Klein Theory Research Articles

Development of Learning Modules for Senior High School Semester V Based on the Independent Curriculum

This research is about the creation of a learning module for the 5th semester of high school based on the Independent Curriculum with the theme "die Familie (Family)". This research focuses on the creation of printed learning modules. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method through data collection using questionnaires with data sources from the Independent Curriculum, German books and information from the Internet. This development research is a development that uses Richey and Klein's theory. The research model consists of 3 steps, namely: 1) Planning, 2) Making, 3) Evaluation. The result of this research is a printed module in the form of a German language learning module for the theme "die familie (Family)". This learning module has gone through the process of material and design validation and received an assessment from experts of 93.75.

Beyond four dimensions: An extended study of f(R,T) theory with multidimensional metric

The present communication explores [Formula: see text]-dimensional cosmological models within the framework of the [Formula: see text] theory. The exploration is motivated by Kaluza–Klein theory, where the existence of extra dimensions becomes a focal point in understanding the fundamental forces of the universe. A cosmological model has been constructed by assuming Fractional quadratic deceleration parameter. [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] provide a crucial link between theoretical predictions and empirical observations. Through rigorous mathematical analysis and theoretical modeling, we investigate the implications of this extended gravitational theory on cosmic evolution and the structure of spacetime. Our findings shed light on the interplay between geometry, matter and gravitational dynamics in multidimensional space, offering new insights into the nature of gravity and cosmological phenomenon.

Pembuatan Komik Strip Cerita Rakyat Si Raja Tambun Sibisa

The Folktale of Si Raja Tambun is a folktale originating from Sibisa Village, Ajibata District, Toba Samosir Regency. As part of this research, a German language comic about folklore was developed on Canva media. The development theory used is Richey and Klein's development theory which is divided into three stages, namely: planning, creation and evaluation. The primary data sources in this research are interviews and observations conducted with residents and traditional leaders in Sibisa Village, Tobasa. And the secondary data sources used are archives and documents related to the history of Si Raja Tambun. This research is development research using qualitative descriptive research methods. The result of this research is that the product developed through Canva in the form of comics has been assessed by media validators and has a very good rating and is suitable as learning material.

Effective photon mass in the presence of a gravity gradient emulated by an electromagnetic medium

Geometry- and gravity-induced effective photon mass is known to arise in many cases, such as various optical waveguides, Kaluza–Klein theories, and many other optical and general relativity situations. Here we study the appearance of effective photon mass in the Newtonian limit due to the presence of a gravity gradient emulated by an electromagnetic medium. The effective photon mass squared appears to be proportional to the local gravity gradient, and it becomes negative in an optical anti-waveguide around the unstable equilibrium location. A similar effect is observed in the emulated Kottler–Møller spacetime where the absolute value of the gravity-induced effective photon mass appears to coincide with the Unruh temperature. We demonstrate that similar to the Unruh effect, a bath of thermal radiation should be observed in an optical anti-waveguide near the unstable equilibrium, whose temperature is defined by the emulated local gravity gradient, and which remains unchanged in the c→∞ limit.

A new perspective on Kaluza–Klein theories

Assuming that the geometry of spacetime is uniquely determined by the energy–momentum tensor of matter alone, i.e. without any interactions, enables us to construct the Lagrangian from which the metric of higher dimensional spacetime follows. From the geodesic equations that follow, it becomes clear that the incorrect mass of elementary particles predicted by Kaluza–Klein theories arises from the assumption that in the absence of gravity the solution to the Einstein field equations reduces to the Minkowski metric. From construction of a consistent theory of 4D electromagnetism, we find that this assumption does not only result in the incorrect mass of elementary particles, but also the incorrect value of the cosmological constant. This suggests that these incorrect predictions, which are often regarded as major flaws of Kaluza–Klein theories, just reflect the inconsistency of the assumption that the solution to Einstein field equations reduces to Minkowski metric in the absence of gravity and Weyl invariance which is the symmetry of gauge theories in 4D spacetime. Abandoning this assumption results in modification of general relativity. We show that the unified description of fundamental interactions naturally incorporates the Higgs mechanism. For non-Abelian gauge fields, we find that the manifold comprising the extra dimensions has to be a group manifold and show that the standard model is realized in 16D spacetime. We show that charge and spin are the same concept, but what makes them different is that the former follows from symmetry of 4D spacetime while the latter follows from symmetry of the internal space.

Geometric interpretation of Tensor-Vector-Scalar theory in a Kaluza–Klein reference fluid

Gravitational alternatives to dark matter require additional fields or assumptions beyond general relativity while continuing to agree with tight solar system constraints. Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND), for example, predicts the Tully–Fisher relation for galaxies more accurately than dark matter models while limiting to Newtonian gravity in the solar system. On the other hand, MOND does a poor job predicting larger scale observations such as the cosmic microwave background and Matter Power Spectra. Tensor-Vector-Scalar (TeVeS) theory is a relativistic generalization of MOND that accounts for these observations without dark matter. In this paper, a generalized TeVeS from Kaluza–Klein theory in one extra dimension is derived as a consequence of n = 0 Kaluza–Klein modes. In the KK theory, MOND is a special case of a slicing condition in the 5D Arnowitt–Deser–Misner formalism enforced by a reference fluid as in the Isham-Kuchař method which may arise from a broken displacement symmetry. This has two benefits: first is means that TeVeS is compatible with Kaluza–Klein dark matter theory, which is a strong candidate for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles, the other is that it provides an elegant mechanism for the scalar and vector fields. It constrains most of the freedom in the definition of TeVeS which does not have a field theoretic motivation. This is important because the Kaluza–Klein theory predicts that spin-2 tensor modes must propagate at the speed of light, in agreement with observation, from theoretical constraints while TeVeS has to match this observation empirically. Furthermore, it provides a symmetry breaking motivation for the interpolating function in MOND.

Development of E-Module Based Learning Media for A1 Level Reading Competency

The aim of this research is to develop E-module based learning media for A1 level reading literacy. This research was conducted in the library of the Faculty of Languages and Arts, Medan State University. In this research, creation research using Richey and Klein's theory is used. Among them are: (1) Planning stage, (2) Creation stage, (3) Evaluation stage. This research data consists of words, sentences and images on the topic "Hello!, Friends, Colleagues and Me and Off on holiday". The data source for this research comes from the book Studio Netzwerk A1 (Stefanie Dengler, Paul Rusch, Helen Schmitz and Tanja Sieber, 2012). The results of this research are learning media in the form of learning module applications uploaded to the Play Store. This application was created with the help of web-codular and validated by media experts and received an assessment of 85 (good) and a material expert assessment of 90 (very good).

Vacuum pendulum test for a modified Kaluza–Klein theory

Experiments were performed in vacuum to examine a modified Kaluza–Klein theory. Originally proposed by Mbelek and Lachièze-Rey, the 5D Kaluza–Klein-[Formula: see text] theory includes an external scalar field [Formula: see text] to couple gravitational and electromagnetic fields and can be used to explain some misunderstood phenomena in physics. The theory predicts that a pendulum will experience detectable forces exceeding predictions from classical electromagnetism when interacting with a scalar field. In this experiment, a dielectric mirror is hung as a pendulum inside a vacuum chamber and its oscillations are examined with two laser interferometers. In proximity to the pendulum, different solenoids and toroids will induce magnetic fields that can also be shielded to a great extent using a Gauss chamber. The experiments were conducted in a vacuum chamber to allow the measurement of torsion angles as low as 0.1[Formula: see text]arcsec above the noise, as well as 0.1[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m translations of the pendulum. The phenomenon observed differs from what was observed by Mbelek at ambient pressure in both magnitude and behavior. Dummy test results hint at the presence of convection effects to explain the pendulum’s rotation, which was eliminated under higher vacuum and by placing a wall between the solenoid and pendulum. In the presence of stronger magnetic fields, the pendulum’s translation was observed to agree with effects predicted by a consideration of diamagnetic effects.

Gravitational fields of axially symmetric compact objects in 5D space–time–matter gravity

In the standard Einstein’s theory the exterior gravitational field of any static and axially symmetric stellar object can be described by means of a single function from which we obtain a metric into a four-dimensional space–time. In this work we present a generalization of those so called Weyl solutions to a space–time–matter metric in a five-dimensional manifold within a non-compactified Kaluza–Klein theory of gravity. The arising field equations reduce to those of vacuum Einstein’s gravity when the metric function associated to the fifth dimension is considered to be constant. The calculation of the geodesics allows to identify the existence or not of different behaviours of test particles, in orbits on a constant plane, between the two metrics. In addition, static solutions on the hypersurface orthogonal to the added dimension but with time dependence in the five-dimensional metric are also obtained. The consequences on the variation of the rest mass, if the fifth dimension is identified with it, are studied.

Left-wing nationalist-populist movement and identification: A psycho-political analysis of the “comfort woman” statue movements in South Korea

Sonyosang (girl statue in Korean) is a bronze statue symbolizing “comfort women,” the estimated 80,000 to 200,000 women physically, mentally, and sexually exploited by the Japanese Empire during WWII. As a backlash against the 2015 ″comfort women” agreement between the South Korean and Japanese governments, Koreans have installed 384 girl statues across South Korea. Based on ethnographic research that I conducted in South Korea between 2019 and 2021, including in-depth interviews with Korean activists who raised funds for or participated in creating, installing, and managing girl statues in South Korea, this research examines how the girl statue movement in South Korea has developed into a left-wing nationalist-populist movement and how affective identification with the statue generates a populist identity. To this end, this research firstly discusses how former President Park Geun-hye's undemocratic political measures recall the memory of minjungism (Korean populism) that led the pro-democracy movement in the 1980s, enabling Korean nationalist leftists' demands to form a chain of equivalence in the girl statue movement. Secondly, relying on Melanie Klein's theory of identification, this article examines how the ‘people’ is constituted through affective forms of identification with the girl statue. By doing so, this article demonstrates that the growth of the girl statue movement into a left-wing nationalist-populist movement blurs boundaries between the psychological, the personal, the national, and the (geo)political.

Dyonic Black Holes in Kaluza–Klein Theory with a Gauss–Bonnet Action

Kaluza–Klein theory attempts a unification of gravity and electromagnetism through the hypothesis that spacetime has five dimensions, of which only four are observed. The original model gives rise to the standard Einstein–Maxwell theory after dimensional reduction. However, in five dimensions, the Einstein–Hilbert action is not unique, and one can add to it a Gauss–Bonnet term, giving rise to nonlinear corrections in the dimensionally reduced action. We consider such a model, which reduces to Einstein gravity nonminimally coupled to nonlinear electrodynamics. The black hole solutions of the four-dimensional model modify the Reissner–Nordström solutions of general relativity. We show that in the modified solutions, the gravitational field presents the standard singularity at r=0, while the electric field can be regular everywhere if the magnetic charge vanishes.

Observational appearance of Kaluza–Klein black holes

The optical properties of rotating black holes in Kaluza–Klein theory described by the total mass, spin, and electric and magnetic charges are investigated in detail. Using a developed general relativistic ray-tracing code to calculate the motion of photons, shadows of Kaluza–Klein black holes are generated. The properties of the shadow and the light deflection angle around these black holes are also studied in order to put constraints on the parameters of Kaluza–Klein black holes using M87* shadow observations. The possibility of imposing constraints on Kaluza–Klein black holes using shadow observations is investigated. Moreover, we find that small charges (electric and magnetic) of the black hole can meet these constraints. We conclude that with the current precision of the M87* black hole shadow image observation by the EHT collaboration, the shadow observations of Kaluza–Klein black holes are indistinguishable from that of the Kerr black hole. Much better observational accuracy than the current capabilities of the EHT collaboration are required in order to place verified constraints on the parameters of modified theories of gravity in the strong field regime.

A note on the Kaluza–Klein theory

We show that the Kaluza–Klein (KK) theory contains a fundamental problem: The four-dimensional metric tensor and the electromagnetic potential vector assumed in the KK theory belong to four-dimensional vector spaces that are not integrable in general, resulting that the four-dimensional physical variables and the corresponding field equations derived from the five-dimensional Einstein field equation (i.e. the four-dimensional Einstein field equation and the Maxwell equations) are not defined on a four-dimensional submanifold. That is, the four-dimensional spacetime assumed in the KK theory does not exist. No satisfactory solutions are found within the KK formalism. Perhaps the best approach to fix the problem is giving up the KK theory and looking for a new unified scheme for gravitational and electromagnetic interactions in the framework of a spacetime with extra dimensions, as having already been explored in some literature.

Without memory, desire, or sex: contemplating the incel identity

This article proposes a psychoanalytic exploration and interpretation of the incel identity. Through a reading of Melanie Klein's object relations theory and with a particular focus on the theories of Wilfred Bion, the evolution of the incel identity is conceptualised as a product of failed containment and delayed development of a mature psychic mechanism for thinking, firmly rooted in the paranoid–schizoid position. The incel's relationship with women is shown to be characterised by a dependence on psychotic processes and defence mechanisms, and the article concludes with a discussion on the individual's relationship to the incel internet subculture as a basic assumption group. These interpretations are made with reference to examples taken from the transcript of a final video manifesto recorded by a notorious incel prior to his infamous act of fatal misogynistic violence.

Comment on: “Effects of the Kaluza–Klein theory on a Klein–Gordon particle with position-dependent mass”

In this paper, we argue that the results shown in [Mod. Phys. Lett. A 34, 1950319 (2019)] are not correct. The truncation of the Frobenius method only yields some particular bound states from which one cannot derive any sound physical conclusion. The existence of allowed model parameters is an artifact of such procedure. Besides, the authors failed to obtain most of the solutions given by the truncation of the Frobenius series as well as their connection with the actual eigenvalues of the problem.

Comparison of basic equations of the Kaluza–Klein theory with the nonholonomic model of space–time of the sub-Lorentzian geometry

The field equations of gravity coupled to electromagnetism and equations of motion of a charged particle are part of the Kaluza–Klein theory where general relativity is extended to five dimensions. These equations can also be obtained if nonholonomic constrains are imposed on the 5-vector of particle’s velocity. Hence, further development of the general relativity theory can be sub-Riemannian (or sub-Lorentzian) geometry. Gauge transformations become a special case of coordinate transformations in both the Kaluza–Klein theory and the nonholonomic model. Sub-Riemannian geodesics are proved to be equations of motion of a charged particle. The Dirac operator can be extended for a 5-dimensional manifold as a first-order differential operator. Since the base manifold in physics contains the electromagnetic gauge group [Formula: see text], the eigenvalues of the charge operator are always an integer multiplied by the fundamental electric charge.

Kaluza–Klein dimensional reduction from elasticity theory of crumpled paper

During the last century, two theories using the concept of dimensional reduction have been developed independently. The first, known as Föppl–von Kármán theory, uses Riemannian geometry and continuum mechanics to study the shaping of thin elastic structures which could become as complex as crumpled paper. The second one, known as Kaluza–Klein theory, uses Minkowskian geometry and general relativity to unify fundamental interactions and gravity under the same formalism. Here we draw a parallel between these two theories in an attempt to use concepts from elasticity theory of plates to recover the Einstein–Maxwell equations. We argue that Kaluza–Klein theory belongs to the same conceptual group of theories as three-dimensional elasticity, which upon dimensional reduction leads to the Föppl–von Kármán theory of two-dimensional elastic plates. We exploit this analogy to develop an alternative Kaluza–Klein formalism in the framework of elasticity theory in which the gravitational and electromagnetic fields are, respectively, associated with stretching-like and bending-like deformations. We show that our approach of dimensional reduction allows us to retrieve the Lagrangian densities of both gravitational, electromagnetic and Dirac spinors fields as well as the Lagrangian densities of mass and charge sources.

Meeting the Sphinx

ABSTRACT Here I present a close re-reading and creative expansion of Richard Rusbridger's (2004) clinical work with a patient who reported a dream of a hybrid woman. Building on W. R. Bion's reading of the Oedipus myth and Melanie Klein's theory of the combined parent figure, and drawing on imagery ancient and modern, I re-interpret the patient's dream as an encounter with the Sphinx. Why does this enigmatic figure, threatening annihilation, emerge at this particular threshold in the patient's analysis? To explore this question, I return to Sophocles' Oedipus the King and offer a new translation of the exchange between Tiresias and Oedipus as they debate the king's famous victory over the monster. Where (and when) do we meet the Sphinx today? What form does the ancient monster take in modern life? In this paper, I ask us to consider what it means to meet the Sphinx—and how we might respond.

Comment on “PDM Klein–Gordon oscillators in cosmic string spacetime in magnetic and Aharonov–Bohm flux fields within the Kaluza–Klein theory”

We show that the spectra of some models with supposed physical utility derived recently are not correct. The eigenvalues to the radial differential equations do not satisfy well-known theorems. The origin of the problem is that those equations are not exactly solvable but conditionally solvable. Present analysis shows that the author overlooked a second condition that provides a relationship between the model parameters. Consequently, all the conclusions derived from those supposedly exact eigenvalues cannot be correct.

Dynamical mechanisms for Kaluza–Klein theories

We present variational formulations of gauge theories and Einstein–Yang–Mills equations in the spirit of Kaluza–Klein theories. For gauge theories, only a topological fibration is assumed. For gravitation coupled with gauge fields, no fibration is assumed: Fields are defined on a ‘space-time’ \({\mathcal {Y}}\) of dimension \(4 + r\) without any structure a priori, where r is the dimension of the structure group. If the latter is compact and simply connected, classical solutions allow to construct a manifold \({\mathcal {X}}\) of dimension 4 to be the physical space-time, in such a way that \({\mathcal {Y}}\) acquires the structure of a principal bundle over \({\mathcal {X}}\) and leads to solutions of the Einstein–Yang–Mills systems. The special case of the Einstein–Maxwell system is also discussed: It suffices that at least one fiber closes in on a circle to deduce that the five-dimensional space-time has a fiber bundle structure.