kOe For Samples Research Articles

Structural, Dielectric and Magnetoelectric Properties of x Co0.8Ni0.2 Fe2O4 + (1-x) PbZr0.55Ti0.45O3 Composites

In this paper, we are reporting structural, dielectric, ferroelectric and magnetic properties of polycrystalline composites (ferrite and ferroelectric) of PZT (PbZr0.55Ti0.45O3) + CNFO (Co0.8Ni0.2Fe2O4). The sample with composition x CNFO + (1-x) PZT (x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 1.00) were prepared using the solid state double sintering method. Here the ratio x: (1-x) of two components is by weight. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies show that lattice constant and tetragonality decreases with increasing ferrite content. Dielectric constant was found to decrease with increase in amount of CNFO. The value of tangent loss (tanδ) was reasonably low (< 0.04) for all the samples. Ferroelectric and ferrimagnetic behavior was confirmed by observing P-E and M-H hysteresis loop, respectively. The room temperature magnetoelectric coupling coefficient (α = dE/dH) was measured as a function of applied DC magnetic field. The value of α was observed to be maximum (855 μV/(cm.Oe)) at DC magnetic field of 1.7 kOe for sample with 5% CNFO. Value of piezoelectric coefficient ‘d33’ decreases from 133 to 60 pC/N.

Structural and magnetic properties of Cu-V substituted M-type barium hexaferrites

In search of magnetic materials with improved magnetic characteristics for practical applications, M-type barium hexaferrites with Fe3+ ions partially substituted by a mixture of Cu and V ions were prepared by ball milling and sintering at 1200° C. The structural analyses of the prepared BaFe12-2xCuxVxO19 samples (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) revealed the presence of BaM phase, in addition to α-Fe2O3, Ba3V2O8, and BaFe2O4 nonmagnetic phases which evolved as x increased. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging demonstrated the presence of different phases in the substituted samples, and a general trend of particle-size growth with increasing x. Energy dispersive spectroscopy was used to examine the local stoichiometry of the samples, and confirmed the different phases identified by XRD analysis. The saturation magnetization was found to be high for low substitution level (72 emu/g for the sample with x = 0.1 sintered for 2 h, and 65 emu/g for the sample sintered for 10 h), while it decreased significantly with increasing the substitution level. The coercivity (Hc) for the samples sintered for 2 h was found to decrease sharply with increasing x, even at low substitution levels (x < 0.2), where it decreased from about 3.5 kOe for the un-substituted sample down to about 1.6 kOe for the sample with x = 0.1, and down to below 0.3 kOe at higher substitution levels. The coercivity of the sample with x = 0.1 sintered for 10 h reduced further, down to about 677 Oe, demonstrating properties demanded for magnetic recording applications. Further, washing with HCl was found to remove some of the nonmagnetic phases, and increase the yield of the BaM phase.

Swingback in magnetization reversal in MnAs–GaAs coaxial nanowire heterostructures

The reversal processes of magnetization in epitaxial MnAs nanotubes prepared by anovergrowth on the sidewall of GaAs nanowires having a diameter of 26 nm are investigated.While the magnetic hard axis is aligned in the direction of the nanowire axis, we apply anexternal magnetic field perpendicular to the axis to examine the flipping characteristicsof magnetic moments. We determine the contributions from the substrate bya direct measurement in order to extract the magnetization of the core–shellheterostructures. The abrupt change in the thus-obtained magnetization due to a flipwhen the field is varied exhibits an overshoot at about 0.4 kOe for samples with athickness of the ferromagnetic shell (40–50 nm) larger than the diameter of the core.Moreover, the peak value exceeds the value when the field is swept in the oppositedirection. The magnetic hysteresis loop consequently involves line crossings. Wespeculate that the spin textures of domain walls in such thick hollow cylindersand their movement at the magnetization flip are affected by the geometry andmagnetostatic interactions of various origins, giving rise to the anomalous behaviour.

Growth-induced perpendicular anisotropy of grains in Co-Al-O nanogranular ferromagnetic films

This paper reports on the results of the magnetostatic measurements for Co-Al-O nanogranular films over a wide range of concentrations of the ferromagnetic component x. It has been revealed that grains in the films are characterized by the growth-induced anisotropy with easy axes directed perpendicular to the film plane. The maximum field of the single-grain perpendicular anisotropy reaches ∼2.5 kOe for samples in the vicinity of the percolation threshold (x ≈ 61 at % Co). It has been established that the characteristic features of the superparamagnetic behavior of an ensemble of oriented Stoner-Wohlfarth particles are retained for the sample with x ≈ 61 at % Co in the presence of the demagnetization field associated with the net magnetization of the film. The influence of the demagnetization field of the film on the shape of the magnetization reversal curves, the coercivity, and the blocking temperature has been investigated and simulated. The results of the simulation are consistent with the experimental data.

He + ion irradiation study of continuous and patterned Co∕Pd multilayers

Ion irradiation of continuous and patterned (Co∕Pd)n magnetic multilayer films has been studied as a mean to control magnetic anisotropy as well as to evaluate possible ion irradiation damage involved in ion-beam proximity lithography patterning. The coercivity of patterned medium was found to decrease from 11kOe for as patterned samples to 0.3kOe for samples with 800μC∕cm2 ion irradiation. Remnant squareness of the patterned samples remained essentially unchanged. As the number of bilayers increases in the sample, the effects vary, suggesting that several mechanisms of damage occur. Significantly, for typical irradiation doses used in ion-beam proximity lithography, no measurable alteration of magnetic properties was observed.

Crystalline evolution and large coercivity in Dy-doped (Nd,Dy)2Fe14B/α-Fe nanocomposite magnets

Nanocomposite hard magnetic materials (Nd,Dy)4.5Fe77.5B18 (No. 1) and (Nd,Dy)4.5Fe76B18Nb1.2Cu0.3 (No. 2) have been prepared by crystallizing amorphous ribbons, fabricated by single roll melt-spinning. The evolution of a multiphase structure was monitored by an x-ray diffractometer and by thermomagnetic measurement. We observed that, at annealing temperatures below 670 °C, there is crystallization of soft phase Fe3B and a small amount of hard phase Nd2Fe14B. At annealing temperatures above 670 °C, crystallization of α-Fe and probably Dy2Fe14B phases with large magnetocrystalline anisotropy led to a drastic enhancement in the hard magnetic properties of the materials. The maximum value of HC is found to be 4.2 kOe for sample No. 1. For sample No. 2, with co-doping of Nb and Cu, nanostructure refinement yields a strong enhancement in exchange coupling between the component phases. Thereby, we obtained high reduced-remanence of 0.78, high remanence of 1.15 and a high (BH)max value up to 16.2 MGOe.

Synthesis, chemical ordering, and magnetic properties of self-assembled FePt–Ag nanoparticles

[ FePt ] 1−x Ag x nanoparticles were chemically synthesized. Self-assembled arrays were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and small angle x-ray diffraction (XRD). Particles were annealed at temperatures from 300 to 500 °C for 30 min and degree of chemical ordering was characterized by large angle XRD and by magnetometry. Compared with pure FePt nanoparticles, additive Ag reduced the A1 to L10 ordering temperature by more than 100 °C. A maximum coercivity of more than 10 kOe was measured for samples with ∼15% Ag annealed at 500 °C, compared with about 2 kOe for samples without Ag. This reduction in required annealing temperature significantly reduces particle coalescence and loss in positional order. XRD measurements suggest that the reduction of the ordering temperature is due to defects and lattice strain introduced by the Ag and the subsequent segregation of the Ag upon annealing, activating the nucleation of the ordered phase.

Magnetic hardening in FePt nanostructured films

FePt films have been prepared by sputtering Fe/Pt multilayers onto glass or silicon substrates. The thickness of the Fe and Pt layers was adjusted with the Fe:Pt atomic ratio from about 1:1 to 2:1. Magnetic hardening is observed after heat treatment at elevated temperatures, which led to coercivity values exceeding 20 kOe in samples with an Fe:Pt ratio around 1.2:1. The hardening originates from the formation of the tetragonal FePt phase with high magnetocrystalline anisotropy and a favorable microstructure. Two-phase composite films containing hard and soft phases were obtained when the Fe:Pt ratio increased. Under optimized processing conditions, composite films with energy products larger than 30 MG Oe at room temperature have been successfully produced.

Enhanced remanence in isotropic Fe-rich melt-spun Nd-Fe-B ribbons

High isotropic remanences and energy products have been obtained in melt-spun Nd-Fe-B samples with a fine grained mixture of α-Fe and Nd2Fe14B1 containing more than 50 wt % of α-Fe. Reduced remanences as high as 0.78 with high saturation magnetization (190 emu/g) led to (BH)max of 14 MGOe. The coercivities varied from 2–4 kOe for samples with 70–50 wt % α-Fe, respectively. Reversible demagnetization curves were observed consistent with the ‘‘exchange spring’’ mechanism.