KOH-ethanol Solution Research Articles

Separation of dihydrosinapyl alcohol from reductive depolymerization products of lignin by multistage extraction and crystallization

Because of the high complexity of the product and the similar physicochemical properties between G and S counterparts, the separation of aromatic monomers is one of the greatest challenges in the lignin chemical valorization, which limits its further utilization and conversion. In this study, the preparation method of the dihydroconiferyl alcohol & dihydrosinapyl alcohol-enriched oil and high purity dihydrosinapyl alcohol from reductive catalytic fractionation products catalyzed by Pd/C was first reported. Moreover, a purification process with alkali extraction - organic solvent extraction - dichloromethane reverse extraction - crystallization in the KOH ethanol solution as the main unit operation was designed. As a result, a monomer-enriched oil in which dihydroconiferyl alcohol (G-3OH) and dihydrosinapyl alcohol (S-3OH) could totally account for more than 83% was obtained, and S-3OH with a purity of 90.2% was separated by crystallization. In addition, this purification process was scaled up to 10 times. The monomer-enriched oil with a G-3OH and S-3OH content of 87.2% was obtained. The recoveries of G-3OH and S-3OH were 81.0% and 91.5%, respectively. The purity of S-3OH was 89.4%, and the recovery was 51.6%. The integrated process realizes the effective separation of the reductive depolymerization products of lignin, which can provide technical support for its industrial production.

Valorization of waste Fe-rich sludge as erdite/KFeS2 rods under atmosphere condition and evaluation of their mutual transformation.

Pilot scale production of one-dimensional (FeS2)nn- rods was performed by using an automatic 20L vessel at 80°C under atmosphere condition with the resource utilization of Fe-rich sludge. The sludge was simulated at lab-scale with chemical pure of ferric trichloride. After the sludge treatment, the corresponding rods were not formed at room temperature. But by heating at 80°C, erdite rod was well-crystallized after 0.5h by only adding Na halite, and KFeS2 rod was crystallized weakly after 2h and highly at 10h with the addition of K halite. After 48h heating, the rods grow radially to 300nm for erdite, but to 5μm for KFeS2. However, at room temperature, erdite rod was converted to high crystallized KFeS2 in KOH water or ethanol solution, whilst the conversion of KFeS2 rod to erdite also occurred in NaOH water solution, but terminated in NaOH ethanol solution, without any morphology change. It is also noted that with the presence of both Na and K halite, the rod was an intermediate of erdite to KFeS2 with 1μm length after heating at 100°C but converted to 10-μm-length KFeS2 crystal at the temperature of > 120°C. The thermodynamic results confirmed that during the rod polymerization, the Fe(OH)3HS- formation was the sole rate-limiting step and showed a positive Gibbs value of 6.45kJ/mol at room temperature and negative values at the temperature of > 48°C. In summary, this method not only enabled the vaporization of waste Fe-rich sludge as value-added rods without generating any secondary waste but also showed a new route for the in situ conversion of erdite/KFeS2 rods at room temperature.

Application of KOH-ethanol Solution in Separation of Waste Photovoltaic Panels

With the continuous development of photovoltaic panel technology in recent years, the frequency of replacement has accelerated, which has led to the continuous increase of waste photovoltaic panels. Developing the separation technology of waste photovoltaic panels can effectively solve the problems of resource shortage and environmental pollution. According to the sticking mechanism of EVA film, this paper proposes a KOH-ethanol solution to degrade EVA film and recover silicon from waste photovoltaic panels. In this paper, the key factors affecting the separation of photovoltaic panels are studied through experiments indicating that compared with NaOH-ethanol solution, KOH-ethanol solution has better separation efficiency. Sample after crushing treatment has higher separation efficiency, the best temperature for sample separation is 200 degrees Celsius, and the best sample area is 1×1 square centimeter, the optimal concentration of the solution is 0.20 mol/L, and the optimal reaction time is 3.0 hours.

Determination of Vitamins D2 and D3 in Edible Fungus by Reversed-Phase Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography

Vitamin D is the name given to a series of compounds with antirachitic activity. In this study, we developed a method for quantification of the common Vitamin D, ergocalciferol (vitamin D2), and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), in edible fungus by reversed-phase two-dimensional liquid chromatography. The sample was saponified by KOH ethanol solution and extracted with ethyl acetate and n-hexane. After reconcentration, the sample was directly injected for instrumental analysis. The results showed that the spiking recoveries of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 were 80.4–93.8% and 82.3–92.0%, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) were all less than 5%. Comparing to the results of isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, there were no significant differences (P>0.05). The method was applied for testing vitamin D2 and D3 in 9 kinds of edible mushrooms. It showed that vitamin D3 was not detected. The content of vitamin D2 ranged from 0.11 μg/100 g to 123 μg/100 g. The content of vitamin D2 in dried mushroom was the highest, while that in fresh mushroom was the lowest. The limit of quantification was 0.025 μg/100 g.

Recovery of Silicon via Using KOH-Ethanol Solution by Separating Different Layers of End-of-Life PV Modules

With the rapid increase of photovoltaic (PV) system production and installation, the recycling of end-of-life PV modules has become an important issue. In this paper, the recovery of Si by separating the layers of end-of-life PV modules using KOH-ethanol solution was investigated. Compared with traditional swelling or dissolving reagents (such as benzene and trichloroethylene), KOH-ethanol is a green reagent with low environmental toxicity. The experiments explored the effect of different alkalis, module sizes, temperatures, KOH concentrations, and solid-to-liquid ratios on the separation ratio of the PV modules. The mechanism for separating these layers was also studied. Under optimal conditions, the layers of these PV modules can be completely separated in 3 h, and oxidation of the recovered Si wafer can be controlled. Hence, this method of recycling PV modules is of great significance for environmental protection and resource utilization.

Organic sulfur compositions and distributions of tars from the pyrolysis of solvent pretreatment vitrinite of high sulfur coal

The low temperature solvent pretreated experiments of vitrinite sorted out from Permo-carboniferous high organic sulfur fine coal were performed to research the effects of solvent pretreatment on the characteristics of pyrolysis products and the composition and distribution of sulfur in the produced coal tar. Six solvents containing hot water, ethanol solution, 1, 2-propanediol solution, KOH solution, KOH-ethanol solution and KOH-1, 2-propanediol solution were employed. The results show that the solvent pretreatment method has little influence on the organic sulfur content of coal, but it results in the increase of coal tar yield and a great variation of volatiles during the pyrolysis of pretreated coals. Six types of thiophenes, containing benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, naphthothiophene, benzo[b]naphthothiophene, dinaphthothiophene and phenanthro[9,10-b]thiophene, were detected in coal tars. The pretreatments of hot water, ethanol solution and alkaline ethanol solution show the ring opening to large aromatic structures in coal. The generation of benzothiophene, dinaphthothiophene and phenanthro[9,10-b]thiophene may be due to the ring opening effect.

Hydrogen production by plasma electrolysis reactor of KOH-ethanol solution

Plasma electrolysis has great potential in industrial hydrogen production, chlor-alkali production, and waste water treatment. Plasma electrolysis produces more hydrogen with less energy consumption than hydrocarbon or Faraday electrolysis. This paper investigated the hydrogen production by plasma electrolysis of KOH-ethanol solution at 80 °C and 1 atm. The effects of voltage, KOH solution, ethanol addition, and cathode deep on plasma electrolysis performance were studied. The hydrogen production was analyzed using bubble flow meter and hydrogen analyzer. The electrical energy consumption was measured by a digital multimeter. The effectiveness of plasma electrolysis in terms of hydrogen production was evaluated by comparing it with Faraday Electrolysis. The results showed that hydrogen produced by plasma electrolysis is 149 times higher than the hydrogen produced by Faraday electrolysis. The optimum hydrogen production was 50.71 mmol/min, obtained at 700 V with 0.03 M KOH, 10% vol ethanol and 6.6 cm cathode deep, with energy consumption 1.49 kJ/mmol. The result demonstrates a promising path for hydrogen production by utilizing plasma electrolysis reactor.

Sodium citrate assisted facile synthesis of AuPd alloy networks for ethanol electrooxidation with high activity and durability

Abstract The direct ethanol fuel cell is an emerging energy conversion device for which palladium is considered as the one of the most effective components for anode catalyst, however, its widespread application has been still limited by the activity and durability of the anode catalyst. In this work, AuPd alloy networks (NWs) are synthesized using H2PdCl4 and HAuCl4 as precursors reduced by NaBH4 in the presence of sodium citrate (SC). The results reveal that SC plays significant role in network structure, resulting in the enhanced electrocatalytic activity of the catalyst. This self-supported AuPd NWs catalyst exhibits much higher electrochemical catalytic activity than commercial Pd/C catalyst toward ethanol electrooxidation in alkaline solution. Significantly, AuPd NWs catalyst shows extremely high durability at the beginning of the chronoamperometry test, and as high as 49% of the mass current density (1.41 A/mgPd) remains after 4000 s current-time test at −0.3 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) in N2-saturated KOH-ethanol solution. This strategy provides a facile method for the preparation of alloy networks with high electrochemical activity, and can be potentially expanded to a variety of electrochemical applications.

The preparation of porous proton exchange membranes via in situ polymerization

A novel poly(vinylidene fluoride)-graft-poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PVDF-g-PSSA)–based proton exchange membrane (PEM) was prepared by phase inversion and a grafting method in solution. Polystyrene was successfully grafted onto the surface and into the pores of the PVDF membrane, and the membrane was subsequently treated in a KOH ethanol solution. A linear relationship was observed between the degree of grafting and the treatment time in KOH solution. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope were used to characterize the changes in the membrane’s microstructure after grafting and sulfonation. Thermogravimetric analysis was used for evaluating the thermostability of the membrane. In addition, the proton conductivity of the solution-grafted PVDF-g-PSSA membrane was found to reach 0.13Scm−1 at 80°C.

Extraction of free fatty acids from wet Nannochloropsis gaditana biomass for biodiesel production

The objective of this work is to develop a process for producing biodiesel from the saponifiable lipid (SL) fraction of the wet microalgal biomass Nannochloropsis gaditana. The method consists of five steps. Firstly, crude fatty acid salt extraction was carried out using a KOH-ethanol (96%) solution, which allows one to extract the SLs as potassium salts. This transformation permits better separation of the unsaponifiable lipids (the second step) and finally produces purer biodiesel. The unsaponifiable lipids were then separated with hexane, after establishing the ethanol-water solution water content at 30% w/w. Some unsaponifiable lipids (carotenoids and phytosterols) are products of interest that might be purified from this fraction thus helping to improve the process's profitability. Thirdly, free fatty acids (FFAs) were purified by acidification of the ethanol-water solution to pH 5 and were then extracted with hexane. Fourthly, the FFAs were transformed to biodiesel by esterification with excess of methanol catalyzed using sulphuric acid, removing the excess by washing with hot water. Under these conditions the biodiesel purity and yield were 74.8% and 82% w/w, respectively. Finally, the biodiesel was clarified/purified up to 96.5% purity by adsorption with bentonite. The final biodiesel yield was 80.9%.

Preparation of Triacylglycerols Rich in Omega-3 Fatty Acids from Sardine Oil Using a Rhizomucor miehei Lipase: Focus in the EPA/DHA Ratio

The increasing evidence on the differential biochemical effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)/docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) raises the need of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid concentrates with different amounts of these fatty acids. In the present work, physicochemical and enzymatic techniques were combined to obtain acylglycerols, mainly triacylglycerols (TAG), rich in n-3 fatty acids. Sardine oil was obtained by washing sardine (Sardina pilchardus) mince with a NaHCO3 solution, hydrolyzed in a KOH-ethanol solution, and concentrated with urea. The esterification reaction was performed in the stoichiometric proportion of substrates for re-esterification to TAG, with 10 % level of Rhizomucor miehei lipase based on the weight of substrates, without any solvent, during 48 h. This procedure led to approximately 88 % of acylglycerols, where more than 66 % were TAG and the concentration of n-3 fatty acids was higher than 60 %, the EPA and DHA ratio (EPA/DHA) was 4:1. The content of DHA in the unesterifed fraction (free fatty acids) increased from 20 to 54 %, while the EPA level in the same fraction decreased from 33 to 12.5 % (EPA/DHA ratio ≈1:4). Computational methods (density functional theory calculations) have been carried out at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level to explain some of the experimental results.

Electrochemical oxidative formation of ordered monolayers of thiol molecules on Au(111) surface

Electrochemical oxidative formation of thiolate monolayers on a Au(111) surface in KOH ethanol solutions of various thiol concentrations is described. The formation process was investigated by electrochemistry, in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and surface X-ray diffraction (SXRD). The reductive charge in the linear sweep voltammogram after keeping the potential at +0.1 V increased with holding time and reached the saturated value of 103 microC cm(-2), corresponding to the full monolayer coverage of the (square root 3 x square root 3) structure. The desorption peak shifted negatively with holding time even after the monolayer was formed, suggesting that ordering of the monolayer requires a much longer time than full coverage adsorption. The herringbone structure, corresponding to the (square root 3 x 23) structure, was observed on the Au(111) surface in KOH ethanol solution by in situ STM, which shows that a clean surface was exposed. When hexanethiol ethanol solution was added into the ethanol solution at -450 mV so that the final thiol concentration was higher than ca. 5 microM, generation of vacancy islands (VIs) was observed, which shows the potentiostatic monolayer formation. When the potential was scanned positively from -950 mV where a clean reconstructed Au(111) surface was exposed, generation of VIs was observed accompanied by anodic current flow. During both oxidative adsorption and reductive desorption of the monolayer, the shape of the steps of the gold surface changed drastically, which suggests that the gold atoms on the surface are extremely mobile during the monolayer formation. SXRD measurement confirmed the surface reconstruction lifting upon monolayer formation.

Analytical method for determination of allylic isoprenols in rat tissues by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry following chemical derivatization with 3-nitrophtalic anhydride

A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC–MS/MS) method following chemical derivatization with 3-nitrophtalic anhydride was developed for the simultaneous determination of farnesol and geranylgeraniol in rat liver and testis. One analogue compound of the analytes, n-pentadecanol, was used as an internal standard (IS) for both analytes in this method. Rat tissues were disintegrated with 8% KOH ethanol solution, and then farnesol, geranylgeraniol and IS were extracted with a mixture of n-hexane–ethanol (98.5:1.5, v/v) in twice. Farnesol, geranylgeraniol and IS were then converted to 3-nitrophtalic derivatives of each analyte, and extracted with n-hexane. A turbo ion spray interface was used as the ionization source of LC–MS/MS and the analysis was performed in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The calibration curve at the spiked concentrations of 0.15–15 μg/g for both analytes showed good linearity. The method was precise; the relative standard deviations of the method for rat liver were not more than 13.4 and 5.4% for farnesol and geranylgeraniol, respectively, and those for rat testis were not more than 8.4 and 8.6% for farnesol and geranylgeraniol, respectively. The accuracies of the method for both rat liver and testis were good, with the deviations between the nominal concentration and calculated concentration of farnesol and geranylgeraniol typically being within 12.3 and 10.2%, respectively. This method provided reliable concentration levels for farnesol and geranylgeraniol in rat liver and testis.

In Situ Dynamic Monitoring of Electrochemical Oxidative Adsorption and Reductive Desorption Processes of a Self-Assembled Monolayer of Hexanethiol on a Au(111) Surface in KOH Ethanol Solution by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

Electrochemical oxidative formation and reductive desorption processes of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of hexanethiol on a Au(111) surface in KOH ethanol solutions containing various concentrations of hexanethiol were investigated by in situ scanning tunneling microscopy in real time. The generation and disappearance of vacancy islands (VIs), corresponding to the formation and desorption of the SAM, respectively, were observed as anodic and cathodic current, respectively, flowed when the thiol concentration was higher than ca. 1 microM. When the VIs disappeared after the reductive desorption of the SAMs, the herringbone structure corresponding to the (radical3 x 23) structure of Au(111), was observed on the surface, indicating that a clean reconstructed surface was exposed even in the hexanethiol ethanol solution. During both oxidative adsorption and reductive desorption of the SAMs, the shape of the steps of the gold substrate changed drastically and the step lines became parallel to the 121 direction of the Au(111) surface, suggesting that gold atoms on the surface were extremely mobile during these processes. The coalescence of adjacent vacancy islands and growth of larger islands triangular in shape accompanied with the disappearance of nearby smaller islands were observed, confirming that the VIs grew according to the Ostward ripening model.

Electrochemical Oxidative Formation and Reductive Desorption of a Self-Assembled Monolayer of Decanethiol on a Au(111) Surface in KOH Ethanol Solution

Electrochemical oxidative adsorption and reductive desorption of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of decanethiol on a Au(111) single crystal electrode were examined in 0.1 M KOH ethanol solution containing various concentrations of decanethiol ranging from 1 muM to 1 mM. Anodic and cathodic current peaks corresponding to the adsorption and desorption of decanethiol, respectively, were observed in cyclic voltammograms of a Au(111) single crystal electrode obtained in 0.1 M KOH ethanol solution containing more than 10 muM of decanethiol. Positions of both peaks depended on the concentration of decanethiol, and they shifted negatively by ca. 0.057 V/decade with increase in decanethiol concentration. This result confirms that the adsorption and desorption of decanethiol is a one-electron process. The reductive charge, which consists of desorption charge and capacitive charge, increased when the sweep rate was decreased and the decanethiol concentration was increased and reached the saturated value of 103 (+/-5%) muC cm-2, which corresponds to the reductive charge of thiol SAM of full coverage with a ( radical3 x radical3)R30 degrees structure. Potentiostatic SAM formation was also investigated by holding the potential at +0.1 V. The reductive charge, i.e., the coverage of the SAM, increased with time and reached the saturated value of 103 (+/-5%) muC cm-2, corresponding to full coverage, after holding the potential at +0.1 V for a certain period of time. The time when the amount of adsorbed thiolate reached full coverage depended on the concentration of decanethiol. The higher the concentration was, the faster full coverage was reached. The desorption peak shifted negatively as the holding time at +0.1 V was increased even after the adsorbed amount had reached full coverage. These results suggest that the ordering of decanethiol SAMs requires a much longer time than the time required for full coverage adsorption. The position of the reductive desorption peak was independent of the thiol concentration if the electrode was kept at +0.1 V for long enough so that a highly ordered SAM was formed. The cathodic peak shifted negatively as the sweep rate was increased, showing that reductive desorption of the SAM was rather slow. The rate constant for the reductive desorption was determined from the potential dependent peak shift to be 0.24 s-1, which is in good agreement with the value obtained for a SAM prepared without potential control, indicating that the quality of the electrochemically prepared SAM is as good as that of the SAM prepared nonelectrochemically.

Anodic dissolution of aluminum in KOH ethanol solutions

The feasibility of employing aluminum in KOH ethanol solution as a battery anode system is discussed. Weight loss measurement showed that its corrosion rate is low enough to be used in sealed batteries. Through anodic polarization, EIS and galvanostatic discharge, it was found that Al can keep electrochemical activity in a wide potential range in this system, and its discharge mechanism is similar to that of Al in aqueous solution. The discharge potential increases rapidly after a period of time, which may be caused by the discharge products deposited on the electrode surface.

Detection of DNA damage in individual cells induced by heavy-ion irradiation with an non-denaturing comet assay.

Investigating the biological effects of high-LET heavy-ion irradiation at low fluence is important to evaluate the risk of radiation in space. It is especially necessary to detect radiation damage induced by a precise number of heavy ions in individual cells. We thus compared the number of ions traversing a cell and the DNA damage produced by ion hits. We applied a comet assay to measure the DNA damage in individual cells. Cells attached on ion-track detector (CR-39) were irradiated with 17.3 MeV/u 12C, 15.7 MeV/u, 10.4 MeV/u 20Ne ion and 7.2 MeV/u 40Ar beams at TIARA, JAERI-Takasaki. After irradiation, CR-39 was covered with 1% agarose. The agarose was allowed to solidify on a glass slide, and then the electrophoresis was performed. Afterward, the CR-39 was taken off the glass slide. The agarose gel on the CR-39 was stained with ethidium bromide and the opposite side of the CR-39 was etched with a KOH-ethanol solution at 37 degrees C. We observed that heavy ions with higher LET values induced heavier DNA damage, even with the same number of ion hits within the irradiated cells. The result indicated that the amount of DNA damage induced by one particle depended on the LET value of the heavy ions.

Determination of Rosin Ester Gum Emulsifiers in Fruit Juices by Gas Chromatography

A method for detection and determination of rosin ester gum in fruit juice was established as follows. Rosin ester as a component of ester gum was extracted with benzene from the sample, and saponified with N/2 KOH-ethanol solution. The rosin acids were extracted with diethyl ether in acidic condition, derivatized with TMS reagent and determined by gas chromatography (GC). Seven kinds of ester gum standard were analyzed by the proposed method, and it was found that contents of dihydroabietic acid and abietic acid in the ester gums ranged between 33.8–75.1% and 0–36.7%, respectively, but the total contents of them were 66.7–75.1% (average, 70.9 ± 3.0%). Dihydroabietic acid and abietic acid derived from ester gum in 6 kinds of imported fruit juice were identified by GC-mass spectra and quantitated by GC. The contents of ester gum in samples estimated from the two peaks were 15.2–33.9 ppm. Recoveries of ester gum added to sample at 50 and 500 ppm were more than 92.7%, and the detection limit of ester gum was 0.5 μg (2 ppm in sample) by the proposed method.

Extraction of Carotenes from Palm Oil. I.

The extraction of carotenes from crude palm oil pretreated with phosphoric acid carried out using various adsorbents. Adsorption experiments were conducted at 50°C for 1 h using 20.0 g of the oil and 13 g of an adsorbent. Alumina, silica gel, activated clay (abbreviated as clay), alumina gel-clay and silica gel-clay of various mixing ratio (1 : 11 : 4) were used as the adsorbents. Adsorbed carotenes were released by a 20% acetic acid heptane solution at 80°C for 30 min. Carotene content was determined as β-carotene by spectrophotometry. The amount of adsorbed carotene per unit weight of adsorbent was greatest (ca. 3.5 mg/g adsorbent) in the case of clay and became progressively less in the order of silica gel-clay and alumina gel-clay. An increase in the mixing ratio of clay favored carotene adsorption in all cases. No carotene was adsorbed on either alumina or silica gel. In the case of alumina gel-clay, carotene recovery based on the amount of adsorbed carotene increased with decrease in the mixing ratio of clay. The highest value was 41%. In the case of silica gel-clay, no relationship could be detected between carotene recovery and the mixing ratio. Carotene recovery was ca. 7% in all cases. Carotene adsorbed on the clay could not be released under the present experimental conditions. Replacement of heptane with ethanol in the releasing system enhanced the recovery of carotene adsorbed on alumina gel-clay and silica gel-clay but both chloroform and benzene when used instead failed to do so. When acetic acid was substituted by KOH ethanol solution, benzene was effective for recovery of the carotene adsorbed on alumina gel-clay. Modification of the present releasing system did not improve the recovery of carotene adsorbed on the clay. X-ray diffraction patterns of the adsorbents changed according to the adsorption procedure used.

Head-to-Head Polymers. XII. Preparation, Thermal Properties, and Reaction of Head-to-Head Cyclopolymers by Head-to-Head Cyclopolymerization of N-Substituted Dimethacrylamide Derivatives

Abstract N-Methyl- and N-n-propyl-N,N-dimethacrylamides (MDMA and PDMA), N,N′-dimethyl-N,N′-dimethacrylhydrazine (DMDMH), N,N′-dimethyl-N,N′dimethacrylethylenediamine (DMDME), and N,N′ -di-methyl-N,N′-dimethacrylurea (DMDMU) were synthesized and polymerized with a radical initiator. All of these monomers were homopolymerized to give soluble head-to-head (h-h) cyclopolymers which were obtained through a h-h cyclopolymerization, i.e., a repeated cycle of intermolecular tail-to-tail (t-t) propagation and intramolecular h-h cyclization. The thermal properties of these h-h cyclopolymers were determined. In order to obtain h-h poly(methacrylic esters), the hydrolysis of these polymers was attempted under various acidic and alkaline conditions. It was confirmed by IR spectra that h-h poly(methacrylic acid) and h-h poly(ethyl methacrylate) were obtained by hydrolysis of poly(PDMA) with concentrated KOH aqueous solution and by alcoholysis of poly(DMDMH) with KOH-ethanol solution, respectively. However, the isolation of these h-h polymers was not successful.