Knowledge Performance Research Articles

Effects of Real-Time Feedback Methods on Static Balance Training in Stroke Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of real-time feedback methods on static balance training in stroke patients. There are two types of real-time feedback methods, as follows: one is Knowledge of Result (KR), and the other is Knowledge of Performance (KP). Thirty stroke patients participated in this study and were randomly assigned to the KR group (n = 15) or the KP group (n = 15). All of the groups underwent real-time feedback training for four weeks (30 min per session, five sessions per week). The primary outcomes were sway length, sway velocity, and area 95%, which were assessed before and after the intervention. The secondary outcomes included the Berg Balance Scale, the Fugl Meyer Assessment for Lower Extremity, the Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Trunk Impairment Scale, and the Fall Efficacy Scale. A group × time interaction was assessed using two-way ANOVA with repeated measures. There was a significant increase over time in all outcomes (p < 0.05). Significant differences were observed for a group × time interaction in sway length and area 95% (p < 0.05). Real-time feedback training for static balance enhanced stroke patients' static balance abilities, clinical outcome assessments, and promoted self-efficacy against falls.

Combination of narrow and wide bandwidth knowledge of performance in the acquisition of a complex sports motor skill

ObjectivesThis study tested the effects of combining two bandwidth knowledge of performance (KP) on a complex sports motor skill. MethodTwenty-two elementary students were divided into combined wide and narrow bandwidth KP (WNG) and control group (CG). The task was the volleyball serve, whose goal was to hit the bull's eye center of a target lying on the floor on the opposite side of the court. The study was composed of a pre-test, acquisition phase and retention test, and had three measures (pre-test, intermediate test, and retention test) with 15 serves recorded each. The acquisition phase consisted of 252 trials. The WNG had a wide bandwidth KP in the first half of the acquisition phase and a narrow one in the second. The CG received KP in all trials. The effects of bandwidth KP were analyzed separately to infer parameters and skill structure learning. ResultsBoth groups improved the skill structure from the first to the intermediate test, but only WNG also improved on the retention test. The parameters accuracy improved only on retention compared to the pre-test and intermediate test but had no difference between groups. ConclusionProviding information using the bandwidth KP led to an initial engagement and prioritization of skill structure learning.

Location-based electrotactile feedback localizes hitting point in virtual-reality table tennis game.

Learning new motor skills is often challenged by sensory mismatches. For reliable sensory information, people have actively employed sensory intervention methods. Visual assistance is the most popular method to provide sensory information, which is equivalent to the knowledge of performance (KP) in motor tasks. However, its efficacy is questionable because of visual-proprioceptive mismatch as well as heavy intrinsic visual and cognitive engagement in motor tasks. Electrotactile intervention is a promising technique to address the current limitations, as it provides KP using tactile feedback that has a close neurophysiological association with proprioception. To test its efficacy, we compared the effects of visual and electrotactile assistance on hitting point localization of the table-tennis racket during virtual-reality table-tennis game. Experimental results suggest that location-based electrotactile feedback outperforms visual assistance in localizing the hitting point on a table-tennis racket during virtual-reality table-tennis game. Our study showed the potential of electrotactile intervention for improving the efficacy of new motor skill training.

The Perceived Effectiveness of Various Forms of Feedback on the Acquisition of Technical Skills by Advanced Learners in Simulation-Based Health Professions Education.

Simulation-based health professions education(SBHPE) is a valuable approach for healthcare professionals to develop and refine technical skills in a safe environment. Feedback plays a crucial role in the acquisition of these skills, but little research has explored the effectiveness of augmented (knowledge of results (KR) and knowledge of performance (KP) versus intrinsic feedback types for advanced learners. Therefore, this study aimed to determine what type of feedback is perceived to be most effective by advanced learners when acquiring complex technical skills in SBHPE. The study followed the test and evaluated phases of the design-based research (DBR) framework. A total of 23 advanced care paramedics (ACPs)participated in the study and received feedback in the form of KR, KP, and intrinsic feedback while using the intraosseous (IO) access simulator. Participants completed a survey to evaluate their learning experience and rank the perceived effectiveness of each feedback type. The results of this study indicated that KP was perceived as the most effective type of feedback and KR was perceived as the least effective feedback, with intrinsic feedback being in the middle. This work provides insights into the use of augmented and intrinsic feedback for advanced learners in an SBHPE environment, but future work to assess the actual learning effects of these types of feedback is needed.

Exploring the Impact of Two Feedback Types on Speech Intelligibility, Precision, and Naturalness.

This pilot study examined the impact of feedback type on learning a novel speech task, as measured by listener ratings, and will inform procedures for future investigations within a larger sample size. Twenty-four native monolingual English-speaking college-aged adults participated in a single training session to learn novel Hindi phrases. Participants were randomly placed into one of three feedback groups: knowledge of performance (KP), knowledge of results (KR), or a combined KP + KR condition. Participant performance was assessed at 1 day and 1 week post-training. Participant responses were audio recorded and judged for intelligibility, precision, and naturalness by native Hindi speakers, blind to the feedback conditions, via rating scales. At 2 days post-training, participants in the KP and KP + KR feedback conditions were rated as performing better than participants in the KR condition on all three perceptual measures. At 1 week post-training, participants in the KP feedback condition were judged to be superior across all three perceptual measures. Preliminary findings suggest that augmented feedback enhances learning, especially when skills are considered novel and learners are unable to rely on their own internal feedback. These results may have implications for the application of motor learning principles into clinical practice for persons with motor speech disorders.

When is knowledge of performance (KP) superior to knowledge of results (KR) in promoting motor skill learning? A systematic review

ABSTRACT Augmented feedback is a key component of motor skill learning. Feedback can provide information relating to the movement outcome (knowledge of results; KR) or information relating to a movement parameter (knowledge of performance; KP). The effect of KR on skill learning has been long studied, but it is unclear whether KP can supplement or substitute KR to enhance learning. The aim of this study is to compare the effect of KR with the effect of KP, and a combination of KR and KP, on motor skill learning. An electronic search was performed on Psychinfo, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and SportDiscuss databases. A total of 19 studies of mixed quality were included. The results showed that a combination of KR and prescriptive KP was superior to KR; prescriptive KP alone was superior to KR; and KR was superior to descriptive KP. We speculate that this finding supports the view that augmented feedback promotes motor learning when it facilitates a learner’s search for goal-relevant movement solutions. Considering the sample included, these results can be generalized only to novices. We encourage future research to examine how skill level and additional classification of KP interact with KR and KP on the learning process.

FROM MONOPOLIZING MEMORY TO CO-CREATING IT: OPENNESS AND EQUITY IN THE DIGITAL ECOSYSTEM

With the growing proliferation of digital media into the memory practices of cultural institutions and ordinary people, questions about a growing dependence on monopolistic technology companies on the creation, access and preservation of collective memory have emerged. For cultural institutions that rely on social media to boost their audience engagement, this also means that they lose part of their role as public educators, while ordinary people fear the loss of ownership over their personal memories. This paper proposes equitable approaches to the current digital ecosystem, that is built on the extraction and profit-making of personal data, that can be developed by looking beyond the current market, envisioning possibilities for related policies that could enable the re-design of the current memory ecosystem towards social inclusion. The argument is based on a combination of ethnographic research into initiatives that foster the openness of knowledge by enabling fair practices to be realized in the competitive sphere of the digital economy. Building upon work such as the MyData and the DECODE project, as well as enquiries into personal memory practices of youth living in Germany and the UK.

Effects of self-controlled knowledge of performance on motor learning and self-efficacy: A kinematic study

Abstract Study aim: To evaluate the effects of providing the learners with self-controlled knowledge of performance (KP) on motor learning and self-efficacy (SE) in a dart-throwing motor task. Material and methods: The participants were thirty female university students who were divided into two groups including self-control and yoked groups. Participants performed five blocks of five trials in the acquisition phase, and retention and transfer tests of 10 trials one day later. Intra-limb coordination patterns (movement pattern), throwing scores, and SE (both movement pattern and movement outcome) were measured as dependent variables. Independent t test and one-way ANOVA with repeated measures were used as statistical tests. Results: The self-controlled group performed significantly better than yoked group on movement pattern during the acquisition phase (F1,28 = 24.239, p = 0.001) and the retention test (t28 = –3.074, p = 0.007). However, there were no significant differences between groups in terms of throwing scores and SE during the acquisition, retention, and transfer phases (all p &gt; 0.05). Conclusion: Providing self-controlled KP can improve learning of movement pattern in the novices but do not necessary increase movement outcome or SE.

Descriptive versus prescriptive feedback in the learning of golf putting by older persons

ABSTRACT This study examined how descriptive and prescriptive knowledge of performance (KP) feedbacks would affect the learning of motor skill by older adults. Participants were 15 men and 21 women, aged between 60 and 80 years. They were divided into three groups: (1) verbal prescriptive KP, received verbal information on how to correct errors on the next trial; (2) video descriptive KP, watched the replay of their strokes; and (3) prescriptive and descriptive KP. Participants learned the golf putting motor skill by performing 120 trials during an acquisition phase. Participants also performed retention (immediate delayed) and transfer as learning tests. The dependent variables included measures related to the task goal (absolute and variable errors) and the kinematics of movement pattern. Results showed that the prescriptive plus video KP and prescriptive KP groups had absolute and variable errors smaller than video group. It was concluded that prescriptive KP (alone and with video) was more benefit for learning of golf putting by older adults than video KP.

Effects of feedback type and modality on motor skill learning and retention

ABSTRACTTwo types of feedback, including knowledge of results (KR) and knowledge of performance (KP) are typically delivered as part of motor training using different sensory modalities. Twenty-four right-handed individuals performed a computer-based psychomotor training task using a contemporary haptic interface. Results revealed that KP was superior to KR for overall task performance retention, whereas KR was good for training specific aspects of performance. A combination of KP and KR through the same modality did not produce an additive positive learning effect for task performance. Auditory and haptic feedback improved retention over visual, but only with the use of multiple information cues. Design guidelines are provided for training systems for motor skill development and/or rehabilitation.

No Improvement on the Learning of Golf Putting By Older Persons With Self-Controlled Knowledge of Performance.

The aim of this study was to verify if older adults would benefit from a self-controlled schedule of knowledge of performance (KP) in the motor skill learning. The study's participants included 22 women and 18 men, with an average age of 68years (SD = 2.95years). These were divided into two groups: "Self," in which participants had control over when they received KP and "Yoked," in which participants received KP in a paired manner with the Self group. The learning task was golf putting. Results showed that the groups had similar scores for accuracy and consistency of performance. Results also showed that KP requests were more based on bad trials than good trials. It appears that the important variable for motor learning is not who controls the provision of feedback, but also the older adults' ability to use the information.

Knowledge Management Orientation Behaviour and Innovation

This study aims to investigate the effect of knowledge management orientation (KMO) behaviour on innovation of SMEs in Indonesia. One hundred and fifty-six SMEs in the creative economy sector participated in this study. Multiple regression was used to analyse the data. The statistical results indicated that knowledge absorption and knowledge receptivity are the KMO's dimensions and have a significant effect on the increase of innovation. This finding contributes to both a theoretical and a practical perspective. For the theoretical perspective, this study showed that knowledge receptivity and knowledge absorption plays an important role in affecting innovation. From a practical standpoint, this study provides insight of SME practitioners in enhancing the innovation through the improvement of KMO behaviour.

Knowledge management orientation, innovativeness, and competitive intensity: evidence from Polish SMEs

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to empirically test the link between knowledge management orientation (KMO), its dimensions (organizational memory, knowledge sharing, knowledge absorption, and knowledge receptivity), competitive intensity, and innovativeness of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This study uses survey data from 120 Polish SMEs and the partial least squares method. The results show a positive and significant relationship between KMO and the innovativeness of SMEs. Moreover, organizational memory has a direct effect on innovativeness. Competitive intensity does not have a moderating effect on the KMO and innovativeness relationship. This study provides empirical evidence for the importance of KMO for the innovativeness of SMEs. To increase a firm’s innovativeness, improvement should be made in all four dimensions of KMO. Each of these dimensions is important but not individually sufficient to influence innovativeness directly; they are able to improve innovativeness only when they appear together and shape KMO.

Knowledge strategy, sharing behavior and performance

PurposeThe study aims to examine the effect of knowledge management strategy (KMS) on knowledge-sharing behavior (KSB) and its subsequent effect on knowledge performance (KP). It also throws light on the mediating role of KM enablers (KMEs) and KSB.Design/methodology/approachIn purview of previous literature, several hypotheses were framed. Structural equation modeling (SEM) using SPSS 20, PROCESS macro and AMOS 20 was used to examine the research hypotheses in a sample of empirical data collected from 350 employees of information technology (IT) service provider firms.FindingsThis paper empirically proves the existence of mediation effect of the proposed mediators (KME, KSB) between predictors (KMS, KSB) and outcomes (KSB, KP) in different hypothesized relationships. Result provides empirical evidence toward the positive influence of KMS dimensions (internal-oriented KMS, external-oriented KMS) on KSB and also confirms the influence of KSB on KP.Research limitations/implicationsThis study examines the effect of KMS and KSB on KP with reference to the IT sector, thereby limiting generalization to other sectors. Practical and managerial implications have been discussed in the later sections of the study.Originality/valueThis study adds value to the existing KM literature by adjoining the links among knowledge strategy, sharing behavior and performance.

Knowledge Performance as an Arbitrator between the Relationship of Organizational Commitment and Productivity

In this article, an attempt is made to explore if the knowledge performance (KP) mediates the commitment of the employees and perceived productivity of the firm in the Indian context. This research study employed a quantitative method using a cross-sectional survey design to seek the correlation among the organizational commitment (OC), KP and productivity of the employees. A non-probability convenience sample was obtained from this population group and was based on accessibility. The following research study examined whether KP mediates the relationship between OC and productivity. Generalization of this study’s results to circumstances in other countries may not be possible because the target population was employees in Indian corporations. The study can be helpful in addressing the gap of empirical analysis in relation with KP and job-related outputs in managerial context in the Indian service sector corporations.

Knowledge Management Orientation, Market Orientation, and SME’s Performance: A Lesson from Indonesia’s Creative Economy Sector

Aim/Purpose: Two research objectives were addressed in this study. The first objective was to determine the effect of knowledge management orientation behaviour on business performance, and the second objective was to investigate the mediating effect of market orientation in the relationship between knowledge management orientation behaviour and business performance. Background: In business strategic perspective, the idea of knowledge management has been discussed widely. However, there is a lack of study exploring the notion of knowledge management orientation especially in the perspective of Indonesia’s creative economy sector. Methodology: One hundred and thirty one participants were involved in this study. They were economy creative practitioners in Indonesia. Data were analysed by using Partial Least Squares. Contribution: Upon the completion of the research objectives, this study contributes to both theoretical and practical perspectives. From a theoretical standpoint, this study proposes a conceptual model explaining the relationship among knowledge management orientation behaviour, market orientation, and business performance in Indonesia’s creative economy sector. As this study found a significant effect of knowledge sharing in market orientation and market orientation in business performance, the study showed the mediation role of market orientation in the relationship between knowledge sharing and business performance. From a practical perspective, this study implies a guideline for business practitioners in enhancing business through the application of knowledge management orientation behaviour. Findings: The results show that organizing memory, knowledge absorption, and knowledge receptivity has a direct significant effect on business performance. However, in affecting business performance, knowledge sharing must be mediated by market orientation. Recommendations for Practitioners: Based on the results of the study, practitioners should enhance their behaviour in implementing knowledge management in terms of increasing business performance. In addition, it is suggested that business practitioners must be market driven, as market orientation was found to have an important role in affecting business performance. Recommendation for Researchers: Future researchers might integrate other constructs such as innovation, marketing capabilities, or organizational learning with this current conceptual model to have more comprehensive insight about the relationship between knowledge management orientation and business performance. Impact on Society: This study suggests that business practitioners must have knowledge management driven behaviour as well as market orientation to enhance the performance of their business. Future Research: Future research might add other variables to make the conceptual model more comprehensive and also replicate this study into different industrial settings.

Augmented feedback in autistic disorder

&lt;div class="WordSection1"&gt;&lt;p&gt;Children with autistic disorder (AD) display atypical eye contact and struggle with the social imitation of eye contact. Impaired social imitation may be indicative of disruptions in motor learning processes. The application of specific motor learning principles, such as external feedback, may suggest which variables will result in positive change in eye contact. The study aimed to determine the effects of knowledge of performance (KP) and knowledge of results (KR) as types of feedback on the frequency and duration of elicited and spontaneous eye contact in children with AD. A two-phase multiple-probe, multi-treatment (cross-over), singleparticipant design with a withdrawal component was used. Mixed treatment effects were obtained. Overall effects suggest that KR results in the greatest positive change over a short period of time regarding frequency and duration for both elicited and spontaneous eye contact. This type of feedback seems to be the most effective for spontaneous eye contact. The provision of KP, after elicited and spontaneous eye contact, produced positive effects for duration only. The current Phase 1 evidence suggests that KR (which is goal-directed with fewer additional instructions) may be more beneficial to children with AD. These findings are in accordance with the limb motor learning literature and may therefore support preliminary evidence for disrupted motor learning during eye contact imitation in children with AD.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Understanding the Effect of Network Management Capability on Innovation: A Multi-path Model

Past research revealed that inter-organizational networks play an essential role for innovation. In particular, network management capabilities have been found to essentially contribute to the innovation success of corporate actors. However, the concrete causal mechanisms that transmit the effect of network management capabilities to innovation performance are still under-explored. To address this gap, we develop a theoretical mediation model by integrating the dynamic capabilities view, network resource theory and perspectives of network agency. We first argue that network attributes allow firms to access knowledge resource benefits and thus contribute to innovation performance. Second, we hypothesize that firms are able to overcome constraints associated with the development of specific network attributes by the deployment of two different types of organizational routines – those that focus on discrete relationships and those that address firms’ overall network portfolio. The model was tested on data from the largest network of German municipal energy providers comprising 84 member firms. The results largely support our hypotheses in indicating that portfolio management capability’s influence on innovation is mediated by knowledge reach and richness in the network, relationship management capability’s effect by knowledge richness, while knowledge receptivity has no significant effect on product innovation performance.

Revisiting the Dimensions of Knowledge Management Orientation Behavior in Indonesia Creative Industry

This study aims to explore the formation of knowledge management orientation behaviour (KMO) in Indonesian creative industry. To answer the research objective, two consequtive studies were conducted. The first study intends to generate the measurement items. Two registered Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with eight participants for each session were held. Upon the completion of FGDs, a survey into 171 respondents was done, and the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was employed to analyse the data. The second study objective is to confirm the measurement items that have been generated from the FGDs. A survey into 174 respondents was conducted, and confirmatory Factor Analysis was employed to analyse the data. The finding confirms that organizing memory development, organizing memory support system, knowledge sharing, knowledge absorption and knowledge receptivity are the dimensions of KMO in Indonesian creative industry. Upon the completion of this study, both theoretical and practical contributons are provided to bring an insight for creative industry practitioners to apply KMO in their business. DOI : https://doi.org/10.21632/irjbs.9.2.63-73 Keywords: Knowledge Management Orientation, Knowledge Management, Creative Industry, Performance, Second-Order Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Effects of different biofeedback training techniques on the static balance of hemiplegic patients

Objective To compare the static standing balance of stroke patients after different biofeedback protocols. Methods Thirty-two stroke patients were randomly divided into a knowledge of performance (KP) group, a knowledge of results (KR) group and a control group. All 3 groups received 4 weeks of conventional rehabilitation training plus another 30min of static standing balance training per day. The KP group received audio-visual feedback in real time during the training. The KR group received section result feedback. The control group received no feedback during the extra balance training. Before and after the training, the performance of the 3 groups was evaluated using Berg's Balance Scale (BBS) and a portable biofeedback device. Results Average BBS performance improved significantly more in the KP group (3.08±1.08) than in KR group (1.30±0.67) and control group (1.20±0.79) (P 0.05). The average improvements of the KP group in terms of Standing with Eyes Closed and Tandem Standing (0.92±0.79 and 0.83±0.39) were significantly higher than those in the KR (0.30±0.48 and 0.20±0.42) and control groups (0.01±0.01 and 0.40±0.52) (P<0.05). Average trunk angular displacements in all four directions[Anterior (2.83±0.93; 6.15±1.85), Posterior (2.56±0.88; 5.97±1.74); Left (2.86±1.16; 6.49±2.42), Right (2.68±1.43; 5.98±2.05)]in the KP group was significantly higher than in the others (P<0.05). No significant differences were detected between the KR and control groups in BBS results or in posture. Conclusions Static standing training should incorporate real time biofeedback. It is then more effective than conventional standing training or training with section results feedback. It is worth spreading in clinical applications. Key words: Biofeedback; Training; Static balance; Stroke