Knowledge, Attitude And Practice Questionnaire Research Articles

Development and validation of a structured questionnaire to assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) regarding the effect of yoga on periodontal health among Indian adults.

Background Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of structures surrounding the teeth. Its etiology is multifactorial. The primary etiological factor is the microbial component; the other factors are systemic, behavioral, environmental, and psychological. Conventional management includes routine periodontal therapy involving prophylactic and surgical management. In developing countries like India, complementary medicine and alternative medicines like yoga are gaining popularity for improving systemic health. Hence this pilot study was designed to assess the psychometric properties of a structured questionnaire that can assess knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) regarding the impact of yoga on oral and periodontal health in Indian population. Methods The KAP questionnaire was developed (Stage One) using a deductive approach, and a psychometric evaluation of the questionnaire was performed to evaluate it’s reliability and validity (Stage Two). Initial content validation and test re-test reliability were assessed using kappa statistics with binary responses. An intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess the questions in the practice and attitude category with categorical variables. Further assessment of psychometric properties of the questionnaire was done using item response theory. The developed questionnaire had four principal sections: demography of participants; knowledge regarding yoga and oral health; attitude towards yoga and oral health; and practice towards implementing yoga for oral health. Results The ICC for all the assessed questions was greater than 0.60 suggesting satisfactory stability. Internal consistency measured using Cronbach’s alpha for knowledge, attitude, and practice items were reported to be 0.632, 0.923, and 0.591 respectively and that of the KAP total was 0.632. Conclusions The findings of this study showed that the questionnaire had an acceptable psychometric property for measuring KAP regarding yoga and it’s role in oral and periodontal health among Indian adults. The analysis of participant responses revealed that they had a medium level of knowledge regarding yoga and periodontal disease.

Association Between the Improvement of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Hypertension Prevention and Blood Pressure Control-A Cluster Randomized Controlled Study.

Hypertension-related knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of hypertensive patients can affect the awareness, treatment and control of hypertension. However, little attention has been paid to the association between the change of hypertension preventive KAP and blood pressure (BP) control in occupational population using longitudinal data. We assess the effectiveness of a workplace-based multicomponent hypertension intervention program on improving the level of KAP of hypertension prevention, and the association between improvement in KAP and BP control during intervention. From January 2013 to December 2014, workplaces across 20 urban regions in China were randomized to either the intervention group (n = 40) or control group (n = 20) using a cluster randomized control method. All employees in each workplace were asked to complete a cross-sectional survey to screen for hypertension patients. Hypertension patients in the intervention group were given a 2-year workplace-based multicomponent hypertension intervention for BP control. The level of hypertension prevention KAP and BP were assessed before and after intervention in the two groups. Overall, 3331 participants (2658 in the intervention group and 673 in the control group) were included (mean [standard deviation] age, 46.2 [7.7] years; 2723 men [81.7%]). After 2-year intervention, the KAP qualified rate was 63.2% in the intervention groups and 50.1% in the control groups (odds ratio = 1.65, 95% CI, 1.36∼2.00, P < .001). Compared with the control group decreased in the qualified rate of each item of hypertension preventive KAP questionnaire, all the items in the intervention group increased to different degrees. The increase of KAP score was associated with the decrease of BP level after intervention. For 1 point increase in KAP score, systolic blood pressure (SBP) decreased by .28mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) decreased by .14mmHg [SBP: β = -.28, 95%CI: -.48∼-.09, P = .004; DBP: β = -.14, 95%CI: -.26∼-.02, P = .024]. SBP and DBP was significantly in manual labor workers (SBP: β = -.34, 95%CI: -.59∼-.09, P = .008; DBP: β = -.23, 95%CI: -.38∼-.08, P = .003), workers from private enterprise, state-owned enterprise (SOE) (SBP: β = -.40, 95%CI: -.64∼-.16, P = .001; DBP: β = -.21, 95%CI: -.36∼-.06, P = .005) and a workplace with an affiliated hospital (SBP: β = -.31, 95%CI: -.52∼-.11, P = .003; DBP: β = -.16, 95%CI: -.28∼-.03, P = .016). The improvement of knowledge (SBP: β = -.29, 95%CI: -.56∼-.02, P = .038; DBP: β = -.12, 95%CI: -.29∼.05, P = .160), as well as attitude (SBP: β = -.71, 95%CI: -1.25∼-.18, P = .009; DBP: β = .18, 95%CI: -.23∼.59, P = .385) and behavior (SBP: β = -.73, 95%CI: -1.22∼-.23, P = .004; DBP: β = -.65, 95%CI: -.97∼-.33, P < .001) was gradually strengthened in relation to BP control. This study found that workplace-based multicomponent hypertension intervention can effectively improve the level of hypertension preventive KAP among employees, and the improvement of KAP levels were significantly associated with BP control. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry No. ChiCTR-ECS-14004641.

Oral health knowledge, attitude and practice among parents of children with craniofacial syndromes.

Parents play an important role in caring for their children's oral health, especially for those with craniofacial deformities. In this study, we analyzed the oral health knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) among parents of children of 1 to 16 years-of-age with craniofacial syndromes (CS) at Universiti Malaya Medical Center (UMMC), Malaysia. This was a case-controlled study conducted between March and December 2021 involving 30 parents of children with CS and 30 parents of normal children as controls. A modified validated KAP questionnaire was distributed to all parents. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS 26.0 and descriptive analysis was performed, with data expressed as mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentage (%). Most respondents from both groups were mothers (73.3%) between 31 to 40 years-of-age. Both groups of parents had similar levels of oral health knowledge; there was no significant difference between the two groups for 10 of the KAP questions (p > 0.05). However, there was a significant different between the two groups with regards to two 2 relating to the definition of plaque and its relationship to dental caries (p = 0.035 and p = 0.032, respectively). Some parents of CS children believed that primary teeth were not important (23.33%) and were not concerned if their children showed changes in tooth color (26.67%). Despite parental acknowledgement of ideal practice, both groups of children showed irregular dental attendance and reduced toothbrushing frequency. Parents of children with CS had a similar depth of oral health knowledge and a slightly reduced positive attitude when compared to parents in the control group. However, both groups of parents had poor knowledge relating to the transmission and causes of dental caries. Healthcare providers should increase their awareness strategies for parents to be more aware of the ways to improve their children's oral health.

A questionnaire-based study on the knowledge, attitude, and the practice of ecopharmacology among the healthcare professionals in Amaltas Medical College and Hospital, Dewas, Madhya Pradesh

Background: Ecopharmacology which deals with the health hazards posed by discarded or used medicinal products in the environment, is a globally emerging issue. There are guidelines for pharmaceutical waste management (like GMP and FDA guidelines) for the manufacturing units, pharmacists and consumers. However, it is uncertain whether consumers are aware of it. Before beginning the process of creating awareness, it is first necessary to assess the existing knowledge of the issue in the community. This study was planned to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of ecopharmacology in the medical personnel and students in our institute. Methods: It was a questionnaire based cross-sectional observational study. Study population included MBBS students, nursing students and resident doctors. Total 500 consenting participants were enrolled and subjected to a structured KAP questionnaire and data was expressed in percentage. Questionnaire consisted of 20 questions out of which 3 were open ended and remaining closed ended. Results: Present study result showed that 73% respondents had heard of term ecopharmacology and majority (98%) felt that it was their responsibility to protect environment from pharmaceutical waste. Responses from 83% of participants indicated that they were worried about the excess medicines at their homes. 87% of participants threw it in garbage bin, but (58%) were unsure whether their drug disposing method was safe and 25% knew it was unsafe. Most respondents (94%) felt that there should be guidelines for safe disposal of expired/unused drug and were enthusiastic about participating in campaign for this issue. Medical personnel also suggested some solutions to deal with this problem. Conclusions: Awareness and concern regarding the problem is high however in absence of knowledge of methods of safe disposal of unused drug, it is not transforming into safe disposal practices.

The impact of education level on Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices towards COVID-19 in Edo State, Nigeria.

For effective Public Health measures, factors that influence Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) need to be understood. In this paper, we document the relationship between levels of education on the KAP towards COVID-19 among the population of Edo State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional KAP questionnaire was delivered across 13 communities. The study population was dichotomized into those who had or had not completed secondary education. Chi-square tests were conducted to determine statistical significance. Of the 538 participants, 30% had completed secondary education. Those with secondary education were significantly more likely to recognize symptoms of COVID-19 (P<0.001). For attitudes, only one option showed a statistically significant association with 78.4% of those who did not complete secondary education having a high confidence in the church compared with 66% of those who had (P=0.022). For practices, those who have completed secondary education practiced all of the supplied measures more than those who had not, except for taking herbal supplements. Higher levels of education impacts on knowledge and practices but has less impact on attitudes regarding how well certain individuals/organizations can handle the pandemic. Findings highlighted the importance of tailoring public health communication and strategies to local populations to improve the efficacy.

Development of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Questionnaire for Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide. The number of people with type 2 diabetes began to rise globally in the 1990 s, and since 2000, the world has seen a dramatic increase. There is a need to assess Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) of patients with diabetes in order to aid in future development of control programs and techniques for effective health education and patients counselling. this study was intended to develop a KAP questionnaire. It is a 27-question closed ended questionnaire with 12 knowledge, 8 attitude and 7 practice questions. Each correct answer was given a score 1 and the incorrect answer was given 0. Total scores of Knowledges, Attitude and Practice were added together to yield the final KAP score, where 25 was the highest and 0 was the least KAP score a subject could get. The questionnaire was reviewed by doctors and fellow pharmacists. Reliability of the questionnaire was calculated using “Kuder Richardson 21 (KR21)” method using a sample data of KAP score from 20 patients. After applying the formula, the scores obtained for Knowledge, Attitude, Practice and KAP were 0.71, 0.80, 0.71, and 0.75 respectively. The results show that the questionnaire is a valid instrument that allows an assessment of knowledge, attitudes and practices levels of patients with diabetes mellitus.

E-learning and E-modules in medical education-A SOAR analysis using perception of undergraduate students.

Application of e-learning and e-modules in medical education has been shown to have a positive impact on learning outcomes among all types of learners, across diverse educational settings. Despite its benefits, e-learning and e-modules has not yet reached its full potential in medical education in India. Objective of this study is to evaluate the perception of undergraduate students regarding e-learning and e-modules using an appreciative inquiry tool SOAR (Strengths, Opportunities, Aspirations, Results) analysis, and to identify the barriers and challenges for the same. This longitudinal study was conducted among participants from three consecutive batches (n = 250 x 3) of first-year medical students and two consecutive batches (n = 100 x 2) of first-year dental students. The sample was selected using a purposive sampling method. Two structured and validated questionnaires were developed for this study based on the modified Zhou's Mixed Methods Model; the 'Knowledge, Attitude and Practice' Questionnaire (KAPQ) on e-learning and the feedback questionnaire (FBQ) on e-modules. The questionnaires were administered via MOODLE / hard copy, before and after the implementation of e-modules, respectively. Identified strengths, potential opportunities, probable aspirations and likely results for e-learning and e-modules were tabulated based on the qualitative analysis of perceptions of large number students sampled across three years. Six hundred and ninety students returned both questionnaires representing a response rate of 76.6%. Nine themes were identified in the "Strengths" domain as follows: Regular Update of Knowledge, Innovative Learning, Availability, Knowledge Sharing, Abundance of Information, Accessibility, Source of Knowledge, Creativity, and Increased Engagement. Eleven themes were identified in the "Opportunities" domain as follows: Clinical Skills training, Timesaving, Flexibility, Creativity, Increased engagement, Standardized content, Capacity building for students, Capacity building for faculty, Skills training, and Self-assessment. Thirteen themes were identified under the "Aspirations" domain with the three key themes being "maintaining and building on current strengths", "increasing potential opportunities", and "addressing the barriers and challenges identified in the responses to the KAPQ and FBQ questionnaire". Four themes identified for 'Barriers' were eye strain, distractions, preference for conventional methodologies, and internet connectivity. The findings of this qualitative study are based on the responses received from first-year medical and dental students of a Private University in Chennai, India. In this population of students, implementation of e-learning as blended learning using structured and interactive e-modules may provide more engagement during learning as well as support self-directed learning (SDL) directly or indirectly. Adoption of blended learning with e-modules as an integral part of curriculum planning may be beneficial for the achievement of Competency-Based Medical Education (CBME) goals in India.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices of university students toward COVID-19 in Southern region, Afghanistan: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundSuccessful implementation of preventive measures and level of awareness in particular among university students in Afghanistan could play a crucial role in spreading the information for better control of the ongoing pandemic. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the level of knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding COVID-19 among Kandahar university students.MethodsA cross-sectional study conducted among undergraduate students to investigate their KAP regarding COVID-19 from January to March, 2021. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire (socio-demographic characteristics, KAP questionnaire) by phone call interviews.ResultsFrom 359 participants, 88.9% were males, 81.3% were single, 65.1% lived in urban areas, and more than 64% of the students were less than 23 years old. Overall, 86.6% of the study participants had adequate level of knowledge and 87.5% had positive attitudes toward COVID-19. Almost one-third of the participants had good practices regarding COVID-19. All KAP scores were higher in male students. Significant difference of good practice (p < 0.001) was observed among students who were in high socioeconomic status (SES) group. In univariate analysis, female sex (β: -0.75, p = 0.007) was negatively and watching television (β: 0.44; p = 0.014) was positively associated with knowledge score. However, in multivariate linear regression analysis, the knowledge score was significantly associated with age (β: -0.115; p = 0.004); attitude score was significantly associated with female sex (β: -2.776; p < 0.001) and radio use (β: -0.974; p = 0.031); and practice score was significantly associated with female sex (β: -3.704; p = 0.002) and urban area (β: 1.702; p = 0.016).ConclusionsThe overall knowledge and attitudes regarding COVID-19 among university students were desirable. Higher university year, young age, male sex and living in urban areas were significantly associated with good KAP regarding COVID-19. Good practices towards COVID-19 should be increased through awareness programs.

Health literacy affected the residents’ knowledge, attitude, practice for prevention and control of COVID-19 in Shanxi Province, China

Multistage stratified random sampling was used to explore the relationship of health literacy with novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) prevention and control knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) in residents aged 15–69 years old in Shanxi Province. The questionnaire, which was issued by the Chinese Center for Health Education, consisted of a health literacy questionnaire and a COVID-19 prevention and control KAP questionnaire. According to the national unified scoring method, the participants were divided into two groups: those who with adequate health literacy and those who with inadequate health literacy. The results of the answer to each KAP question were compared between the two groups by Chi-square test or Wilcoxon rank sum test. Binary logistic regression was used to control confounding effects of socio-demographic characteristics to draw relatively reliable conclusions. A total of 2700 questionnaires were distributed, and 2686 valid questionnaires were returned, with an efficiency rate of 99.5%. Health literacy qualified was identified for 18.32% (492/2686) in Shanxi Province. Compared with the inadequate health literacy group, people with adequate health literacy had a higher corrected answer rate in 11 knowledge-related questions (all P < 0.001); showed more positive answer to each attitude-related question in the three aspects, namely, responsibility for the prevention and control of infectious disease transmission, evaluation for COVID-19-related information release and reporting, and evaluation for the government’s COVID-19 prevention and control results (all P < 0.001); and acted more actively in the practice concerning appropriate self-prevention and control behaviors during the COVID-19 outbreak (all P < 0.001). Logistic regression analyses confirmed that with adequate health literacy played a positive role in each of the contents of COVID-19 prevention and control KAP (ORs were between 1.475 and 4.862, all P < 0.001). Health literacy is closely related to COVID-19 prevention and control KAP in the general population of Shanxi Province. People with high score of health literacy were generally better able to grasp COVID-19 prevention and control knowledge, have more positive attitudes toward prevention and control, and perform better prevention and control behaviors. Promoting residents’ health literacy by targeted health education can play an important and positive role in dealing with the threat of major infectious diseases outbreaks.

Climate change and health risks in Mukuru informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya – knowledge, attitudes and practices among residents

BackgroundResidents of informal settlements in Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA) are vulnerable to the health impacts of climate change. Little is known about the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of inhabitants of informal settlements in SSA regarding climate change and its health impacts. The aim of this study was to investigate how inhabitants of an informal settlement in SSA experience climate change and its health impacts and assess related knowledge, attitudes and practices. The study was conducted in Mukuru informal settlement in Nairobi City County, Kenya.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in September 2021 using a structured, semi-closed KAP questionnaire. Inclusion criteria were ≥ 18 years of age and living in one of the three main sections in Mukuru: Kwa Njenga, Kwa Reuben or Viwandani. By spinning a pen at the geographic centre of each section, a random direction was selected. Then, in every second household one individual was interviewed, creating a representative mix of ages and genders of the local community. To assess participant characteristics associated with climate change knowledge multivariable logistic regression was used. Thematic content analysis was performed for qualitative responses.ResultsOut of 402 study participants, 76.4% (n = 307) had heard of climate change before the interview, 90.8% (n = 365) reported that climate change was affecting their community, and 92.6% (n = 372) were concerned with the health-related impact of climate change. Having lived in Mukuru for more than 10 years and living in a dwelling close to the riverside were factors significantly associated with having heard of climate change before (aOR 3.1, 95%CI 1.7 – 5.8 and aOR 2.6, 95%CI 1.1 – 6.1, respectively) and experiencing a climate change related impact on the community (aOR 10.7, 95%CI 4.0 – 28.4 and aOR 7.7; 95%CI 1.7 – 34.0, respectively). Chronic respiratory conditions, vector-borne diseases, including infectious diarrhoea, malnutrition and cardiovascular diseases were identified by respondents as climate related health risks.ConclusionsMost respondents were knowledgeable about climate change and were experiencing its (health-related) impact on their community. This study provides insights which may prove useful for policy makers, intervention planners and researchers to work on locally adapted mitigation and adaption strategies.

Developing a knowledge, attitude, and practice questionnaire on nutrition, physical activity, and body image for 13–14-year-old female adolescents

ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to develop and validate a Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Questionnaire (KAPQ) on nutrition, physical activity, and body image for 13–14-year-old female adolescents. MethodThe KAPQ initially consisted of 73 items, covering knowledge (30), attitude (22), and practice (21) related to nutrition, physical activity (PA), and body image (BI). The content and face validity were tested to identify the relevance of the questionnaire items to the content and their relevance to nutrition, PA, and BI. Construct validity was assessed using an exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Internal consistency was determined by Cronbach's α value, and stability was determined based on test–retest reliability. ResultsBased on the EFA, each scale had several dimensions. The Cronbach's α ranged between 0.977 and 0.888 for knowledge, 0.902 and 0.977 for attitude, and 0.949 and 0.950 for practice. The test–retest reliability revealed that the kappa of knowledge was 0.773–1.000, while the intraclass correlation (ICC) values for attitude and practice were 0.682–1.000 and 0.778–1.000, respectively. ConclusionThe final KAPQ, which included 72 items, was valid and reliable for assessing the KAP levels for nutrition, PA, and BI of 13–14-year-old female students in KSA.

Development of a Valid and Reliable Scale to Assess Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) on Frailty, Nutrition and Exercise among Malaysian Elderly

Introduction: “Frailty Intervention through Nutrition Education and Exercise (FINE)” program is an educational program, an initiative to ameliorate frailty status among elderly due to the alarming number of frailty cases in Malaysia. The current study aims to develop and determine the validity and reliability of the KAP questionnaire on frailty, nutrition and exercise to assess the effectiveness of the “FINE” program among the Malaysian elderly. Methods: The KAP questionnaire was created based on the developed frailty module and education materials. Content and face validity were conducted before the reliability study among five health professionals and 20 elderly, while 79 elderly were involved in a reliability study in three different Projek Perumahan Rakyat (PPR) flats in the Kuala Lumpur area. Data were analysed to determine its internal consistency reliability. Results: Six items were removed during content and face validity, two from each domain. All items in the knowledge section were within an acceptable range of difficulty and discrimination following the item analysis. Yet, item-to-total correlation removes one item for attitude and four items for the practice domain. The analysis found that the internal consistency reliability was 0.852, 0.732 and 0.600 for the KAP section, respectively. Conclusion: The final version of the KAP questionnaire consisted of (11) knowledge, nine (9) attitudes and six (6) practice items proven to be valid and reliable. Thus, it could be used to assess the effectiveness of the “FINE” program among the Malaysian elderly.

E-Questionnaire on health knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP-Health) for Brazilian students in distance learning

ABSTRACT Background The role of universities in health promotion has been strengthened by institutional policies and the Health Promoting Universities movement. Together they seek to identify behaviours that are harmful to the health of university students and implement programs or interventions to promote the health of students within the physical environment of universities. However, the COVID-19 pandemic rapidly increased the number of students learning by distance. Under these circumstances, there is an increased need to assess the knowledge, attitudes and health practices of students in distance learning. Objective To develop a KAP (knowledge, attitude and practice) questionnaire on the health of distance learning students. Methods Development was carried out in four stages: 1) literature review to identify existing health programs in universities; 2) formulation of questions based on WHO theoretical frameworks, National Health Promotion Policy and the literature review; 3) selection of interdisciplinary expert judges and submission of the KAP-Health questionnaire for analysis of appearance, efficiency/consistency, clarity/understanding, pertinence of content and sequence of items; and 4) content validation by applying the content validity coefficient (CVC). Results The mean CVCs obtained were all equal to or greater than 0.96, 0.95 and 0.93 for the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices domains, respectively; all comfortably above the cut-off score of 80% (CVCt = 0.80). Conclusions At this stage of the study, the judges consider the content of the KAP-Health questionnaire adequate to identify issues related to the health of students in distance learning. However, it is important to note that the next step is to test the usefulness of this questionnaire. We believe that our KAP-Health instrument is both original and useful for planning institutional policies in order to implement assertive strategies to promote the health of remote-learning students in Brazil and in other parts of the world.

SURVEY OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE REGARDING TOBACCO SMOKING IN MEDICAL STUDENTS

Introduction. The tobacco epidemic is one of the biggest public health threats the world has ever faced, killing more than 8 million people a year around the world. The young people are the easiest target for the risky behavior. Aim. To assess knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding tobacco smoking among medical students in Georgia. Materials and Methods. KAP questionnaire containing 44 questions was developed in Georgian. Sampling frame consisted of students of the1st and 4th year of the Tbilisi State Medical University (TSMU) – Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Public Health Management and Faculty of Public Health. Random cluster sampling was used and total number of participants was 242: 1st year students 39.51% (96), 4th year students 60.08% (146); Faculty of Medicine 62.96% (153), Faculty of Public Health 36.63% (89); female 183 (75.31%), male 59 (24.48%). Mean age was 20.63 (SD=2.2). Cross-sectional study was performed. The survey was anonymous and self-administered. Principles of Declaration of Helsinki were followed. Data analysis was done in Stata 14.0. Results. Based on the knowledge component, most students do not have complete information about tobacco products and the diseases they cause. Statistically higher number of the students of the Medical Faculty and male students had correct information about the harm of tobacco. 20.6% of respondents smoke, male 33.9%, female 16.4%. The main reason for starting smoking was cited as interest and the influence of friends. 32.1% of respondents stopped smoking after the quitting attempt. The maximum length of time to smoking after quitting was 7.9 months on average (SD = 7.8). Conclusion. Obtained results are mainly in line with the international findings. There was seen a statistically significant difference between public health and medical faculties and male and female in responses on knowledge and attitude. Taking into account that we have studied medical students it is less probable that the students of other specializations will be more knowledgeable in this regard. It is advisable to increase awareness activities in this regard.

Knowledge, attitude, practices and perceived job stress among physical therapists in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study.

The objective of this study was to assess the level of knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) and perceived job stress among physical therapists (PTs) during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). A cross-sectional study design was adopted; 300 PTs working within the KSA were randomly selected, and the KAP questionnaire was distributed through email using a Google form during the first quarter of 2022. The questionnaire consisted of demographic information, KAP, and perceived stress level at the job. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS 20.0. Most PTs are knowledgeable about the management of COVID-19 patients, where their overall correct response to the items of the knowledge-related questionnaire was 87%. Most PTs had positive attitudes toward successful control of COVID-19 (83%) and took necessary precautions, such as frequent handwashing (97.2%) and adherence to the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) guidelines (91.5%) during practice. The overall job stress level of the PTs was 'Moderate' (76.5%). This study showed a significant association between the level of job stress experienced by the PTs and selected demographic variables. PTs have adequate knowledge, exhibit a positive attitude and adhere to CDC guidelines while managing patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Most PTs are prone to moderate job stress while managing patients during the COVID-19 pandemic, and appropriate strategies must be devised to alleviate their job stress and improve their efficiency.

Development and validation of a food safety knowledge, attitudes and self-reported practices (KAP) questionnaire in Omani consumers

Consumer knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) play important roles in ensuring food safety since the home is implicated in many food poisoning cases. This study aimed to develop and validate a food safety KAP questionnaire for Omani consumers. This study also aimed to assess the food safety KAP of Omani female staff at Sultan Qaboos University and its association with certain socio-demographic variables. The developed questionnaire consisted of 4 sections, socio-demographics, knowledge, attitudes and practices. It was tested for consistency and validated. Cronbach’s alpha for knowledge, attitudes and practices was 0.766, 0.714 and 0.687, respectively. The paired t-test evaluation of the test-retest attempts found no significant difference between the attempts (p > 0.05) and there was a high correlation (p ranging from < 0.001 to 0.002) between the two attempts. The KAP study (n = 297) showed that most of the respondents are engaged in food preparation at home at least 3 days a week. The majority also prepared food at home in most of the days of the week and rarely ate or bought food from restaurants or cafes. The study found that the majority of participants had low food safety knowledge scores. A mean of 43% of the respondents was able to correctly answer the knowledge questions, while the mean of respondents with positive attitudes and proper practices was 76.9% and 70%, respectively. Knowledge scores were affected by age, educational level and income but not by marital status. Attitudes and practices were affected by marital status but not age, educational level or income. The association between the KAP of respondents was found to be weak. It can be concluded that the level of knowledge among the population of the study needs to be increased to match the level of attitudes and practices.

Benefit of Educational Video on Parental Knowledge, Attitude and Practice About Middle Ear Infection in Children.

The aim of the study was to determine the benefit of educational video on parental knowledge, attitude and practice about risk factors of middle ear infection in children. An educational video was developed in English with information on anatomy of the ear, signs and symptoms, risk factors, consequences, prevention, and management related to ear infections. A KAP (Knowledge, attitude and practice) questionnaire was also developed comprising of 33 questions. Parents were requested to fill the questionnaire online and after watching the educational video they were asked to fill the same questionnaire after 1month. 61 parents responded to both pre questionnaire and post questionnaire. In knowledge domain, thirty five parents gave correct answers to more than sixty percent of questions in the pre questionnaire and fifty six parents gave correct answers to more than sixty percent of the question in the post questionnaire. In attitude domain, all sixty one parents gave correct answers to more than sixty percent of questions in the pre questionnaire. In practice domain, twenty six parents gave correct answers to more than sixty percent of questions in the pre questionnaire and forty nine parents gave correct answers to more than sixty percent of the question in the post questionnaire after watching the educational video. Using the test of proportion, there was statistically significant difference in scores in pre questionnaire and post questionnaire in knowledge and practice domain. In the present study, there was statistically significant improvement in parents overall knowledge and practice about middle ear infection after watching the educational video.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices on tuberculosis among screened immigrants in Norway. A cross-sectional study

AimsMost tuberculosis (TB) cases in Norway occur among immigrants from high-incidence countries. Although there is an extensive screening program for vulnerable groups, many do not appear for their screening appointment and do not understand why they require screening. This study aimed to further understand these vulnerable groups’ knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding TB to inform the screening program and health care personnel dealing with TB. MethodsA KAP questionnaire developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and adjusted to Norwegian conditions was used. The study has a cross-sectional design. One study group was immigrant students receiving primary screening in the municipality (MVIC) who completed an English questionnaire; the other was immigrants who were referred to hospital (POPD) for follow-up of screening results. They were interviewed with a translator when necessary. Statistical analyses to describe and compare groups of participants were done. ResultsAltogether, 275 persons were eligible, and 219 (85%) participated. In the MVIC group 184 persons (86%) participated and in the POPD group 35 persons (80%). The mean knowledge score was 5.53 (maximum score: 11) with no significant differences between study groups or associations with demographics or length of education. There were serious knowledge gaps related to TB symptoms and transmission. Approximately half would have reacted with fear or surprise if they had TB, and 60% were afraid of being infected. Only 14% would avoid a person with TB. ConclusionThe mean knowledge score was reasonably good but with some serious knowledge gaps. We detected fear of being infected or having TB disease but no serious stigma. More information and teaching about TB catered towards different immigrant groups are necessary.

Assessment of Nutritional Status, Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Secondary School Students in Kano, Nigeria

Poor nutritional status during adolescence is an important determinant of health outcome and sustainable development. Roughly 19.7% of the world’s adolescents reside in Africa. Nigeria has about 21% of its population as adolescents. Adequate nutrition knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) among adolescents are necessary for improved nutrition status. However, there is limited data on nutrition KAP among adolescents to inform decision-making in the Northern Nigeria. The study assessed the nutritional status, knowledge, attitude and practices of secondary school girls in Kano, Nigeria. Descriptive research design was used for data collection, 137 students 10-22 years were randomly selected for the study. Data was collected using modified KAP questionnaire developed by the Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nation (FAO-UN). Height, weight was measured and used for the calculation of Body Mass Index (BMI). Data were analyzed using SPSS-20. Correlation analysis was used to assess relationship between Nutritional knowledge, attitude and practices. P value of &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results obtained indicated that majority of the participants (55.42%) were underweight, 43.06% normal, 0.79% overweight and 0.73% obesed. Nutritional Knowledge was found to be 62.77% good, 21.39% fair and 15.84% poor. Nutritional attitude and practice were found to be 16.06% good, 50.36% fair, 33.58% poor, and 1.46% good, 15.33% fair, and 83.21 poor respectively. Correlation between knowledge and attitude, knowledge and practice, as well as practice and attitude were 0.338 (p=0.001), 0.058 (p= 0.504) and 0.235 (p= 0.006) and respectively. Therefore, the study reveals poor nutritional status, adequate knowledge and no significant correlation was found between knowledge and practice.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of malaria control health education among overseas enterprise employees

To evaluate the effectiveness of health education on knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) relating to malaria control among overseas enterprise employees. In September 2019, on-site malaria control health education was conducted among all Chinese employees of a China-funded mining enterprise in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The KAP questionnaire for malaria control was generated on the Questionstar website, and the participants were subjected to two questionnaire surveys prior to and 14 months after health education. After the questionnaires were recovered, all valid questionnaires were divided into 4 groups, including the baseline group (the questionnaires filled out by respondents who received health education and participated in two questionnaire surveys before health education), the loss-to-follow-up group (the questionnaires filled out by respondents who received health education but only participated in the questionnaire survey after health education), the retest group (the questionnaires filled out by respondents who received health education and participated in two questionnaire surveys after health education) and the new group (questionnaires filled out by respondents who did not receive health education and only participated in the questionnaire survey after health education) according to subjects' receiving health education and participation in two questionnaire surveys. The correct rate of malaria control knowledge, the proportion to good attitudes towards malaria control and the proportion of good practices towards malaria control were compared between the baseline group and the loss-to-follow-up group, between the baseline group and the retest group, and between the retest group and the new group. A total of 110 and 142 valid questionnaires were recovered during the two surveys, and the recovery rates were 90.9% and 70.3%, respectively. There were 77, 77, 33, and 65 valid questionnaires recovered from the baseline group, the loss-to-follow-up group, the retest group, and the new group, respectively. There were no significant differences in respondents' gender, age and educational levels between the baseline group and the loss-to-follow-up group (all P values > 0.05), and there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of the mean score of malaria control knowledge (Z = 2.011, P > 0.05), the mean score of attitudes towards malaria control (t = -0.787, P > 0.05) and the mean score of practices towards malaria control (t = -0.787, P > 0.05). There were significant differences between the retest group and the baseline group in terms of the mean score of malaria control knowledge (10.83 vs. 9.79; Z = -4.017, P < 0.05), the mean score of attitudes towards malaria control (29.48 vs. 28.61; Z = -1.981, P < 0.05) and the mean score of practices towards malaria control (6.43 vs. 5.91; Z = -2.499, P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the retest group and the new group in terms of gender, age or education levels (all P values > 0.05), and a higher mean score of malaria control knowledge was found in the retest group than in the new group (10.83 vs. 9.81; Z = -2.962, P < 0.05), while no significant differences were seen in the mean score of attitudes towards malaria control (29.48 vs. 30.17; Z = -1.158, P > 0.05) and the mean score of practices towards malaria control (6.43 vs. 6.37; Z = -0.048, P > 0.05) between the two groups. Malaria control health education may significantly improve the understanding of malaria control knowledge, positive attitudes towards malaria control and the compliance of practices towards malaria control among overseas enterprise employees.