Knowledge Of Other People Research Articles

How does the novel create life? Thinking the impossible in Elizabeth Costello

ABSTRACT What is happening in literary culture that critics and scholars believe the way we read novels today is troubled? Writer-critics like Zadie Smith have argued that the value of the novel be reconsidered according to an earlier tradition of realism, which evokes an increasingly complex world by which readers can be roused to ethical knowledge of other people. Smith’s formulation tells a story about the way we connect the reality of the novel and our own reality, a story of which literary scholars have begun to question the very possibility. This essay engages a debate between Dorothy Hale (2020) and Timothy Bewes (2022) that has significant consequences for reading, if Bewes is correct to question critical approaches that treat literature as an object of analysis and to theorise, instead, that the contemporary novel has its own, unapprehendable ‘thought’. But if thought is unapprehendable, how can criticism survive? Answering this question, I read J.M. Coetzee’s Elizabeth Costello (2003) as a novel that foregrounds thought, not, I argue, as in Bewes’s negative formulation but necessarily as a positive power that manifests a life. In this case, realism and criticism survive as precisely the nonsubjective thinking of impossibility required for less troubling times.

The Paraleptic Effect

This article examines the alleged narratological paradox of paralepsis. It is argued that the first-person narrators of Moby-Dick, À la recherche du temps perdu and The Great Gatsby (to name but three prominent examples) occasionally display an inexplicable awareness of facts that would be naturally inaccessible to them (knowledge of other people’s thoughts, minute familiarity with unwitnessed events, etc.). Paralepsis, as Genette calls it, can be defined as the class of situations in which a first-person narrator seems to exercise the impossible epistemic privilege. This paper argues against the existence of genuine paraleptic events on two levels. First, it is argued that this kind of narration is rarely epistemically paradoxical. Even some of the strongest candidates for paralepsis could be naturalized (the reader can detect possible natural ways in which the narrator might have obtained the seemingly impossible information). Second, even in cases where they cannot be convincingly naturalized, “paralepses” need not be mysterious. It is often possible to read them (as P. Dawson has done) as “authorial performances.” They can be explained as instances of a specific rhetorical procedure that we have termed raconteural narration: a mode of narration in which, for the sake of more convincing exposition, mere conjectures are offered without the usual modal phrases that indicate the speculative quality of such assertions and thus create the erroneous impression of uncanny narrative knowledge.

Infants rationally infer the goals of other people's reaches in the absence of first-person experience with reaching actions.

Does knowledge of other people's minds grow from concrete experience to abstract concepts? Cognitive scientists have hypothesized that infants' first-person experience, acting on their own goals, leads them to understand others' actions and goals. Indeed, classic developmental research suggests that before infants reach for objects, they do not see others' reaches as goal-directed. In five experiments (N=117), we test an alternative hypothesis: Young infants view reaching as undertaken for a purpose but are open-minded about the specific goals that reaching actions are aimed to achieve. We first show that 3-month-old infants, who cannot reach for objects, lack the expectation that observed acts of reaching will be directed to objects rather than to places. Infants at the same age learned rapidly, however, that a specific agent's reaching action was directed either to an object or to a place, after seeing the agent reach for the same object regardless of where it was, or to the same place regardless of what was there. In a further experiment, 3-month-old infants did not demonstrate such inferences when they observed an actor engaging in passive movements. Thus, before infants have learned to reach and manipulate objects themselves, they infer that reaching actions are goal-directed, and they are open to learning that the goal of an action is either an object or a place. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: In the present experiments, 3-month-old prereaching infants learned to attribute either object goals or place goals to other people's reaching actions. Prereaching infants view agents' actions as goal-directed, but do not expect these acts to be directed to specific objects, rather than to specific places. Prereaching infants are open-minded about the specific goal states that reaching actions aim to achieve.

Overlap Between Exposure to Suicidal Behavior and Indirect Interpersonal Violence: Evidence for a More Integrated Approach to Violence Research.

This study examines the overlap between indirect exposure to forms of interpersonal violence and suicidal behavior, and the impact of the co-occurrence of these exposures on indicators of depressed mood and substance use among adolescents. Participants were a national sample of 3,917 youth aged 14-15 years, recruited online between June 2018 and March 2020, including an oversample of sexual and gender minority youth. Eight in ten (81.3%) youth reported exposure to indirect interpersonal violence and/or suicidal behavior in their lifetimes: 39.5% reported only interpersonal violence exposure, 5.9% only suicidal behavior exposure, and 35.9% reported both. Youth who reported exposure to interpersonal violence were almost three times more likely (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.78, p < .001) to also report suicidal behavior exposure. Compared with youth having no indirect violence exposure, those with only interpersonal violence exposure were 2.25 times more likely (p < .001), those with only exposure to suicidal behavior 2.93 times more likely (p < .001), and those with both were 5.63 times more likely to report recent depressed mood. The unadjusted odds of any substance use was significantly elevated for each type of indirect violence exposure, with the highest odds seen among youth with dual interpersonal violence and suicide exposure (OR = 4.87, p < .001). For both outcomes, significant findings remained but were attenuated after adjusting for demographic characteristics, non-victimization adversity exposure, and cumulative direct victimization. Findings suggest that the combination of exposure to interpersonal violence and suicidal behavior appears to be particularly impactful. Results highlight that assessment of trauma exposure among adolescents needs to be more comprehensive and include not only direct and indirect interpersonal violence, but also knowledge of other people's suicidal thoughts and behaviors.

Ethnic Discrimination among Nigerians: The Predictory Roles of Perceived Ethno-Cultural Empathy and Ethnocentrism

This study investigated the extent to which Perceived ethno-cultural empathy and ethnocentrism predict ethnic discrimination among Nigerians. This study adopted a cross-sectional survey design. Participants comprised 412 people (male=220; female=192). They were selected from three states in Nigeria namely Ondo (youruba ethnic group), Abia (Igbo ethnic group) and Taraba (Hausa ethnic group), using accidental sampling technique. Their ethnic group classifications (33.9%) were Yoruba’s, (33.8%) were Igbo’s, and (32.3%) were Hausa’s. They responded to ethnocentrism scale, scale of ethno-cultural empathy, perceived ethnic discrimination questionnaire. The study hypothesis was tested with a multiple regression analysis. Results revealed that perceived ethno-cultural empathy significantly predict ethnic discrimination such that high level of ethno-cultural empathy decreases ethnic discrimination (β=-0.12, t(412)=-0.2.59, p&lt;0.05). Ethnocentrism significantly predict ethnic discrimination such that high level of ethnocentrism increases ethnic discrimination (β=-0.40, t (412)=8.69, p&lt;.01). This study showed that ethno-cultural empathy was negatively related to ethnic discriminations. Ethnocentrism was positively related to ethnic discriminations. Therefore in order to reduce ethnic discrimination, the researcher suggest that direct public education initiatives that help prevent and contribute to the eradication of incitement to discrimination, hostility, and violence in the society should be encouraged and promoted. National program such as NYSC should be recalibrated and sustained. Knowledge of other people’s ethnic beliefs should be promoted within the society to increase understanding, tolerance and respect and to ensure that their belief and ethnic differences does not become a source of division, tensions and violence.

Community Assessment for a Low-Carbohydrate Nutrition Education Program in South Africa

Eat Better South Africa (EBSA) is an organization that provides low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) nutrition and health education programs for women from under-resourced South African communities. Community assessments are essential to explore participants' potential facilitators and challenges of adhering to new dietary behaviours and should be implemented before any dietary interventions. This study is a qualitative community assessment to enable the EBSA program to better meet potential participants' needs and explore their willingness to enrol in the EBSA program. Sixty women from two communities in the Western Cape were interviewed through six focus group discussions. A thematic analysis was conducted using NVivo 12 software, and four themes were developed around the women's (1) role within the households; (2) dietary behaviour; (3) health perceptions; and (4) willingness to participate in an LCHF program. Women mentioned that they were responsible for cooking and shopping for their households. They expressed their understanding of healthy and unhealthy behaviours and their dietary patterns. Some women showed concerns about LCHF diets, but others wanted to learn more due to their knowledge of other people's positive experiences with the diet. There was a general desire to become healthy. However, the women anticipated dietary behaviour change to be challenging. Those challenges mostly revolved around their socioeconomic environments. The findings are intended to inform EBSA (or other nutrition interventions) on what to consider when implementing their interventions in these communities.

“Shaking the wings of their terrible youths”: Exploring References and Allusions in Hozier’s Eponymous Debut Album (2014)

As British ethnomusicologist Martin Stokes writes: “Music is clearly very much a part of modern life and our understanding of it, articulating our knowledge of other peoples, places, times and things, and ourselves in relation to them”. In this context, Hozier has been considered one of Ireland’s new leading political voices in popular culture since 2014, the year that he gained recognition worldwide for the breakout hit single “Take Me to Church”. It is indeed his candour and ability to weave political and social messages with beautifully crafted lyrics and melodies that make Hozier’s debut album one particularly worth exploring from an Irish studies perspective. Furthermore, as those characteristics he admires in songs, literature, and artists have been carried over into his own body of work, it will also be especially useful to focus on the use of references and allusions in his songwriting. Thus, by acknowledging and using the perspectives of authors such as Martin Stokes, Richard Middleton and Simon Frith with regard to performance and articulation, this paper will offer a close study of the key texts of Hozier’s first album and a template for future analyses of his work.

Exploring the Representational Structure of Trait Knowledge Using Perceived Similarity Judgments

A large body of past work has sought to identify the underlying dimensions that capture our trait knowledge of other people. However, the importance of particular traits in determining our overall impressions of others is not well understood, and different traits may be fundamental for impressions of famous versus unfamiliar people. For instance, we may focus on competence when evaluating a famous person, but on trustworthiness when evaluating a stranger. To examine the structure of overall impressions of famous people and of unfamiliar people, we probed the contributions of 13 different trait judgments to perceived similarity judgments. We found that different sets of traits best predicted perceived similarity between famous people versus between unfamiliar people; however, the relationship between each trait and perceived similarity generalized to some extent from famous people to unfamiliar people, suggesting a degree of overlap in the structure of overall impressions.

Түркі фольклорындағы ұлттық құндылықтардың трансформациялануы

The study of the history of the origin of the Turkic-speaking countries, their common sociogenetic and psychological and moral aspects is tantamount to reconstructing the centuries-old history of Central Asia. Today it is very important to study the culture, political, social, ethnic and literary world of the Turkic world. Bringing Turkic folklore to the world press is the main task of our time. Re-expression of the unity of the Turkic peoples and countries is one of the main problems of modern oral literature. That is why the title of this scientific article is named to satisfy these interests. The topic of the article is very relevant due to these goals and objectives. Another purpose of the scientific article is to systematize the formed, accumulated and written periods of the Turkic oral literature according to certain methods, including composition, motive, similarity of characters, and draw conclusions. In addition to the problems of Turkic folklore, their similarities in the genre of prose are also mentioned. Until now, Turkic oral literature did not have a common system and evidence of the full spread of the genre of folk prose. In textual criticism and scientific work there is a lot of confusion of some definitions, homonyms, terms. In this regard, the literature of the Turkic countries divides the genre of prose into its own classifications. In connection with this issue, another goal of this article is the classification of the legendary prose of Turkic literature, its classification according to certain characteristics, the analysis of commonalities and differences in the problem of definitions. The nature and mythological features of the legends, myths and legends of the Turkic peoples are not ignored. In addition, the main relevance of the Turkic literary world and the commonality of the worldview and differences with the mythological, prosaic knowledge of other peoples are analyzed. As examples, the similarity of man and the environment in Turkic legends, ancient ideas about heaven and earth are considered, and special conclusions are drawn. The article also scientifically examines the worldview, culture, common customs, common works and images of similar characters of the ancient Turkic peoples in the formation of the spirituality of the nomadic Turkic people. The scientific article has been studied and compiled using comparative analysis, analysis, systematization, historical-typological, ethnogenetic methods of the text, and appropriate conclusions have been drawn. The scientific article is written based on the works of researchers of history and Turkic, Kazakh folklore, as well as on the basis of information from the Internet. DOWNLOADS

Misunderstanding vaccine hesitancy: A case study in epistemic injustice

This paper argues that vice-charging, the practice of charging other persons with epistemic vice, can itself be epistemically vicious. It identifies some potential vices of vice-charging and identifies knowledge of other people as a type of knowledge that is obstructed by epistemically vicious attributions of epistemic vice. The hazards of vice-charging are illustrated by reference to the accusation that parents who hesitate to give their children the MMR triple vaccine are guilty of gullibility and dogmatism. Ethnographic and sociological research is used to make the case that this charge is, in a significant range of cases, epistemically unjust and hinders attempts to make sense of vaccine hesitancy. This epistemic injustice consists in the representation of vaccine hesitant parents as less than full epistemic agents. A case is made for a more tolerant and inclusive approach, not only to vaccine hesitancy but also to other forms of unorthodoxy or non-compliance. The primary objective in these cases should be to achieve Verstehen of seemingly alien outlooks and practices so that policy makers and practitioners in public services can more effectively educate a sceptical public about the risks of vaccine hesitancy.

Psyhological significance of cognitive processes of development through communication for pre-school children

The article presents the results of theoretical and empirical studies related to the development of higher mental qualities in preschool children through communication with cognitive ones (memory, at- tention, thinking). Shows the development of cognitive abilities of preschoolers through communication, their properties and features. The study involved 56 children aged 5-6 years (older group), including 29 boys (51.8%) and 27 girls (48.2%). The relevance of the topic is to increase the level of education of preschool children in kindergarten, improve the problem of communication and summing up. Observ- ing the stages of the formation of communication skills in a child, it should be remembered about the educational role in the development of the initial orientation of people, the rough distinction of their condition and the ways of communicating not only with close people, but also with adults and children. Due to the increase in the types of activities in which the child visits a children’s institution, interacts with people, he has the opportunity to see the following actions in new roles, thus the child takes one step in the knowledge of other people. To diagnose the cognitive processes and communication skills of preschoolers, a battery of methods was selected: 9 methods for assessing cognitive abilities, 2 methods for assessing the emotional state (understanding emotions and anxiety), 2 methods for the development of communication skills. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used to analyze the relationship be- tween indicators of communication and cognitive processes. Key words: cognitive processes, communication, psyche, child, kindergarten.

Cultivating sprouts of benevolence: a foundational principle for curriculum in civic and multicultural education

ABSTRACT A central goal of civic and multicultural education is preparing young people to participate in deliberatively informed action on important social issues. In order to achieve this goal, educators need to cultivate young people’s innate but partial ‘sprouts’ of benevolence, which are rooted in feelings of empathy and compassion. Without a sense of benevolence, students are unlikely to be motivated to deliberate and take action on the needs of others. Consequently, curriculum related to public issues should begin by engaging students with knowledge of other people’s lives and concrete circumstances. By encountering rich and emotionally compelling accounts of the lives of others, students’ sense of benevolence can be extended beyond the people and situations they know best. This forms the basis for subsequent curriculum encounters with differing perspectives and worldviews, as well as with structural causes of social issues and potential implications of civic action taken to address them.

Knowing minds: Culture and perceptions of mental state access

How does culture influence the ways in which individuals reflect upon their knowledge of others’ mental states? We addressed this question in a two‐study cross‐cultural investigation examining perceptions of mental state access in the United States and Japan. Study 1 (n = 100) revealed that American participants reported greater mental state access than did Japanese participants. Study 2 (n = 146) showed that both Americans and Japanese perceived greater access to the mental states of a close friend relative to a casual friend and that the observed cultural differences in perceived mental state access to a close friend’s mental states were mediated by how much access was considered appropriate. Overall, the results indicate that culturally variable norms specifying appropriate levels of mental state access play an important role in how individuals estimate their knowledge of other people’s minds in close relationships.

Cortical temporal hierarchy is immature in middle childhood

The development of successful social-cognitive abilities requires one to track, accumulate, and integrate knowledge of other people’s mental states across time. Regions of the brain differ in their temporal scale (i.e., a cortical temporal hierarchy) and those receptive to long temporal windows may facilitate social-cognitive abilities; however, the cortical development of long timescale processing remains to be investigated. The current study utilized naturalistic viewing to examine cortical development of long timescale processing and its relation to social-cognitive abilities in middle childhood – a time of expanding social spheres and increasing social-cognitive abilities. We found that, compared to adults, children exhibited reduced low-frequency power in the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) and reduced specialization for long timescale processing within the TPJ and other regions broadly implicated in the default mode network and higher-order visual processing. Further, specialization for long timescales within the right dorsal medial prefrontal cortex became more ‘adult-like’ as a function of children’s comprehension of character mental states. These results suggest that cortical temporal hierarchy in middle childhood is immature and may be important for an accurate representation of complex naturalistic social stimuli during this age.

INTRODUCING ABOVE GROUND STORAGE TANK (AST) TO HELP JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS UNDERSTAND FLUID PRESSURE

Fluid pressure is considered as an abstract concept so that an innovative method must be used to help the students understand it correctly. We introduced Above Ground Storage Tank (AST) to the students to help them grasp the fundamentals of fluid pressure and evaluated how this approach improved their scientific communication ability. Based on their ability in communicating the mechanism of fluid pressure, students were able to organize their knowledge, delivering their knowledge to other people, and making a better conclusion after the introduction of AST. Thus, it can be concluded that the introduction of AST can improve students’ scientific communication ability.

Introspection, mindreading, and the transparency of belief

AbstractThis paper explores the nature of self‐knowledge of beliefs by investigating the relationship between self‐knowledge of beliefs and one's knowledge of other people's beliefs. It introduces and defends a new account of self‐knowledge of beliefs according to which this type of knowledge is developmentally interconnected with and dependent on resources already used for acquiring knowledge of other people's beliefs, which is inferential in nature. But when these resources are applied to oneself, one attains and subsequently frequently uses a method for acquiring knowledge of beliefs that is non‐inferential in nature. The paper argues that this account is preferable to some of the most common empirically motivated theories of self‐knowledge of beliefs and explains the origin of the widely discussed phenomenon that our own beliefs are often transparent to us in that we can determine whether we believe that p simply by settling whether p is the case.

Mere social knowledge impacts children's consumption and categorization of foods.

How does social information affect the perception of taste early in life? Does mere knowledge of other people's food preferences impact children's own experience when eating? In Experiment 1, 5- and 6-year-old children consumed more of a food described as popular with other children than a food that was described as unpopular with other children, even though the two foods were identical. In Experiment 2, children ate more of a food described as popular with children than a food described as popular with adults. Experiment 3 tested whether different perceptual experiences of otherwise identical foods contributed to the mechanisms underlying children's consumption. After sampling both endpoints of a sweet-to-sour range (applesauce with 0 mL or 5mL of lemon juice added), children were asked to taste and categorize applesauce samples with varying amounts of lemon juice added. When classifying ambiguous samples that were near the midpoint of the range (2 mL and 3 mL), children were more likely to categorize popular foods as sweet as compared to unpopular foods. Together, these findings provide evidence that social information plays a powerful role in guiding children's consumption and perception of foods. Broader links to the sociality of food selection are discussed.

Impaired personal trait knowledge, but spared other-person trait knowledge, in an individual with bilateral damage to the medial prefrontal cortex

Functional neuroimaging has revealed that in healthy adults retrieval of personal trait knowledge is associated with increased activation in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Separately, neuropsychology has shown that the self-referential nature of memory can be disrupted in individuals with mPFC lesions. However, it remains unclear whether damage to the mPFC impairs retrieval of personal trait knowledge. Therefore, in this neuropsychological case study we investigated the integrity of personal trait knowledge in J.S., an individual who sustained bilateral damage to the mPFC as a result of an anterior communicating artery aneurysm. We measured both accuracy and consistency of J.S.’s personal trait knowledge as well as his trait knowledge of another, frequently seen person, and compared his performance to a group of healthy adults. Findings revealed that J.S. had severely impaired accuracy and consistency of his personal trait knowledge relative to control participants. In contrast, J.S.’s accuracy and consistency of other-person trait knowledge was intact in comparison to control participants. Moreover, J.S. showed a normal positivity bias in his trait ratings. These results, albeit based on a single case, implicate the mPFC as critical for retrieval of personal trait knowledge. Findings also cast doubt on the likelihood that the mPFC, in particular the ventral mPFC, is necessary for storage and retrieval of trait knowledge of other people. Therefore, this case study adds to a growing body of evidence that mPFC damage can disrupt the link between self and memory.

Selbstwissen und Selbstfestlegung

Abstract The only knowledge we have of our own minds is knowledge acquired in the same third-person way in which we acquire knowledge of other people’s beliefs and desires. True, when we say on the basis of reflection that we believe or desire this or that, it seldom makes sense to challenge what we say. Yet such statements are not expressions of self-knowledge. They have instead the character of avowals, expressing our commitment to think and act in appropriate ways. Such avowals do attest to an intimate relation we have to ourselves alone. But this self-relation does not consist in our being immediately acquainted with the contents of our own minds. It consists in the fact that we alone - no one else in our place - can commit ourselves to thinking and acting in various ways.

Social networking versus facebook advertising to recruit survey respondents: a quasi-experimental study.

BackgroundIncreasingly, social contact and knowledge of other people’s attitudes and behavior are mediated by online social media such as Facebook. The main research to which this recruitment study pertains investigates the influence of parents on adolescent alcohol consumption. Given the pervasiveness of online social media use, Facebook may be an effective means of recruitment and intervention delivery.ObjectiveThe objective of the study was to determine the efficacy of study recruitment via social networks versus paid advertising on Facebook.MethodsWe conducted a quasi-experimental sequential trial with response rate as the outcome, and estimates of cost-effectiveness. The target population was parents of 13-17 year old children attending high schools in the Hunter region of New South Wales, Australia. Recruitment occurred via: method (1) social recruitment using Facebook, email-based, social networks, and media coverage followed by method (2) Facebook advertising.ResultsUsing a range of online and other social network approaches only: method (1) 74 parents were recruited to complete a survey over eight months, costing AUD58.70 per completed survey. After Facebook advertising: method (2) 204 parents completed the survey over four weeks, costing AUD5.94 per completed survey. Participants were representative of the parents recruited from the region’s schools using standard mail and email.ConclusionsFacebook advertising is a cost-effective means of recruiting parents, a group difficult to reach by other methods.