Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Knowledge Research Articles

The effect of scenario-based training versus video training on nurse anesthesia students’ basic life support knowledge and skill of cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a quasi-experimental comparative study

BackgroundPerforming CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) is an extremely intricate skill whose success depends largely on the level of knowledge and skill of Anesthesiology students. Therefore, this research was conducted to compare the effect of the scenario-based training method as opposed to video training method on nurse anesthesia students’ BLS (Basic Life Support) knowledge and skills.MethodsThis randomized quasi-experimental study involved 45 nurse anesthesia students of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran in 2022–2023. The practical room of the university formed the research environment. The participants were randomly divided into three groups of scenario-based training, video training, and control. Data were collected by a knowledge questionnaire and a BLS skill assessment checklist before and after the intervention.ResultsThere was a significant difference between the students’ scores of BLS knowledge and skill before and after the educational intervention in both SG (scenario group) (p < 0.001) and VG (video group) (p = 0.008) (p < 0.001). However, no significant difference was observed in this regard in the CG (control group) (p = 0.37) (p = 0.16). Also, the mean scores of BLS knowledge and skills in the SG were higher than those in the VG (p < 0.001).ConclusionGiven the beneficial impact of scenario-based education on fostering active participation, critical thinking, utilization of intellectual abilities, and learner creativity, it appears that this approach holds an advantage over video training, particularly when it comes to teaching crucial subjects like Basic Life Support.

Knowledge and attitudes towards performing resuscitation among seniors - a population-based study

BackgroundCardiac arrest constitutes a critical medical emergency necessitating swift intervention to reinstate normal heart rhythm and prevent harm to vital organs. The pivotal role of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in influencing survival rates is well recognized. With older adults being the most common group to witness such events, it’s curcial to understand their attitudes and knowledge about performing CPR. Additionally, understanding if health status has an influence can help in tailoring education for specific seniors needs.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was sent to University of the Third Age (UTA) students. The survey comprised sections focusing on demographic data, CPR knowledge, automated external defibrillator (AED) knowledge, first aid training, and readiness to perform CPR and use AEDs. Participants’ health conditions were also assessed through multiple-choice options.ResultsWe received 456 responses. Significant awareness of emergency numbers and cardiac arrest recognition was revealed. However, knowledge gaps persisted, particularly in compression rates. Most participants comprehended AED usage, yet training primarily relied on theoretical approaches. Health conditions notably affected CPR readiness, with associations between specific chronic diseases and willingness to perform CPR.ConclusionsAddressing knowledge gaps and tailoring education for elderly needs are crucial for improving survival rates. Future research should explore barriers to bystander CPR during out-of-hospital cardiac arrests to further enhance survival prospects.

Knowledge and Skills in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Effect of Simulation Training on it among Healthcare Workers in a Tertiary Care Center in India.

High-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is associated with improved patient outcomes, but healthcare workers (HCWs) may be frequently undertrained. This study aimed to assess baseline knowledge and skills among HCWs about basic and advanced life support and the effect of simulation-based training on it. It was a single-center prospective quasi-interventional study among resident doctors and nurses at a Tertiary Center in New Delhi, India. A questionnaire-based assessment was done to assess baseline knowledge. The participants then underwent simulation-based training followed by questionnaire-based knowledge assessment and skill assessment. A repeat questionnaire-based assessment was done 6 months post-training to assess knowledge retention. A total of 82 HCWs (54 doctors and 28 nurses) were enrolled. The participants scored 22.28 ± 6.06 out of 35 (63.65%) in the pre-training knowledge assessment, with low scores in post-cardiac arrest care, advanced life support, and defibrillation. After the training, there was a significant rise in scores to 28.32 ± 4.08 out of 35 (80.9%) (p < 0.01). The retention of knowledge at 6 months was 68.87% (p < 0.01). The participants scored 92.61 ± 4.75% marks in skill assessment with lower scores in chest compressions and team leadership roles. There was a positive correlation (r = 0.35) between knowledge and skills scores (p < 0.01). There is a progressive decrease in baseline knowledge of HCWs with the further steps in the adult chain of survival. The simulation training program had a positive impact on the knowledge of HCWs. The training programs should focus on defibrillation, advanced life support, post-cardiac arrest care, and leadership roles. Agarwal A, Baitha U, Ranjan P, Swarnkar NK, Singh GP, Baidya DK, et al. Knowledge and Skills in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Effect of Simulation Training on it among Healthcare Workers in a Tertiary Care Center in India. Indian J Crit Care Med 2024;28(4):336-342.

Knowledge, attitudes, practices, and self-efficacy of the Chinese public regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation: an online cross-sectional survey.

To evaluate the current status of Chinese public's knowledge, attitudes, practices (KAP) and self-efficacy regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and to analyze the factors that influence KAP and self-efficacy. An online cross-sectional survey was conducted from February to June 2022 in Mainland China via a self-designed self-filled questionnaire. Potential participants were recruited through WeChat by convenience sampling and snowball sampling methods. Descriptive and quantitative analyses were used for statistical analysis. The survey included 4,450 participants from 31 provinces, autonomous regions, or municipalities across Mainland China, aged 18 or above. The public's average understanding (clear and very clear) of the knowledge regarding CPR was 67.4% (3,000/4,450), with an average proportion of positive attitudes at 96.8% (4,308/4,450). In practice, the average proportion of good practices was 92.8% (4,130/4,450), while the percentage of good self-efficacy averaged at 58.9% (2,621/4,450), only 42.4% (1,885/4,450) of the participants had confidence in the correct use of automated external defibrillator (AED). Pearson correlation analysis showed a significantly positive correlation among knowledge, attitude, practice, and self-efficacy (p < 0.01). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that several factors have a significant influence on the public's CPR KAP and self-efficacy, including ever having received CPR training (p < 0.001), hearing about AED (p < 0.001), performing CPR on others (p < 0.001), hearing about CPR (p < 0.001), occupation (p < 0.001), personal health status (p < 0.001), education level (p < 0.001), gender (p < 0.001), and encountering someone in need of CPR (p = 0.021). The Chinese public demonstrates good knowledge of CPR, positive attitude, and high willingness to perform CPR. However, there is still room for improvement in the mastery of some professional knowledge points related to CPR and AED. It should be noted that knowledge, attitude, practice, and self-efficacy are interrelated and influence each other. Factors such as prior CPR training, hearing about AED, having performed CPR before, hearing about CPR, occupation, personal health status, education level, gender, and having encountered someone in need of CPR have a significant impact on the public's KAP and self-efficacy.

Effectiveness of simulation-based paediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation training program among nursing students in Saudi Arabia.

The main objective of this study was to adopt a simulation-based advanced cardiac life support training program to assess nursing students' level of knowledge and practice regarding paediatric advanced cardiac life support and to identify the major knowledge and practice gaps. The methods used in this study were pre-experimental, one group pre and post-test investigation. This study was conducted between September 2022 and November 2022, at the University College of Farasan in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Quantitative data were obtained using the "Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation Knowledge Questionnaire", "Students' Satisfaction and Self-Confidence Scale," and the "CPR Skill Checklist," which were applied to 75 participants in focus groups. Before the simulation-based CPR training, the students' mean pre-test Paediatric CPR knowledge score was 6.5±2.3 out of 42.0. After the simulation, the mean post-test CPR knowledge score (38.1±2.9) considerably improved (p 0.05). The mean post-test CPR skills score (44.7±1.2) was also considerably higher than the mean pre-test CPR skills score (11.4±2.8) at (p 0.05). Additionally, after the simulation training, students' happiness and confidence levels (61.9±2.2) greatly increased. Themes from the qualitative data showed that the simulation was viewed as an engaging and effective teaching tool by the students. Two themes emerged from the study: "Worries before simulation" and "Satisfaction after simulation". Simulation-based paediatric cardio Pulmonary resuscitation training program has raised nursing students' level of expertise in knowledge, performance, and self-efficacy. Additionally, strong satisfaction and self-confidence levels were discovered following the simulation training.

A comparison between the effects of simulation of basic CPR training and workshops on firefighters’ knowledge and skills: experimental study

BackgroundOne of the most common causes of death worldwide is cardiopulmonary arrest. Firefighters are among the first responders at the scenes of accidents and can, therefore, play a key part in performing basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for victims who need it. The present study was conducted to compare the effects of simulation training against workshops on the CPR knowledge and skills of firefighters in the south of Iran.MethodsThis experimental (Interventional) study was conducted on 60 firefighters of south of Fars province, Iran. The study was undertaken from March to July 2023. Through random allocation, the participants were divided into two groups: simulation-based training (30 members) and traditional workshop training (30 members). The participants’ CPR knowledge and practical skills were measured before, immediately after, and three months after intervention.ResultsThe findings of the study revealed a statistically significant difference between the pretest and posttest CPR knowledge and skill mean scores of the simulation groups as compared to the workshop group (p < 0.001). As measured three months after the intervention, the firefighters’ knowledge and skill mean scores were still significantly different from their pretest mean scores (p < 0.001); however, they had declined, which can be attributed to the fact that the study population did not frequently exercise CPR.ConclusionBased on the findings of the study, even though both methods of education were effective on enhancing the firefighters’ CPR knowledge and skill, simulation training had a far greater impact than training in workshops. In view of the decline in the participants’ knowledge and skill scores over time, it is recommended that short simulation training courses on CPR should be repeated on a regular basis.

Knowledge, attitude, and awareness of cardiopulmonary resuscitation among university enrolled medical and non-medical students of Pakistan: An online study.

To evaluate the awareness, attitude and knowledge of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) among university-enrolled medical and non-medical undergraduate students of Pakistan. Cross-sectional online survey-based study was conducted across institutes in Pakistan from December, 2022 to January, 2023. The study involved university-enrolled undergraduate students across the country. The structured questionnaire was disseminated via Google forms. For statistical analysis, SPSS version 20 was used to analyze the data by applying independent sample t-tests and ANOVA. A total of 249 responses were received. After the exclusion of two responses, the overall awareness score of participants was found to be 2.49 ± 1.33, attitude score of 4.09 ± 1.74, and knowledge score of 3.51 ± 2.13. Female respondents, medical students, unmarried (single), private institutes, and respondents with educated parents achieved relatively higher scores. The overall difference in awareness scores among different regions of Pakistan was also significant (p <0.05). Gender, region, and parental literacy rate also showed effects on participants' basic life support (BLS) and CPR knowledge (p <0.05). Overall knowledge and awareness were unsatisfactory and inadequate in university-enrolled undergraduate students, with no one getting a complete score on very basic knowledge questions. Significant differences in awareness, attitude, and knowledge among different regions, genders, and parental literacy rates were found.

The Knowledge and Practice of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) among Nursing Students

Cardiac arrest is the sudden cessation of a person’s cardiac activity and is often fatal if corrective life-saving interventions are not performed quickly. The American Heart Association advocates the need for high CPR competency among healthcare providers to increase the cardiac arrest survival rate. This study aimed to determine the knowledge and practice of nursing students on the acquisition and retention of CPR. A quantitative descriptive-correlation design was used, and a sample of 76 nursing students of Universiti Malaysia Sabah were recruited via a non-probability purposive technique. Data were collected using an online survey questionnaire that consists of 3 sections: Demographic, knowledge of CPR, and practice of CPR. They were analyzed using the correlation method. The results of this study are about the knowledge and practice of CPR. Nursing students' knowledge of the acquisition of CPR could be higher (39.36%), as is their practice (31.95%). The correlation coefficient between knowledge and practice is insignificant (rho = -0.073, p 0.531).In this study, both the knowledge and practice of CPR are independent.

Effectiveness of an E-learning System for Emergency Signs and CPR Emergency Preparedness in Marathon Events: A Comparative Study

This study investigates the implementation, effectiveness, and impact of a unique e-learning system designed specifically for emergency signs and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) emergency preparedness in marathon events. Our approach introduces the first e-learning system specifically designed for marathon events. It delivers engaging content, including infographic stories, expert lectures, and interactive modules, to provide registered runners with comprehensive knowledge of first aid and emergency signs for CPR. To evaluate the e-learning application, we conducted a comparative experiment during the CMU (Chiang Mai University) marathon with 9,761 participants. We used pre- and post-tests, as well as a survey questionnaire. The results showed significant improvements in participants’ CPR knowledge across all educational backgrounds. The integration of e-learning into the registration process contributed to a safer marathon environment, as participants felt more confident in handling emergencies. Approximately 85% of participants expressed a willingness to recommend the e-learning system. This increased confidence among participants in handling emergencies benefits both runners and marathon organizers by enhancing safety measures and emergency response during events. In conclusion, our findings strongly support the integration of e-learning into the registration process for marathon events. Recommendations based on our research include providing comprehensive guidelines for other marathon events, instilling stakeholder confidence, and emphasizing the suitability of e-learning for medium- to largescale events. However, caution is advised for smaller events due to potential complexities and costs. Additionally, we suggest limiting the validity of e-certificates to ensure that participants have up-to-date CPR knowledge.

Knowledge and attitude toward cardiopulmonary resuscitation among students at a public Saudi University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practice related to cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) among university students in Saudi Arabia. The goal was to gain insights into CPR awareness, training rates, and factors influencing emergency bystander response. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted targeting students from Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Demographic factors such as age, gender, nationality, college affiliation, and academic level were analyzed. The participants&amp;apos; awareness and practice of CPR, motivations for learning CPR, attitude toward CPR, and perceptions of effective strategies to increase CPR knowledge were assessed through an online questionnaire. Results: The majority of participants (56.2%) reported having information about CPR, with movies/TV shows and the internet serving as the primary sources of knowledge. However, only 9.9% had encountered a CPR situation; among those, only 37% performed resuscitation. Lack of knowledge was the main reason for not performing CPR (71.1%). Most participants (82.8%) called the emergency number during a medical emergency, but only 18.6% had undergone CPR training. The participants expressed a high willingness (91.6%) to learn CPR, with perceived personal benefit being the primary motivation. Increasing publicity (73.7%) and offering free training courses (68.0%) were identified as effective ways to enhance CPR knowledge. Conclusion: The study revealed a need for improved CPR awareness and training among university students. The findings emphasize the importance of addressing knowledge gaps, implementing mandatory CPR training as a graduation requirement, and increasing public awareness through media campaigns.

Knowledge and attitude toward cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pregnant women among anesthesia residents in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Objective: This study aimed to assess the knowledge of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) of pregnantwomen among residents of anesthesia in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted among residents of anesthesia from R1 to R5, who were under training in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, during the study period from October 2023 to April 2024. The sample included 150 participants, which constituted 65.7% of the total residents of anesthesia in Riyadh. Results: The study sample comprised 150 residents, with a mean age of 28.4 ± 7.8, and 56.7% were men. Furthermore, 32% of the participants were level 1 residents, making up the majority. Around 76% of the participants completed CPR training in the previous year. Of the centers offering CPR classes, King Khalid University Hospital was the most common (27.3%). Of the participants, 41.3% strongly agreed, 38% agreed, and 8.7% disagreed that more CPR training is required for pregnant women who experienced cardiac arrest. The highest mean score on the evaluation scale was 3.9 ± 0.92 for airway management competency, while the lowest mean score was 2.6 ± 0.93 for overall pregnant CPR competency. Gender, residence levels, and training center all had a significant correlation with the total level of knowledge, with p-values of 0.017, 0.000, and 0.001, respectively. Conclusion: The research shows that residents did not know enough about the fundamentals of CPR for pregnant women. It was believed that all anesthesia residents should get specialized CPR certification, with an emphasis on the unique concerns that affect pregnant women.

Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation among the Non-Medical Population in Bisha City, Saudi Arabia

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a simple yet effective life-saving procedure that can significantly improve survival rates in emergencies when performed promptly and competently. Sudden cardiac arrest, a leading global cause of death, underscores the importance of timely CPR administration for successful resuscitation. This study aims to assess the knowledge and attitudes toward CPR among the non-medical population in Bisha, Saudi Arabia, in 2023. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study surveyed 519 non-medical participants in Bisha City in 2023, utilizing an online survey. Data analysis was implemented by RStudio (R version 4.2.2.). Frequencies and percentages were used to express categorical variables, whereas numerical variables were presented as the median and interquartile range (IQR) Results: The study analyzed responses from 477 participants. The median CPR knowledge score was 7.0 (IQR: 5.0 to 8.0), ranging from one to 14. No significant differences in knowledge scores were observed across demographic groups. Of the participants, 42.8% exhibited a good knowledge level. Knowledge levels did not significantly differ based on demographic characteristics. Approximately 71.9% of participants had not received CPR training, mainly due to a lack of awareness about training locations. Nevertheless, 80.5% expressed a desire for CPR training

Desarrollo validación y evaluación de la prueba de conocimientos sobre reanimación cardiopulmonar y uso correcto del desfibrilador externo automático en Asunción 2023

Introduction: in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, early and efficient intervention through cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) maneuvers and the use of the automated external defibrillator (AED) are the cornerstone for survival. Instruments that improve education would increase the responsiveness of lay personnel. Objectives: to develop, validate and evaluate a knowledge test on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and correct use of the automated external defibrillator in Asunción during 2023. Methodology: observational cross-sectional study, non-probabilistic sample for convenience of lay personnel users of mass attendance centers in Asunción. An exclusive questionnaire was developed on knowledge in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the use of the automated external defibrillator (KOR-AED) based on the chain of survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Content, construct, and internal consistency were validated using expert opinion, factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha. Results: a total of 200 lay people participated, mostly shopping mall customers, with a predominance of men (63.5 %) (127), between 25-29 years old 28.5% (57). 61.5 % (123) had a university education, 75.5 % (151) had not related to health, 52 % (104) had prior knowledge of CPR, but 81.5 % (163) did not. The test showed reliability and suitability for factor analysis (Cronbach's alpha 0.75, Kaiser-Meyers-Olkin; 0.78, Bartlett p&lt;0.05). The questions covered the first three links in the chain of survival, with items of medium to high difficulty. Women performed significantly better (p=0.04). Conclusion: the KOR-AED test is a valid and reliable instrument to improve the education of the layperson in CPR and use of the AED based on the chain of survival.

Empowering Tomorrow's Healers: Assessing Knowledge and Attitude Regarding CPR Training among Final-Year Doctor of Physical Therapy Students in Karachi-Cross Sectional Study

Background: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a critical skill for healthcare professionals, including physical therapy students. Despite its importance, there is a gap in research regarding the CPR knowledge of these future professionals. This study aims to assess the level of CPR knowledge and attitudes among final-year Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) students. Objective: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the CPR knowledge, confidence in performing CPR, and attitudes towards CPR training among final-year DPT students in Karachi. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed, using a non-probability convenience sampling technique. Data were collected from 101 final-year DPT students using a validated questionnaire adapted from previous studies. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS version 23, focusing on descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentage. Results: While all participants were aware of CPR, only 49.5% believed their knowledge was adequate. About half of the students had previously taken a CPR training course, yet only 27.7% had done so within the past year. In situations requiring CPR, 50% of those who had faced such scenarios did not perform it, primarily due to nervousness. Approximately 69.3% knew the correct sequence of CPR, and 85% were willing to perform CPR on anyone if necessary. Conclusion: The study reveals a significant gap in confidence and practical knowledge of CPR among final-year DPT students. Despite a high level of initial awareness, there is a need for regular, updated training to build proficiency and confidence in CPR. Integrating CPR training into the DPT curriculum and promoting regular retraining could be key strategies for improving CPR skills among future physical therapists.

Effectiveness of Teaching and Demonstration in Improvement of Knowledge and Skill on CPR among School-going Adolescents: A Quasi-experimental Study

Background: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is one of the most evolving areas of saving actions that improve the survival rates following cardiac arrest and educating high school students can play a dynamic role in case of emergencies in society. Education of school students in CPR is a strategic goal for the improvement of bystander CPR in rural society. If adolescents were trained to perform CPR during school physical education hours, this may be a cost-effective approach to CPR training. This study is conducted to assess the effectiveness of health education in the improvement of knowledge of CPR among school-going adolescents. Aim: To assess the effect of a training program on students’ knowledge of CPR. Objective: (A) To determine the background knowledge of high school students about cardiac arrest and basic life support in adult victims of cardiac arrest. (B) To determine the association between knowledge of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and skills with selected demographic variables. Materials and methods: This is a quasi-experimental study conducted among adolescents aged 13–15 years attending schools in rural areas of South India. The study was conducted between Jan 2022 and Jan 2023. 680 students were included in this study. The universal sampling method was used to enumerate the participants to reduce the impact of the dropout rate. The data was collected using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire by interview method. Basic teaching of CPR for the participants included 2 hours of oral teaching using lecture method, question and answer discussion method as well as 2 hours of practical session using demonstration, practice on a manikin, provision of feedback and correction of errors. Results: A total of 680 participants were grouped into three categories according to their knowledge scores: (A) fair, (B) Moderate, and (C) Good scores obtained in pre-training observation and post-training observation. Initially, there were 666 (97.9%) in the fair category, most of them improved after training as seen in the post-training observation results, with 97 (14.3%) persons in the fair (A) category. There was not a single student in the good category of the score before intervention, which increased to 665 (45.6%) in the good category of knowledge. The mean score of pre-training is 2.55, and the post-training score is significantly increased to 9.5. Conclusion: An improvement is observed in knowledge of CPR post-training with planned teaching and demonstration. Hence, this method can be considered a logical solution for improving knowledge about CPR in cases of emergency life-saving skills in a particular group of society.

Kids Save Lives by Learning through a Serious Game

This study focuses on the development and assessment of a serious game for health (SGH) aimed at educating children about cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). A video game was created using the Berkeley Snap platform, which uses block programming. Eye-tracking technology was utilized to validate the graphic design. To assess the tool’s effectiveness, a pre-post analytical study was conducted with primary education children to measure the knowledge acquired. The study involved 52 participants with a mean age of 9 years. The results from a custom questionnaire used to measure their theoretical CPR knowledge showed significant improvements in CPR knowledge after the use of the videogame, and their emotional responses improved as well. The assessment of the knowledge acquired through the video game obtained an average score of 5.25 out of 6. Ten video segments consisting of 500 frames each (20 s of video per segment) were analyzed. Within these segments, specific areas that captured the most relevant interaction elements were selected to measure the child’s attention during game play. The average number of gaze fixations, indicating the points in which the child’s attention was placed within the area of interest, was 361.5 out of 500. In conclusion, the utilization of SGH may be an effective method for educating kids about CPR, to provide them with fundamental knowledge relevant to their age group.

비보건계열 대학생 대상 시뮬레이션 기반 심폐소생술 교육 프로그램의 효과

Objectives The purpose of this study is to develop simulation-based cardiopulmonary resuscitation education and apply it to non-health related college students to understand its effect.&#x0D; Methods This study was conducted on 54 non-health college students (27 in the experimental group and 27 in the control group). The control group received the general cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) education, and the experimental group received the shortened version of the CPR education provided to the control group and the simulation-based CPR education developed in this study.&#x0D; Results Simulation-based CPR education was developed and applied in five stages: analysis, design, development, implement, and evaluation. The experimental group's cardiopulmonary resuscitation performance was 41.22±3.91 points, and the control group's cardiopulmonary resuscitation performance was 28.15±4.05 points, indicating a significant difference in cardiopulmonary resuscitation performance (Z=-6.32, p=&lt;.001). There were no significant differences in knowledge of CPR (Z=-0.04, p=.972), confidence in performing CPR (Z=1.00, p=.922), education satisfaction (Z=-0.28, p=.782), and immersion (Z=-0.08, p=.935).&#x0D; Conclusions Simulation-based CPR education programs was found to be effective in improving CPR performance. Therefore, the simulation-based CPR program can be used as an effective educational method for non-health college students, and it is necessary to consider ways that can be applied not only to college students but also to the general public.

Bag-mask ventilation by low- or untrained rescuers during adult and pediatric resuscitation: a randomized cross-over manikin study

AimBag-mask ventilation (BMV) is often applied during advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Lay rescuers usually apply mouth-to-mouth ventilation, which is contraindicated in case of potential disease transmission (e.g., during the COVID-19 pandemic). This study evaluates the influence of rescuers' before BMV training in following the correct BMV procedures during adult and infant CPR.MethodsMedical students (n = 112) were enrolled in a randomized cross-over manikin study: 60 first-year students (53.6%) (untrained, without any prior knowledge of CPR) and 52 fourth-year students (46.4%) (BLS-trained, with three consecutive years of basic CPR training), excluding Basic Life Support (BLS) certificate holders or lifeguards. Student-formed duos (i.e., two students from the same year working together) received a 15-min just-in-time onsite training in full CPR cycle using BMV and were tested during five cycles of 2-person CPR following the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) guidelines with the inclusion of BMV. Tidal volumes of 300–600 ml (adults) and 20–60 ml (infants) were considered as correct ventilations.ResultsFrom the initial 56 duos, 17 (30.4%) were excluded after applying incorrect numbers of ventilation or uninterpretable values. In adult CPR, comparing BLS-trained rescuers to untrained ones in correctly administrating ventilations using BMV after a 15-min just-in-time onsite training revealed no statistically significant difference [first years: 63.0% (n = 136 out of 216 ventilations); fourth years: 59.5% (n = 119 out of 200 ventilations); with a proportional difference of −3.5% (−12.8; 5.9)]. In infant CPR, a significant difference was observed in effective ventilations [first years: 55.5% (n = 120 out of 216 ventilations); fourth years: 72.3% (n = 133 out of 184 ventilations); with a proportional difference of 16.8 (7.25; 26.21)].ConclusionTwo-person BMV is a complex skill to perform both in adults and children, requiring sufficient and regular training. Lay rescuers receiving a 15-min just-in-time onsite BMV training could perform decent BMV in an adult CPR setting. BMV during infant CPR requires more extensive prior training and should not be entrusted to lay rescuers, even after a 15-min just-in-time onsite training.

Teaching Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation to Later Elementary School Students

Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) rates remain low in the United States. Training children is a proposed method to increase this rate, but data on the compression efficacy of US elementary school-aged children are scarce. We hypothesized that fourth and fifth graders could learn how to respond to cardiac arrests and provide effective chest compressions. We conducted a nonrandomized before-and-after study with fourth- and fifth-grade elementary students. Two 2-hour CPR educational sessions were held. Two weeks later, skills were assessed using a de novo checklist, and manikin-analyzed compression effectiveness (dichotomized at 50% efficacy) was analyzed using Chi-squared tests. We used paired t tests to evaluate knowledge change on identical pre- and post-tests. Secondary analysis evaluated associations between compression effectiveness and grade, age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) using Chi-squared tests. Three hundred fifty-six students completed the study. The mean change in test scores measuring CPR knowledge increased from 8.2 to 9.3 (1.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.9 to 1.2). Self-reported adequate CPR knowledge increased from 44% to 97% (odds ratio [OR] 44.17, 95% CI 12.62 to 154.62). Seventy-two percent of students completed >7/11 predefined resuscitation steps, and 76% delivered ≥50% effective compressions. Grade was significantly associated with achieving ≥50% effective compression (OR 2.02, 95% CI, 1.19 to 3.43). Age, BMI, and sex were not significantly associated with greater compression efficacy. Most students were able to learn hands-only CPR, apply their knowledge during a simulated cardiac arrest scenario, and deliver effective chest compressions. Students' confidence and willingness to perform CPR increased after the intervention.

Effectiveness of Self-directed Virtual Learning on Retention of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Knowledge and Skills among Hospital Nurses in North-western Nigeria: Protocol Paper

Introduction: The instructor-led CPR training method has been used for over 4 decades. However, nurses’ knowledge and skills are still low. Instructor-led CPR training is an extremely capital-intensive programme that requires more time, workforce, and space, thus serving as an impediment to effective learning among the prospective nurses’ trainees. Self-directed training method is suggested to improve the knowledge and skills of CPR among healthcare practitioners due to the low cost and flexibility. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of self-directed method in improving nurses’ knowledge and skill retention from baseline to post-test, one, three-, and six months. Method: A two-arm double-blinded randomised controlled trial will be conducted in two referral hospitals. The control group training consists of a one-day session taught by AHA-certified instructors, whereas the intervention group training entails participants learning on computers in a simulation lab for seven days. A generalised estimated equation model will be used for statistical analysis. Discussion: Through the self-directed training method, participants will have significantly better knowledge and skills of CPR compared to the conversational training method across the time points. Self-directed training method is a simple, cost-effective and flexible method, which can facilitate the training of more nurses in the acquisition and retention of knowledge and skills, especially for those who prefer to learn at their own pace. Trial Registration: Registration Code: UDUTH/NHREC/30/012/2019 and NHREC/28/01/2020/AKTH/EC/2934