Ancient Knowledge Research Articles

A Literary Review on Vrikka (Kidney) with Special Reference to Mutravaha Srotas

The ancient Ayurvedic texts have extensively described various organs and physiological systems under the framework of Sharir Rachana (anatomy). Among these, the study of Vrikka (kidneys) plays a vital role in understanding the Mutravaha Srotas (urinary system). This paper aims to provide a literary review of Vrikka with special reference to its role in Mutravaha Srotas. The review will explore the classical references of Vrikka, its anatomical and physiological aspects, and how the ancient knowledge aligns with the modern understanding of the urinary system.

Yoga Education in the 21st Century: A Comprehensive Exploration of its Significance, Effect, and Connectivity in Modern Societal Contexts

Abstract: This paper aims to present a theoretical model based on a synthesis of ancient knowledge and contemporary research, as well as to argue for the integration of yoga with education in the present educational system. Resilience and overall well-being have become increasingly important in today's hectic and demanding environment. This abstract explores the value of yoga instruction as a transforming tool for dealing with the various issues people encounter nowadays. Yoga is an age-old Indian discipline that combines physical postures called asanas, breathing exercises called pranayama, meditation, and moral teachings to bring the mind, body, and spirit into balance. Regular yoga practice provides many physical, mental, and emotional benefits that have been confirmed by scientific studies. With the current state of affairs marked by high levels of stress, sedentary lifestyles, and rising mental health problems, it is essential to integrate yoga instruction into regular classroom instruction. This abstract explores how yoga's focus on self-awareness, stress reduction, and mindfulness corresponds with the modern world's need for coping strategies against life's stresses. The abstract also looks at how yoga instruction might help people develop resilience, emotional intelligence, and a positive outlook. The practice is a flexible strategy for improving general well-being because it may be applied to different age groups and fitness levels. A proactive approach to addressing the growing health concerns and fostering a culture of self-care is the incorporation of yoga into educational curricula, businesses, and healthcare systems. Additionally, by highlighting the preventative qualities of yoga in healthcare, the abstract underlines the social and economic advantages connected to a population that is healthier and more robust. The way this work compares and contrasts the results-driven current research with the process-driven old knowledge makes it special. This makes it possible to develop a more thorough theoretical model of yoga in education in the present scenario.

An insight into understanding ancient perspectives of respiratory health

This article explores the historical evolution of respiratory diseases highlighting its references in early Vedic texts such as the Rigveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda & Upanishads, offering insights into ancient understandings of respiratory diseases. It also delves into Ayurvedic treatments and practices detailed in classical texts like Veerasimhavalokana in relation to respiratory disease . Additionally, it covers traditional healing practices including Vedic mantras and their impact on human health. The narrative extends to folklore with the story of Ondine’s Curse, which inspired the term for central hypoventilation syndrome. By synthesizing these historical sources and practices, it underscores the depth of ancient knowledge in managing respiratory health and its influence on contemporary respiratory therapy.

Book cluster: a new approach to explore the evolution of knowledge organization in ancient China

Abstract Chinese ancient book catalogs have persisted for over two millennia, serving as ancient knowledge organization systems and cultural heritage of great academic value. This article introduces the concept of “book cluster,” a novel approach to studying catalog classification evolution, offering a meso-level perspective that bridges books and categories. Drawing from computational methods, we identify clusters of books with similar categorization trajectories, enabling more efficient and intuitive exploration of knowledge organization trends. We review existing research on catalog classification, highlighting the traditional qualitative analysis and emerging computational methods. We then present our data source and processing methods. The concept of book cluster is defined, along with the algorithm for cluster identification and feature extraction. A case study demonstrates the potential of the book cluster concept in analyzing classification changes and knowledge inheritance. Additionally, we introduce an online analytical platform for further exploration. Through computational analysis of book clusters, we gain insights into the evolution of ancient book recording, circulation, and academic contexts. Book clusters offer clues about the content of lost books. This research lays the groundwork for future iterations. By pioneering the study of knowledge organization evolution using book clusters, we enhance our understanding of Chinese history's academic culture and knowledge preservation.

An intelligent character segmentation system coupled with deep learning based recognition for the digitization of ancient Tamil palm leaf manuscripts

Palm-leaf manuscripts, rich with ancient knowledge in areas such as history, art, and medicine, are vital cultural treasures, making their digitization essential for preserving this heritage. Digitization of these organic and fragile manuscripts is required to safeguard the essential ancient data. This requires optimal character segmentation and recognition algorithms. A limited number of studies have been carried out in Tamil character recognition in literature. Handling row-overlapped characters, noise introduced due to lightning issues, and dirt, as well as the removal of punch holes, auto-cropping the content, filtering out noisy or improper segmentation, etc. are the essential concerns carried out in our proposed work. This work is executed as a four-step process (1) Palm Leaf Manuscript Acquisition (2) Pre-Processing (3) Segmentation of Tamil Characters and (4) Tamil Character Recognition. During acquisition, the scanners are used for recording palm leaf manuscripts from the Tamil Nadu-oriented manuscript library. In the Pre-processing step, the Fast Non-Local Means (Fast-NLM) method, paired with median filtering is used for Denoising the scanner output image. Later, the pixels that make the characters and borders (i.e., the foreground) are identified using Sauvola thresholding. The proposed methodology introduces efficient techniques to remove Punch hole impressions from the pre-processed image, and to crop the written content from the edges. After pre-processing, the Segmentation of Tamil Characters is performed as a three-step process (a) Manuscript (b) Line, and (c) character segmentation, which addresses conjoined lines, partially/completely empty segmentations that are not previously addressed by existing techniques. This work introduces an Augmented HPP line-splitting algorithm that accurately segments written lines, handling wrong segmentation cases that were previously not considered by existing techniques. The system achieves an average segmentation accuracy of 98.25%, which far outperforms existing techniques. It also proposes a novel Punch hole removal algorithm that can locate and remove the punch-hole impressions in the manuscript image. This algorithm, along with the automated content cropping technique, increases recognition accuracy and eliminates any manual labor needed. These features make the proposed methodology highly suitable for real-time archaeological and historical researches that include manuscripts. All 247 letters and 12 numeric digits are analyzed and separated into 125 distinct writable characters. In our work, characters are segmented and used for recognition of all 247 letters and 12 digits in Tamil using a multi-class CNN with 125 classes, which drastically reduces the complexity of the neural network compared to having 257 output nodes. It offered a notable performance of 96.04% accuracy. As compared with existing Tamil and other character recognitions, this work is effective in essence of considering real-time images and the increased number of characters used.

A REVIEW ARTICLE ON DIFFERENT METHODS OF KSHARA SUTRA APPLI-CATION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF BHAGANDARA (~FISTULA IN ANO)

A fistula in Ano is granulation tissue-lined channel that profoundly or superficially connects the rectum, anorectum or anal canal to the perianal skin. It typically happens in an anorectal abscess that was previously present and spontaneously burst. Bhagandara (~Fistula in ano) was included by Acharya Sushruta in Ashta-Maharoga (~Eight major disorders) and he talked about it extensively because of its ubiquity and therapeutic challenges. Over the past several years, many authors have suggested novel techniques in an attempt to reduce recurrence rates and raise success rates. Fistula-in-Ano remains a difficult surgical condition, nonetheless. To effectively handle this challenging condition and establish novel perspectives on Fistula-in-Ano, it is imperative to reexamine the ancient knowledge. Kashar Sutra therapy is an old and successful technique to cure Bhagandara (~Fistula in ano). In this article we will discuss different methods of applying the Kashar Sutra.

:Finding, Inheriting or Borrowing? The Construction and Transfer of Knowledge in Antiquity and the Middle Ages

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Multi-Faceted Antimicrobial Efficacy of a Quinoline-Derived Bidentate Copper(II) Ligand Complex and Its Hydrogel Encapsulated Formulation in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Inhibition and Wound Management.

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance, exemplified by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), poses a grave threat to public health globally. Over time, MRSA has evolved resistance to multiple antibiotics, challenging conventional treatment strategies. The relentless adaptability of MRSA underscores the urgent need for innovative and targeted antimicrobial approaches to combat this resilient pathogen. Ancient knowledge and practices, along with scientific evidence, have established that metallic copper, and its organic coordination complexes can act as potential antibacterial substances. In search of a smart and effective antimicrobial against MRSA, we designed, synthesized, and characterized a bidentate copper(II) ligand complex (SG-Cu) utilizing a comprehensive array of analytical techniques, including ESI-MS, elemental analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and others. Antibacterial efficacy and mechanism of action of the complex were assessed through bacterial growth analyses, bacterial membrane perturbation assays, ROS elicitation assays, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. SG-Cu was found to maintain robust biocompatibility against the mammalian cell lines HEK-293, WI-38, and NIH/3T3. Remarkably, SG-Cu demonstrated significant biofilm disruptive tendency evidenced by the retardation of sliding motility, reduction in slime production, reduction in biofilm viability, and enhanced biofilm eradication, both in vitro and in urinary catheters. In vivo studies on murine excisional wounds, with SG-Cu impregnated in a palmitic acid conjugated NAVSIQ hexapeptide (PA-NV) hydrogel, revealed the sustained release of SG-Cu from the gel matrix, facilitating accelerated wound healing and effective wound disinfection. This multifaceted investigation highlights the potential of SG-Cu as a versatile option for combating MRSA infections and promoting wound healing, solidifying its claim to be developed into a viable therapeutic.

SHIVARAPATNA STONE CRAFT IN KARNATAKA - EXPLORING THE TRANSFORMATIVE ROLE OF INNOVATION IN TRADITIONAL HANDICRAFT AND CULTURAL IDENTITY

Handicraft sector is one of the most sustainable product sectors, because of the consumption of untreated raw materials received unswervingly from the nature. In many developing countries like India, there are a large number of livelihoods depending on handicraft business with an anticipated 17.79 million artisans associated with the sector in the year 2022. The previous studies indicate the relation between the handicrafts and innovation is both controversial and imperative. It is suggested that the sector must undergo incremental innovation for growth and survival in the present times. On contrary there are studies which dispute, considering cultural traditions as barriers to innovation. Innovation may be introduced in the technologies aiding to create the craft. While bringing innovation within the craft techniques and product creation might hinder its cultural identity. Innovation being one of the prime keyword of the 9th goal of the SDGs, the goal of this research is to study how introducing innovation in cultural craft production affects the identity of the traditional handicraft. For the findings, rapid ethnography was performed for the exquisite Shivarapatna stone craft. The craft uses ancient knowledge of Shilpashashtra to hand-craft the intricate Hindu idol statues from granite, and the associated community and the craftsmen are situated in the Kolar district of Karnataka, India. An experiment will be conducted to diversify the stone made craft products to analyse the outcome. The representational difference of the traditional craft products and the innovative craft products are then compared and presented with images. In addition to the comparative analysis, methodology also focuses on the descriptive approach in the handicraft.

발해 역사 속의 變革의 순간들

This study analyzed the changes in the history of Balhae in terms of the migration of the capital and the position of the royal family, focusing on the literary history and the newly discovered ancient knowledge. In the early 2000s, the tombs of two Balhae kings were discovered at Mt.Yongdu(龍頭山), and Balhae's hometown and capital were roughly narrowed down to the area of Yanbian County, Jilin Province, China, and Ningan, Heilongjiang Province. The ‘old country(舊國)’ is Balhae in the old Goguryeo region, and the ‘new country(新國)’ that was moved can be said to be the new Balhae in Sanggyeong(上京). The transfer of the capital from Donggyeong(東京) to Sanggyeong was clearly a changeable event in the history of Balhae in that it was a departure from the ‘old country.’ A transformative event in the royal family of Balhae was the death of King Wen(文王) and the ascension of Daewonui(大元義), King Kang(康王) Daesungrin(大嵩璘), and King Seonwang(宣王) Daeinsu(大仁秀). occurred during the process. The elements of coup d'état seen in Daesungrin's accession to the throne can be seen in the fact that he went through quite a few hardships before ascending to the throne, and that Daesungrin only received the title of honor held by King Wen after requesting it from the Tang Dynasty. In a common space called 'Jinneungdae(珍陵臺)', where the tombs of Princess Jeonghyo(貞孝) are located, along with Empress Sunmok (順穆皇后), the queen of King Gan(簡王), and Empress Hyoeui(孝懿皇后), the queen of King Mun(文王), it is also nearby. The fact that they are buried reveals that they have a close and friendly relationship with each other. Dae Insu's accession to the throne was the most important moment of change in the history of Balhae in that it brought about a change in the royal lineage from the Daejoyeong(大祚榮) lineage to the Daeyabal(大野勃) lineage. The fact that Daeinsu was in charge of Balhae government affairs after the death of King Gan, and that the death of King Gan and his queen, Empress Sunmok, was a chaotic situation may have served as the background for his accession to the throne. Daeinsu expressed his will to ‘establish’ Balhae, a new new country, not the old country.

TURMERIC’S HEALING TOUCH: EXPLORING CURCUMIN’S MEDICAL RENAISSANCE

This comprehensive article delves into the multifaceted role of curcumin, a principal component of turmeric, in modern pharmaceuticals, drawing on its long-standing history in traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda and Chinese Medicine. The core of the article investigates curcumin’s emerging role as a formidable anti-aging agent. Curcumin’s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties play a pivotal role in addressing age-related disorders. Its efficacy extends to neurodegenerative diseases, cardiometabolic disorders, cancer, and rheumatoid arthritis, owing to its ability to modulate various cellular pathways, enhance drug susceptibility, inhibit cell proliferation, and foster apoptosis. Notably, curcumin enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy drugs, as evidenced in breast cancer treatments, by modulating drug resistance pathways. The article also emphasizes curcumin’s potential in managing diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and osteoporosis, highlighting its role in reducing cholesterol levels and improving vascular health, and bone metabolism. Confronting the challenge of curcumin’s low bioavailability, the article explores innovative biotechnological solutions, such as nano-delivery systems, which significantly enhance curcumin’s therapeutic potential. The harmonious blend of ancient knowledge and contemporary scientific research highlights the lasting significance of curcumin in medicine, setting the stage for its ongoing incorporation into modern healthcare practices.

A Study from the Mitigation of the Depression to Upsurging of Well-being and Happiness with Reference to Vedic Psychology

Today the Psychology has become a profound way of self-improvement along with wide ranging benefits of enhancing wellbeing and happiness. It is evident that relationship of mind to matter has scientific experimental methodology. In order to understand the relationship or methodology we are referring here Vedic sciences or Vedic Psychology. For the cure and healing of mental health issues such as stress, anxiety and depression with the help of prodigious tools and techniques. Traditional Indian knowledge systems has enormous storehouse of scientific knowledge, such as vedas, Puranas, Yoga Sutras and spiritual Psychology. Vedic Psychology is an ancient knowledge of theoretical and practical transformation which transforms human awareness to higher states of consciousness. Vedic Psychology is a ‘consciousness’ based approach which has unique methods and techniques to mitigate depression and upsurging of well being and happiness. It shows us the path of evolution where gradual process of practicing glides the human towards integrity and peace. Several studies shows where Vedic Psychology exercises and demonstrated therapeutic effectiveness with the help of meditations to control anxiety and depression. Vedic knowledge plays vital role for a holistic development of human awareness. References from the vedas where The non – changing and ever changing aspect of vedas together form the totality of life called ‘Brahman’. This is the symbol of totality of cosmos. Which means each individual being is an expression of ultimate unity and is composed of all levels of nature. This paper takes a leap from the psychological to the metaphysical, epistemological and ethical plane to explain the validity and concepts of Vedic Psychology. The several techniques for monitoring internal consciousness leads to the concepts of identity and existence. Where Vedic Hymns or Mantras used to establish the power of truth seen and heard in the consciousness. It explains how the supreme creative hymns inherits the rhythmic vibration of energy in the light of the creative consciousness of the supreme. The concept of Brahman and Aatman in the Upanishads leads to the absolute truth. Upanishads which are called the ‘ends of the Vedas’ has given the most strongest and spiritual philosophy in the form of Vedanta. Which teaches the person to know the authenticity of oneself. Vedas guides us to live according to the natural cosmic law (Rta) and Upanishads guides to overcome the negative thoughts and powers. The individual core spirit is termed as Aatman which is different from the physical state of oneself. In the writings of vedas it has mentioned that Aatman transforms itself into the Cosmic soul or self. In the process of awakening of the self where experience and reason are common tools characterised by the separation of objects observed and the observer. Vedic Psychology emphasis on the deeper systematic first person approach. In mainstream modern science consciousness is defined as the ability to be aware of a separate object of experience. Vedic Psychology is indeed helpful for the whole community of humans to rise from the mental disorders such as grief, pain, stress, anxiety and depression to reach out of it towards serenity of well being, happiness and peace.

Meanings Behind the Carving Motifs of Traditional Malay Houses

Woodcarving motifs, including Negeri Sembilan, are significant in Malaysian art, bearing ancient knowledge and latent meanings. However, the understanding of Malay woodcarving motifs in Kuala Pilah is relatively limited compared to the east coast. The urgency to study these motifs intensifies as urbanization rapidly changes the landscape, representing not only woodcarvers’ skills but also profound cultural symbolism. This paper aims to interpret the meanings within these motifs in traditional Malay houses in Kuala Pilah, employing qualitative methods such as observation, interviews, photographic records, and secondary data analysis alongside Ferdinand de Saussure’s Semiotics Theory for analysis. The cultural and social significance embedded in these motifs is unveiled through signifier and signified analysis. The results revealed the presence of various motifs encompassing geometry, fauna, flora, and still life. The study also uncovered that each motif plays a pivotal role in conveying the cultural and social values of the Malay people in Negeri Sembilan and enhances our understanding of the traditional art form of woodcarving amidst contemporary transformations.

Wound Healing Agents as Described by Avicenna in the Canon of Medicine

Topical wounds are common complications, and it is necessary to find new remedies and approaches for their treatment. In this study, Avicenna’s definitions of topical wounds and his treatment strategies are investigated and compared with contemporary findings. Data were extracted from the fourth chapter of the fourth volume of the Canon of Medicine and databases of PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar using keywords of wound healing, Avicenna, Persian medicine, etc. Avicenna tries to clarify categorizations, semiology, pathophysiology, dressing, remedies and treatment strategies for wound. Many of his descriptions—like callus and the importance of angiogenesis in wound healing—are close to current definitions. He also mentioned to strategies like using gauze in dressing, control of bleeding and swelling (inflammation), washing and clearing wounds, using suture and surgery in some cases and also prescribing tonic foods. Furthermore, the efficacy of many natural remedies mentioned by Avicenna like Boswellia sacra Flück., Hordeum vulgare L., Prangos ferulacea Lindl., Quercus persica Jaub. &amp; Spach, Brassica oleracea L., and Plantago major L. have been evaluated and approved by contemporary investigations. These results demonstrate the impact of Avicenna’s knowledge on wounds and wound healing process. Therefore, besides historical impact, it is important as a novel natural source to find new medicaments based on this ancient knowledge.

Formulation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Face Toner Containing Chrysanthemum Indicum

In ancient times, people depended on naturally accessible resources to improve their appearance. Herbal cosmetic was utilized to impart beauty and were at first made from natural ingredient. These herbal cosmetics, also known as natural cosmetics, have gained popularity due to their lack of adverse effects. The early beginnings of herbal cosmetics can be traced back to ancient knowledge gathered through the Ayurvedic system. Ayurvedic cosmetics utilized herbs and plants to create effective beauty treatments, not only enhancing the skin’s appearance but also protecting the body from environmental influences. Herbal toners are considered a natural and gentle option for various skin types. Herbal materials work harmoniously with the human body, providing essential nutrients and beneficial minerals without adverse effects. The study has a aimed to developed an effective herbal toner using natural extract known for skin beneficial properties. Various formulation was created by combining the specific herbal extract. Parameter such as organoleptic property, Surface tension, Viscosity, pH, skin irritation, was assessed to determine the optimal formulation. Herbal toners in skincare includes benefits such as balancing the skin’s pH, tightening pores, and providing a refreshing sensation. They are often used to remove traces of makeup and dirt, leaving the skin feeling rejuvenated. The result highlighted a promising formulation with notable skin friendly attributes, suggesting its potential as a natural alternative in the skin care industry. Keywords: Toner, rejuvenation,

Quantitative Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Species With Dermatological Relevance Used in Traditional Mayan Medicine

This ethnobotanical study highlights the significant knowledge of the Maya Yucatecan healers about medicinal plants used to treat skin diseases and the importance of studying the ancient knowledge inherited from generation to generation. Historically, the Maya people have relied on the use of medicinal plants to treat various ailments, including skin diseases. The study focuses on identifying the plants that have been traditionally employed for these purposes. By comparing historical sources with contemporary ethnobotanical data gathered from the field, this research uncovers the evolving patterns of plant usage over time. It also underscores the significance of considering sociopolitical circumstances in understanding changes in local knowledge. The data indicated that Rutaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, and Asteraceae were the most represented families. The ethnohistoric record also showed gaps linked to the local knowledge developed by the Mayans over time. The principal component analysis technique applied to our ethnobotanical data simplifies the complexity of information on the use of medicinal flora to treat skin conditions, resulting in a new predictive model for pooling herbal knowledge. Correlations indicated that more than 50% of the listed species are used to treat fungal infections. This historical perspective enriches our understanding of the dynamic relationship between the Maya people and their use of medicinal plants for skin-related ailments.

Fasting diets: what are the impacts on eating behaviors, sleep, mood, and well-being?

Fasting diets (FDs) have drawn great attention concerning their contribution to health and disease over the last decade. Despite considerable interest in FDs, the effect of fasting diets on eating behaviors, sleep, and mood-essential components of diet satisfaction and mental health- has not been addressed comprehensively. Understanding the critical role that fasting plays in these elements will open up potential treatment avenues that have not yet been explored. The aim of the present paper was to conduct a comprehensive critical review exploring the effects of fasting on eating behaviors, sleep, and mood. There is currently a lack of clarity regarding which fasting option yields the most advantageous effects, and there is also a scarcity of consistent trials that assess the effects of FDs in a comparable manner. Similarly, the effects and/or treatment options for utilizing FDs to modify eating and sleep behaviors and enhance mood are still poorly understood. Further researches aiming at understanding the impacts of various fasting regimes, providing new insights into the gut-brain axis and offering new treatment avenues for those with resistant anxiety and depression, are warranted. Alteration of eating behaviors can have lasting effects on various physiological parameters. The use of fasting cures can underpin ancient knowledge with scientific evidence to form a new approach to the prevention and treatment of problems associated with co-morbidities or challenges pertaining to eating behaviors. Therefore, a thorough examination of the various fasting regimens and how they impact disease patterns is also warranted.

Application of Taoist Principles and Feng Shui in Urban Spaces (Landscaping and Garden Design)

The Taoist school emphasizes concepts such as "Yin and Yang" and "Tehya." Taoism has had a profound influence on architecture, painting, landscaping, home decoration, and lifestyle, extending beyond the borders of China to impact the entire modern world. The application of Far Eastern worldviews based on Taoist thought and its arrangement techniques, such as Feng Shui and its unique interior decoration in homes, urban spaces, garden design, and landscaping, deeply enhances and elevates the quality of life. Relying on ancient knowledge and experience, it can be stated that Tao is a spiritual way of life that enables humans to channel the positive energies of nature into themselves. The present study poses the question of how Taoist philosophical concepts influence urban space design. Taoism, one of the oldest philosophical schools in China, has significantly impacted the art of that region, with its ultimate goal being the harmony and consonance of humans with the natural order in life. Given that the practical art of Feng Shui is a derivative of this philosophy, the aim of this research is to identify and apply the fundamental elements of this mystical philosophy in urban planning and landscaping, and to bridge the gap between theory and practice in the philosophy and art of interior and exterior design. In this study, which presents its findings in an analytical-descriptive manner, we first analyze and examine Feng Shui's influence on the mystical and ontological foundations of Taoism and the manifestation of this approach in design and landscaping principles. It is then demonstrated that the application of these elements in urban spaces can bring not only visual beauty but also peace, balance, and harmony to the modern urban dweller.

Ayurvedic Medicine: A Traditional Medical System and Its Heavy Metal Poisoning.

Ayurveda is one of the oldest and most widely practiced traditional medical systems in the world. The ancient knowledge in this traditional medical system has yet to be fully explored. The interaction of rich knowledge from various traditional systems of medicine can open new pathways in the herbal drug discovery process. Apart from other hurdles in discovering plant-based medicines, the lack of knowledge of the differences and similarities between the theoretical doctrines of these systems is the greatest impediment to their convergence. Rasashastra is an Ayurvedic medicine section that deals with formulations that include minerals/metals, particularly Parad (mercury). According to the Ayurvedic Formulary of India, the most widely used heavy metals are mercury, arsenic, and lead. However, contemporary scientists are concerned about the use of heavy metals in Ayurvedic preparation. In this review article, we will discuss Ayurvedic medicine and the toxic effects of heavy metals.

Project Udbhav: Integrating Ancient Wisdom with Modern Indian Military Pedagogy

Throughout history, humanity has seen many destructive wars, especially in India. Early wars in India were fought by the people of the Indus Valley civilization, who were skilled in building forts for defense. Hindu civilization had a rich knowledge of warfare, military strategies, and martial arts. Ancient political thinkers considered War as an extension of politics, a fallout of interstate relations. Strategies were both offensive and defensive. The ancient Indian thinkers instated war as a means of increasing royal glory and outright conquest. The battles depicted in the epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata provide valuable information about the warfare mechanism of the ancient period. 'Project UDBHAV,' a collaborative effort between the Indian Army and the United Services Institution of India (USI), and the government of India, emphasized the project's significance, aiming to revisit India's ancient military thoughts. The initiative seeks to synthesize ancient knowledge, particularly from texts like Chanakya's Arthashastra and Thirukkural, with modern military practices. Examining historical campaigns, leaders, and examples like the Naval Battle of Saraighat, the paper highlights the enduring relevance of ancient Indian military strategies. The paper will also focus on contemporary military practices addressing modern challenges and the importance of Indian historical strategies in tackling diplomatic complexities.