), aesthetic sense is more developed (tcrit=3,8; p=0,01). Young men demonstrate higher purposefulness (tcrit=-2,3; p=0,05) and perseverance in achieving goals (tcrit=-2,1; p=0,05). There is a relationship between procrastination, selfregulation of activity and personal characteristics. To a greater extent, the student's procrastination is caused by motivational insufficiency, anxiety and conscientiousness. Conclusion. As a result of the study, it was proved that the procrastination of young people is determined by personal characteristics and underdevelopment of skills for self-regulation of activities. In view of the fact that many students are aware of the problem of their procrastination, there is a need for targeted work on the correction and prevention of procrastination.

Age-related features of somatometric parameters of Yakut men according to Heath–Carter

The aim of the study was to identify the features of the somatometric parameters of Yakut men in the youthful and second period of adulthood according to Heath–Carter.Material and methods. 167 young men and 41 men of the second period of mature age of the Yakut nationality were examined. The examination included anthropometric measurements and bioimpedance analysis of the body BMI and waist-to-hip ratio were calculated. Somatotyping according to Heath–Carter was carried out on the basis of ecto-, meso- and endomorphic scores, which are included in the bioimpedancemetry protocol. Statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out using the SPSS 17.0 application package. The normality of the distribution of parameters was determined by the Kolmogorov–Smirnov criterion. Mean (M) and standard deviation (SD) were calculated, and intergroup differences were assessed using Student's t-test.Results. The study revealed age differences in terms of length, weight and body composition. Significantly large values of body length, relative parameters of skeletal muscle mass and active cell mass were found in young men. Mature men had significantly higher body weight values, absolute and relative indicators of fat mass, absolute values of active cell mass. According to BMI, overweight was detected in 6.6%, obesity - in 3.0% of young men. Among men of mature age, overweight was determined in 54.2%, obesity - in 27.0%. A high index of the ratio of waist circumference to hip circumference was found in 4.8% of boys and 58.5% of men. The distribution of somatotypes according to Heath-Carter revealed that young men in 100% of cases had a mesectomorphic somatotype. In mature men, the mesectomorphic type was also the predominant somatotype (95.8%). In 4.2% of men of mature age, a balanced ectomorphic type was determined. The absence of variability in body types suggests that the mesectomorphic somatotype is the most adapted to living in the extreme natural and climatic conditions of Yakutia.

Учет и оценка нестационарности при управлении водными ресурсами речного бассейна

This paper considers the rationale for taking into account and assessing the non-stationarity of the development of hydrological processes in the Volga River basin when determining the parameters of the functioning of the Volga water management system. The main purpose of the study is to identify non-stationarity in the formation of river runoff and develop methods for its assessment. The problem of constructing a dynamic-stochastic model is solved, which takes into account the non-stationarity of the formation of river runoff in different periods of time. A generalization of the dynamic-stochastic approach for the analysis and evaluation of long-term fluctuations in the inflow of river waters of the Volga River near the city of Volgograd is made. The stochastic relationship between the runoff of adjacent years is expressed by the transition function that controls the Markov process. Stationarity (non-stationarity) of long-term fluctuations in river runoff was assessed using the Fisher criterion (homogeneity of sample variances), Student’s criterion (homogeneity of sample means), Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion (homogeneity of samples) and pair correlation (presence of a trend). The description of the nature of the flow of hydrological processes is represented by a model determined by the dynamic-stochastic approach when considering the non-stationary process of the annual flow of the Volga River. Based on the application of the concept of quasi-stationarity, the functions of the availability of the annual flow of the Volga River are obtained, which are used for a probabilistic assessment of the inflow of river waters in the Volga basin. The analysis of long-term fluctuations of the annual runoff of the Volga River made it possible to reveal that the variability of the river runoff of the studied basin has two components – deterministic and random. The deterministic component manifests itself in the change in time of the average value of the flow of the Volga River, and the random component is observed in the irregular annual deviations of the flow from its average value (norm). This approach is used in the probabilistic assessment of the inflow of river waters in the Volga river basin.

Tolerance to uncertainty and career direction as predictive factors of nervous-mental stress in university students

Introduction. The relevance of studying the factors that cause neuropsychic stress is associated with the emergence of new challenges and dynamic changes in society that have a negative impact on the physical and mental well-being of a person. Increasing the level of tolerance to uncertainty and choosing an adequate career direction are a successful coping strategy in solving problems of neuropsychic stress (hereinafter referred to as NPS) of students. The purpose of the study is to study tolerance to uncertainty and career orientations of students with different levels of mental stress. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on the basis of the St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (N = 194), using diagnostic tools: «Nervous-mental stress scale (NPS)» by T.A. Nemchin, methodology «Study of career orientations» by E. Shein, «Uncertainty Tolerance Scale, MSTAT-I» by D. McLane, adapted by E. G. Lukovitskaya, E. N. Osina. To process the data, the following methods were used: descriptive statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion, Student's t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient (r), regression analysis (step-by-step method). Results. In the sample of respondents, the career orientation toward «autonomy» and «service» predominates. Indicators of tolerance to uncertainty are at an average level. It was revealed that the sample of young people included students with high (22%), average (31%) and low (47%) levels of neuropsychic stress. Reliably significant differences were found in groups of students with high and low levels of neuropsychic stress in career orientations: respondents with a low level of mental stress are more focused on «challenge» (5,7 ± 1,9; p &lt; 0,001) and «integration of lifestyles» (7,2 ± 1,3; p &lt; 0,05). In groups of students with high and average levels of SPN, career orientations are negatively correlated with neuropsychic stress. In young people with a high level of NPI, the greatest contribution to increased stress is made by the indicator «attitude to uncertain situations» (R²=0,45). The prognostic parameter for students with an average level of NPI is the career orientation «integration of lifestyles» (R²=0,20). Career orientation «service» (R²=0,19) acts as a significant predictor of NPI in young people with low levels of mental stress. Conclusion. The results obtained may be of interest to researchers dealing with the problem of neuropsychic stress and the factors that cause it.