Knowledge Of Child Sexual Abuse Research Articles

Knowledge of child sexual abuse and attitudes towards reporting it among teachers and parents of children studying in selected primary schools of Udupi Taluk, India

BackgroundChild sexual abuse is one of the major issues of concern globally. Teachers and parents being the child’s primary caregivers should be knowledgeable regarding child sexual abuse.Aim of the studyThis study aimed to assess knowledge about child sexual abuse, determine attitudes toward reporting child sexual abuse, and find the relationship between knowledge and the attitude among the teachers and parents of the children studying in selected primary schools of Udupi taluk.MethodsA descriptive survey design was adopted; the study participants were 90 teachers and 50 parents of the children studying in selected primary schools of Udupi Taluk. The instruments used were demographic proforma, a structured knowledge questionnaire about child sexual abuse, and an attitude scale toward reporting it.ResultsResults depicted that 50% of the teachers had average knowledge and 50% had good knowledge about child sexual abuse. All the teachers reported a favorable attitude towards reporting child sexual abuse. Similarly, 80% of the parents had average knowledge about child sexual abuse, and a majority of 76% had a favorable attitude towards reporting child sexual abuse. Unfavorable attitude towards reporting child sexual abuse was reported by 24% of the parents. No statistically significant correlation was found between knowledge and attitude toward reporting child sexual abuse among parents ((χ2 = 1.891, p = 0.388). A significant association was found between teachers’ knowledge scores, their previous knowledge about child sexual abuse (χ2 = 7.56, p = 0.006), and the existence of a school counselor (χ2 = 5.40, p = 0.020). Likewise, the association was found between parents’ knowledge score, educational level of parents (χ2 = 18.3, p = 0.019), and marital status (χ2 = 18.5, p = 0.005).ConclusionChild sexual abuse is one of the major issues of concern globally. Teachers and parents being the child’s primary caregivers should be knowledgeable regarding child sexual abuse. As parents are not exposed to any training regarding identifying and reporting child sexual abuse, they may have unfavorable attitudes toward reporting it.

Child sexual abuse in Iran: a systematic review of the prevalence, risk factors, consequences, interventions and laws.

Child sexual abuse is a widespread global problem and a violation of human rights. Although many studies have been conducted in this field in the world, the information and knowledge of child sexual abuse in Iran is still limited. This study aims to review the current knowledge in the area of child sexual abuse in Iran, and the related laws. The research systematic review covers the scientific literature and gray literature in Persian and English in Iranian and international databases from the beginning to June 2021 as well as Iranian laws on child protection. Our study shows that in Iran knowledge on child sexual abuse is limited. The prevalence of child sexual abuse is estimated to be 1.5 to 32.5%; the risk factors for child sexual abuse encompass substance abuse, low literacy and education, parents living separately and divorce, poverty and poor socioeconomic status, and living in large families. The consequences of child sexual abuse are anxiety, depression, and social problems. Effective local interventions focused on parents and abused children have been conducted to raise awareness and prevent psychosocial harms as well as reduce aggression and physical and mental problems of children. Existing laws do not specifically address child sexual abuse. The findings showed that knowledge of child sexual abuse in Iran is limited, scattered and inconsistent and there is no suitable definition and tool for measuring child abuse in Iranian studies. National and effective interventions for the prevention of child sexual abuse have not been performed and the consequences of child sexual abuse have also not been well studied. Thus further studies are required to estimate the prevalence of child sexual abuse at the national level and to assess the factors related to child abuse, its consequences, prevention methods and development of existing laws and policies with a special focus on child sexual abuse.

Knowledge of Child Sexual Abuse Warning Signs among Secondary School Children in Temeke – Tanzania

The study aimed at assessing the level of warning sign knowledge as the primary prevention measure among secondary school children in Temeke Municipal. Specifically, the study intended to establish the knowledge level of warning signs as well as identifying common and least known warning signs among children. This study was a descriptive in nature which employed a sample size of 175 research subjects. Data was collected through self-administered questionnaire; where the study was carried out in five secondary schools in Temeke. The study findings revealed that children have limited knowledge of warning signs; though, scores among identified warning signs had marginal differences. Further, fear of some people or places, developing lying habit and the knowledge of good, bad and confusing touching were identified by the research subjects as the common warning signs while developing new names of the genital was identified as the least known warning sign among others. Thus, the study recommends for programs geared towards imparting knowledge of warning signs in order to combat incidents of child sexual abuse.

Efektifitas Penggunaan Video Pembelajaran untuk Meningkatkan Pengetahuan Anak Paud tentang Kekerasan Seksual di Kec. Batu Ampar Kota Batam Provinsi Kepulauan Riau (Studi Kasus Penelitian Kualitatif)

Sex education in children can already be given to children at this age. Sigmund Freud (Santrock) in the theory of psychoanalysis that explains the development of gender and the development of sex roles in someone who has begun to give birth to a child. It seems that the efforts that have been made have not been maximized, this can be seen from the phenomenon of violence against children which is very worrying, especially sexual violence. Various print and electronic media reported many cases of sexual violence from various regions in Indonesia so that Indonesia was said to be an emergency of sexual violence. The purpose of this study was to determine the use of learning videos to increase PAUD children's knowledge of Sexual Violence in Kec. Batu Ampar Batam City, Riau Islands Province. This research is a classroom action research (CAR) carried out for two cycles. Each cycle consists of 2 meetings with the stages of planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. This research was conducted at PAUD Kec. Batu Ampar, Batam Kepualau Riau on April 22, 2019. The subjects of this study were PAUD students Kec. Batu Ampar, Batam as many as 30 children. All decision makers can explain about sexual violence against children (KSPA) and can explain examples of KSPA. PAUD teacher's knowledge of child sexual abuse in general is good, it can be seen from the informants' answers that are straightforward about the definition of sexual violence on children and can provide examples of sexual violence against children such as seeing or feeling the child's intimate organs (genitals and or breasts), obscene views, sexual abuse,showing his genitals to children. Keywords : sexual assault, child sexual abuse, knowledge, tutorial video

CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE (CSA) AWARENESS ON THE KINDERGARTEN TEACHERS AND PARENTS IN KENDARI

This study is a preliminary investigation to find out teacher and parents’ knowledge of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA), to find out teacher and parents attitudes towards CSA prevention education in school, and to find out what CSA topics that have been taught by teachers and parents with their children in Kendari. The data were collected by using questionnaires with 627 total respondents. The results revealed that the knowledge of teachers and parents’ CSA in Kendari is of average level. 59,6% of teacher and parents have enough information about CSA. Despite the average knowledge, they have a positive attitude (80.7%) towards CSA prevention education in school. Most of them (54.5%) report that they already implemented CSA prevention education for their children. Majority of teachers and parents (75,28%) admits to have heard about cases of CSA in Kendari. Most of them obtained information from TV/electronic media (44,54%), stories being passed around the neighborhood (19,33%), and from the other sources: newspapers, closed family, relatives, and children’s school. One of the sexual abuse cases which has been widely circulated among the respondents is a stepfather or a teacher who allegedly sexually harasses his child, and majority of people have committed CSA are from close family, such as: stepfather, teacher, neighbor, family friends, uncle, grandfather, or parent’s grocery subscription. 
 Keywords: awareness, child sexual abuse (CSA), teachers, parents

Use of Information Sources and Knowledge of Child Sexual Abuse in Ogun State, Nigeria

Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) constitutes a severe threat to the social well-being of not only children but extends to their families, societies. In response to the global challenge of reducing the growing effect of CSA, this study investigated the use of information sources on child sexual abuse in Ogun State. The study further tested two hypothesis to find out if communication channels for child sexual abuse education has no significant influence on the knowledge of the residents of Ogun State as well as Communication channels for child sexual abuse has no significant influence on the perception of residents of Ogun State. The study revealed that residents of Ogun state Nigeria depended on the internet as an information source for child sexual abuse. In addition, it was revealed that communication channels for child sexual abuse has significant influence on the knowledge and perception of the residents of Ogun State. Consequent upon these findings, the study recommends an urgent development of advocacy messages against CSA in form of edutainment, drama, songs that will fit the new media platform

THE CHALLENGES FACED BY SCHOOL COUNSELLORS IN THE REPORTING OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE

Identifying and reporting sexually abused children is one of the most important responsibilities of school counsellors. In this study, we aimed to determine the challenges of reporting child sexual abuse. We used a questionnaire form that was prepared by reviewing the literature about reporting sexual abuse. Participants were asked to state their level of knowledge of child sexual abuse, whether they had encountered such cases, whether they faced any challenges when notifying to authorities, and the possible solutions to problems encountered during this process. Of the school counsellors contacted, 40.9% of the participants stated that they encountered a claim of child sexual abuse at least once, but the majority of them (47.4%) could not report it to judicial authorities because of various reasons; such as being unsure whether the event was really happening, anticipating reactions towards them or school management, and fearing the school’s loss of reputation in the case of disclosure. Article visualizations:

아동학대 예방 프로그램의 효과: 체계적 문헌고찰 및 메타분석의 통합적 고찰

Objectives: Child abuse is a global problem, and various programs are under way to prevent it. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of specific programs through a systematic review of meta-analyzes of the effects of various child abuse programs. Methods: We searched the Ovid-Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane library and so on up to October 2017 using search terms such as (child AND (maltreatment or abuse)) AND (prevent* AND(program* and educat*)) AND (meta-analysis or systemic review) in English. Results: The Child Abuse Prevention Program reported on the reduction of child abuse, parenting knowledge and attitudes, parenting behaviors, and interactions with children. We also analyzed the effects of child sexual abuse knowledge and preventive behavior through education. All results reported low or moderate positive effects. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that prevention of child abuse is effective for both parents and children. However, consistent and systematic child abuse prevention education will be needed to confirm this conclusion.

IMPACT OF HEALTH EDUCATION ON KNOWLEDGE ON CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE AMONG TEACHERS IN TWIN CITIES OF PAKISTAN

Background: Child sexual abuse is a critical and neglected public health issue in Pakistan. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of a health education intervention on knowledge of child sexual abuse among school teachers of Islamabad and Rawalpindi.Methods: This interventional community trial was conducted in eight private schools in Islamabad and Rawalpindi from March to June 2018. Schools were randomly selected and the study participants consisted of female teachers above 20 years of age. Teachers were given knowledge regarding child sexual abuse by means of comprehensive presentations, videos and distribution of written educational materials. Data were collected by a pre-tested selfdesigned questionnaire which was completed by the study participants before and after the health education intervention. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 23. Paired t-test was used to determine the mean difference and McNemar's test was used for pairwise comparison of knowledge before and after the intervention. Results: The mean age of teachers was 27.63 (±5.16) years and the average time spent in teaching profession was 5.44 (±3.58 years). The mean pre-workshop score was 10.06 (± 2.65) and the mean post-workshop score was 18.35 (± 1.28). The mean difference between these two scores was statistically significant (p <0.001). The total percentage of correct answers was 50.2% before the intervention and 90.8% after the intervention (p-value <0.001). Conclusion: The health education intervention dispelled various myths and was successful in improving knowledge and awareness regarding child sexual abuse among school teachers in twin cities of Pakistan.

Evaluation of second step child protection videos: A randomized controlled trial

This randomized controlled trial (RCT) examined the effects of the Second Step Child Protection Unit videos on parents’ knowledge, motivation, and self-reported communication with their child about personal safety and childhood sexual abuse prevention. Parents of children between the ages of 3–11 years were randomly assigned to the intervention (watching the Second Step videos) or the control (watching videos on child obesity) groups. They completed measures assessing their knowledge of child sexual abuse (CSA), motivation to discuss CSA, self-reported discussions of CSA, child history of victimization, parent exposure to CSA, and comparable measures on topics of health and nutrition at pre-test. Participants viewed the videos one week later and immediately completed post-test 1, and then two months later completed the measures again. Multivariate Analyses of Covariance (MANCOVAs) and serial mediation analyses were conducted with the final sample of 438. The intervention group, compared to the control group, had significant increases in knowledge (specifically, less restrictive stereotype beliefs about CSA) and motivation to talk with their children about CSA both immediately after the intervention and at the two-month follow-up. Although the intervention did not have a direct effect on parent self-reported conversations with their children about CSA, it had a mediated effect. The intervention increased knowledge regarding CSA, which then predicted motivation, which in turn predicted conversations. The most pronounced effect was the intervention’s direct effect of increasing motivation immediately after the intervention, which then increased self-reported conversations with children about personal safety and CSA two months later.

Stewards of children education: Increasing undergraduate nursing student knowledge of child sexual abuse

BackgroundChild sexual abuse and exploitation are an increasing public health problem. In spite of the fact that nurses are in a unique position to identify and intervene in the lives of children suffering from abuse due to their role in providing health care in a variety of settings, nursing curricula does not routinely include this focus. ObjectivesThe goal was to document the effectiveness of the Stewards of Children child sexual abuse training as an effective educational intervention to increase the knowledge level of undergraduate nursing students on how to prevent, recognize, and react responsibly to child sexual abuse and trafficking. DesignUndergraduate nursing students were required to take the Stewards of Children training in their last semester prior to graduation. Data SourcesStudents in the study were given a pre-test prior to the class and a post-test following the class. Review MethodsPre- and post-tests were graded and the results were compared along with an item indicating the participants' perception of the educational intervention in improving their confidence and competence in this area. ResultsData analysis revealed that post-test scores following training were significantly improved: pre-test mean=45.5%; post-test mean score=91.9%. The statistical significance of the improvement was marked, p<0.01, N=119. The mean response for the perceived values scale was 1.65 from a potential score of 2. ConclusionsThis study found a statistically significant increase in the knowledge level of undergraduate nursing students on how to prevent, recognize, and react responsibly to child sexual abuse and trafficking following the Stewards of Children training. Students also reported a high level of confidence in how to prevent abuse and react skillfully when child sexual abuse had occurred. The authors concluded that Stewards of Children is an effective option to educate nursing students on this topic.

Female child sexual abuse

The prevalence of child sexual abuse is 12-13% worldwide (18% by girls, 8% by boys). The exact knowledge of sexual abuse and the spread of the adequate medical diagnosis is an essential medical, social and national requirement. In our present study we examine the medical diagnosis of female child sexual abuse. Selective literature research in the available international and domestic databases. Majority of children assessed for suspected sexual abuse have normal genital and anal findings. Contrary to popular belief, the majority of child sexual abuse is a chronic multiple event, caused by a family member. The task of the medical staff is difficult and various, due to the diagnostic challenges of child sexual abuse. The difficulties of the medical diagnosis, evaluation and therapy, the complexity of the legal proceedings and prosecution, the isolation of the profession and the victim and the issue treated like a taboo subject often lead to failure. The physicians dealing with children have suboptimal knowledge of child sexual abuse, the characteristics of victims and perpetretors, the medical diagnosis and therapy of sexual abuse and the rehabilitation of victims. Orv Hetil. 2017; 158(23): 910-917.

Breaking the Silence of Child Sexual Abuse in the Caribbean: A Community-Based Action Research Intervention Model

In Trinidad and Tobago, little data exists on child sexual abuse, although there are many anecdotal reports of high prevalence. The Breaking the Silence Gender and Community Empowerment Model is a multidisciplinary intervention to prevent and respond to child sexual abuse in Trinidad and Tobago. It is an innovative, gender-sensitive intervention that uses a community based action research methodology anchored in a national framework. Preliminary evaluation of the Breaking the Silence model shows increased knowledge of child sexual abuse, increased willingness to discuss child sexual abuse, and an impact that goes beyond the target communities. This model can be replicated in communities to prevent and respond to child sexual abuse and adapted to address other sensitive social issues in the Caribbean.

Nurse practitioner knowledge of child sexual abuse in children with cognitive disabilities

The purpose of this study was to describe the knowledge level of nurse practitioners regarding symptoms of child sexual abuse in children with cognitive disabilities. A total sample of 43 nurse practitioners from two professional nurse practitioner organizations was surveyed to assess child sexual abuse symptoms identification in intellectually disabled children using a revised edition of the Child Sexual Abuse Knowledge Survey. Data collected showed nurse practitioners have deficits in identifying various parts of prepubescent female genitalia. The majority of nurse practitioners did not check genitalia in regular physical exams, did not feel competent to perform this type of evaluation, and were not aware of their professional organizations' position regarding checking for child sexual abuse. When assessing a child with an intellectual disability, nurse practitioners must accurately assess physical symptoms and behaviors that could have resulted from sexual abuse. Examining children for sexual abuse is a required duty of the nurse practitioner as evidenced by the position statements of the various professional organizations and nurse practitioners must be aware of their required scope of practice.

Australian undergraduate primary school student‐teachers’ responses to child sexual abuse and its mandatory reporting

This study aims to understand how primary school teachers, as mandatory reporters of child sexual abuse, are responding to child sexual abuse and its mandatory reporting, even though many teachers do not receive a compulsory course in Child Protection and its legal requirements in their pre‐service university training. A cohort of 81 Australian final fourth‐year Bachelor of Education (Primary) student‐teachers was asked about four aspects of it. Qualitative data gathered from these student‐teachers’ questionnaires provide important insights into their knowledge of child sexual abuse; their knowledge of Department of Education policy on it; their professional competence in mandatory reporting of it; and their recommended educational and professional training in it. The results show that all of these student‐teachers feel inadequately prepared to address child sexual abuse and mandatory reporting in schools, being unaware of both knowledge of it and the Department’s policy, even though many recognise the gravity of sexual abuse for the child survivor and the need, and seriousness, of child protection. Finally, these student‐teachers all want better training about these issues during their four‐year degree. In conclusion, these results, and some recommendations, may provide a guide for curriculum planners to design compulsory and appropriate pre‐service university courses to enhance student‐teachers’ knowledge, skills and competencies about child sexual abuse and its mandatory reporting.

Child sexual abuse reporting behaviour by school counsellors and their need for further education

Objective To examine a statewide sample of school counsellors' reporting behaviour of suspected cases of child sexual abuse, and their need for further education in this area. Design A questionnaire using four hypothetical vignettes on child sexual abuse requested information on the degree of suspicion, reporting behaviour and familiarity with the reporting procedures for child sexual abuse in state schools in particular, and the state in general. Setting Although school counsellors in Queensland, Australia have been delegated with responsibilities regarding child sexual abuse, little is known about whether or not they have the appropriate reporting behaviours to fulfil these roles, and their training needs. Metliod Some 283 questionnaires were mailed to all school counsellors employed by the Department of Education across Queensland. The final sample of 122 counsellors consisted of 52 males (43 per cent) and 70 females (57 per cent); a ratio comparable to the membership of the state Counselling Association. Results There was a tendency for school counsellors to under-report their suspicions of child sexual abuse. School counsellors were more likely to suspect abuse than report cases to the appropriate authorities. A considerable proportion of school counsellors in Queensland also believe they have little knowledge of the symptoms that identify cases of child sexual abuse, lack counselling skills and procedures to work with sexually abused children, and do not have the necessary training and knowledge to act as resource persons. All school counsellors expressed interest in attending in-service education programmes addressing knowledge, detection, intervention, prevention and treatment of child sexual abuse and other forms of child abuse. Conclusion School counsellors are in a unique position to aid in the battle against child sexual abuse. However, the results of the present study suggest that they lack confidence in their ability to identify and work with children who have been sexually abused. Consequently, the develop ment and implementation of training programmes to increase school counsellors'skills and knowledge of child sexual abuse seem to be crucial in fighting this crime against children. Because of the significant deficits found here in counsellors' professional responses to child sexual abuse, it seems necessary, then, for future research to address the type, nature and duration of support school counsellors need in this area, including emotional factors, which may well intervene in the process. Research could also address the range of policies that could identify quality of relationships and inter-professional partnerships with other helping professionals and government organisations such as the Department of Families, Department of Health, Children's Commission, police, social workers, private counsellors, and, of course, school teachers, in order to promote whole school approaches to enhancing the welfare of all children.

Child Sexual Abuse and Attachment Theory: Are We Rushing Headlong into Another Controversy?

ABSTRACT The child sexual abuse knowledge base has developed within a highly charged political and social context. As such, early theories of sexual abuse were susceptible to biases that reflected the larger sociocultural context. The purpose of this paper is to consider whether attachment theory as it is applied to child sexual abuse might also be susceptible to such biases. Although this paper concludes that attachment theory can potentially add an important dimension to the conceptualization of child sexual abuse and its dynamics, it is also suggested that attachment theory may remain at risk for becoming a vehicle for transmitting political and ideological agendas.

Child Advocacy Outreach: Using Telehealth to Expand Child Sexual Abuse Services in Rural Kentucky

We evaluated the use of videoconferencing as an educational and consultative tool for physicians and mental health staff providing services for child victims of sexual abuse in rural Kentucky. The number of counties with access to sexual abuse examinations by a qualified physician increased from 16 to 23 in the first year and to 54 in the second. The number of cases increased from 77 to 83 in the first year and to 339 in the second year. The number of consultations increased from zero to eight in the first year and to 74 in the second year. A user survey showed that the equipment supported clinical decision making, was useful and was easy to use. However, it was not as effective for case conferencing as for one-to-one interactions. Rural health professionals knowledge of child sexual abuse increased.

School counsellors' knowledge of the nature of child sexual abuse and proceedures and laws

All school counsellors employed by the State Department of Education in Queensland, Australia, were sent a questionnaire asking about their understanding of child sexual abuse, and their familiarity with procedures and current laws. Results from the 122 respondents (52 males and 70 females), show that they have diverse knowledge of child sexual abuse. There was uncertainty among them as to whether their school had a formal procedure for reporting cases. Most school counsellors have a general knowledge of the laws in Queensland on reporting suspected cases of abuse, but only a minority of them know what the laws require them to do. When asked to describe the laws in Queensland, counsellors who indicated they knew about the law, then described four differing laws. In terms of knowledge of child sexual abuse, females made more accurate statements about sexual abuse than males. Training does contribute to improving counsellors' knowledge of child sexual abuse.

Do physicians have adequate knowledge of child sexual abuse? The results of two surveys of practicing physicians, 1986 and 1996.

The objective of this study was to to determine if physician knowledge of and biases regarding child sexual abuse (CSA) have changed since 1986. A questionnaire, previously used in 1986, was mailed to 370 physicians who see children in Columbus, Ohio. More respondents in 1996 correctly denied an association between specific sociologic factors and the likelihood of CSA. Seventy-two percent of physicians indicated that they check the genitalia of prepubescent females more than 50% of the time, versus 77% in 1986. Physicians who see more than 25 pediatric patients per week were significantly more likely to check the genitalia (p < .001), whereas physicians with more than 10 years experience were less likely to check genitalia (p < .05). Physicians surveyed in 1996 were more knowledgeable about socioeconomic and behavioral aspects of CSA but continued to be deficient in identifying prepubescent female genital anatomy and in reporting suspected abuse. Education is necessary to correct these deficits.