Kirchoff's Law Research Articles

Simulation of Kirchoff's Law In Ni-Multisim Application to Determining the Current on a Circuit

The increasingly rapid development of technology has given rise to simulation methods used in circuit specifically in dynamic electricity. One of them is the NI-Multisim application which is useful for determining current and voltage values efficiently and effectively with a circuit design that is built first in the application. Research activities were carried out by simulating Khirchoff's law on NI Multisim by building a circuit scheme based on the circuit composition, namely resistance, voltage source and using voltage measuring instruments and current measuring instruments which are all arranged in such a way by referring to electrical circuit theory. The results of this research are that there is a difference in the total resistance value between the values in the circuit kit module practice and the use of Multisim. However, the difference is very small with an error of around 7.83% for the series-parallel circuit. The current value for each resistance which is connected in a mixed manner can be seen that the practical and theoretical values have an error value of 0% to 24.24% respectively located at R3 at the 6V voltage source and R2 at 12V. The current in I3 is equal to the sum of the current in I2 and the current in I1 for each specified voltage variation. The measurement values with the Khirchoff kit module are different from the NI Multisim simulation, but the differences are still relatively small, ranging from 6% to 28%.

Controlling Thermal Radiation in Photonic Quasicrystals Containing Epsilon-Negative Metamaterials

The transfer matrix approach is used to study the optical characteristics of thermal radiation in a one-dimensional photonic crystal (1DPC) with metamaterial. In this method, every layer within the multilayer structure is associated with its specific transfer matrix. Subsequently, it links the incident beam to the next layer from the previous layer. The proposed structure is composed of three types of materials, namely InSb, ZrO2, and Teflon, and one type of epsilon-negative (ENG) metamaterial and is organized in accordance with the laws of sequencing. The semiconductor InSb has the capability to adjust bandgaps by utilizing its thermally responsive permittivity, allowing for tunability with temperature changes, while the metamaterial modifies the bandgaps according to its negative permittivity. Using quasi-periodic shows that, in contrast to employing absolute periodic arrangements, it produces more diverse results in modifying the structure’s band-gaps. Using a new sequence arrangement mixed-quasi-periodic (MQP) structure, which is a combination of two quasi periodic structures, provides more freedom of action for modifying the properties of the medium than periodic arrangements do. The ability to control thermal radiation is crucial in a range of optical applications since it is frequently unpolarized and incoherent in both space and time. These configurations allow for the suppression and emission of thermal radiation in a certain frequency range due to their fundamental nature as photonic band-gaps (PBGs). So, we are able to control the thermal radiation by changing the structure arrangement. Here, the We use an indirect method based on the second Kirchoff law for thermal radiation to investigate the emittance of black bodies based on a well-known transfer matrix technique. We can measure the transmission and reflection coefficients with associated transmittance and reflectance, T and R, respectively. Here, the effects of several parameters, including the input beam’s angle, polarization, and period on tailoring the thermal radiation spectrum of the proposed structure, are studied. The results show that in some frequency bands, thermal radiation exceeded the black body limit. There were also good results in terms of complete stop bands for both TE and TM polarization at different incident angles and frequencies. This study produces encouraging results for the creation of Terahertz (THz) filters and selective thermal emitters. The tunability of our media is a crucial factor that influences the efficiency and function of our desired photonic outcome. Therefore, exploiting MQP sequences or arrangements is a promising strategy, as it allows us to rearrange our media more flexibly than quasi-periodic sequences and thus achieve our optimal result.

Development of Kirchoff’s Law Drawing Tools to Improve Student’s Science Skills in Learning Process of Direct Flow Circuits

This research develops a teaching tool for Kirchoff's law on the concept of direct current circuits, which is motivated by the minimal number of tools and the lack of tools available in schools as learning media and to improve science process skills. The development of the tool lies in replacing the input source with an adapter because the energy does not run out quickly, resulting in a more stable value. The research method used is development research from Akker with the type of development research model, which consists of introduction, prototype, summative evaluation, systematic reflection, and documentation. The purpose of this research is to test the feasibility, effectiveness and practicality of the developed teaching aids. The research subjects were 100 students from two classes. The instruments used were non-tests (guidelines for interviews, observations, and questionnaires) and multiple-choice tests. The results of the assessment of Kirchoff's legal aids were declared feasible, effective, and practical.

Efektivitas Virtual Laboratory dalam Pembelajaran Praktikum Elektronika Terintegrasi Profetik

The purpose of this research is to develop a digital information media product about the Virtual Laboratory practicum in learning electronics for physics students. The research was conducted using the Research and Development (R&D) method with the ADDIE model, the product developed was in the form of online practicum/virtual electronics laboratory. The data source is physics education students at FKIP UHAMKA. Data sources were obtained from informants, documents, activity processes and validators. Data collection techniques using questionnaires and documentation, while the data analysis techniques used the gain score test, quantitative and qualitative descriptive analysis. Model validation was carried out using expert judgment using the Delphi technique. The results of this study are (1) online/virtual laboratory practicum models; (2) development of online practicum / virtual laboratory electronics; (3) The web-based student practicum model is feasible to apply. Validation from experts/experts in material academics, media and practitioners related to models and modules is 79.2 and 88.4 in the very good category. In this study, it can be seen that the character / prophetic values ​​of virtual laboratory users have 4 categories of values, namely shidiq which means honest with an average of 8.80, amanah which means responsibility with an average of 9.08 and tabliq / truth / communicative with an average of 9 .33, fathonah which means intelligent/curiosity, with an average of 9.00. The conclusion is that this electronics practicum is effective through a virtual laboratory and is feasible for prophetic training in student practicum on ohm's law and Kirchoff's law.

Virtual Laboratory and Its Effect on Student Learning Outcomes in Physics Education

This study aims to determine the effect of using a virtual laboratory on student learning outcomes in Kirchhoff's law material at the physics education study program at HKBP Nommensen Pematangsiantar T.A. 2020/2021 by utilizing a virtual laboratory. This type of research is a true experiment with the research sample, namely the physics education study program group A as the experimental class and group B as the control class. The research instrument test was composed of 20 multiple-choice questions, the content validity was tested by a team of experts as validators as many as 2 people and student activity observation sheets. From the data analysis, the average post-test value for the experimental class was 78.46 with a standard deviation of 11.25 and the average post-test value for the control class was 66.50 with a standard deviation of 13.78. Normality and homogeneity tests at the level of =0.05 stated normal and homogeneous and one-party hypothesis testing t-stat > t-table (2.99> 1.67). Thus, it can be concluded that the use of a virtual laboratory can improve student learning outcomes in the basic physics practical subject of Kirchoff law

Simulasi Pengaman Pada Saluran Kabel Tegangan Tinggi Berupa Line Current Differential (LCD) Berbasis Arduino Mega 2560 Dengan Tampilan Human Machine Interface dan Notifikasi Blynk

Power transmission protection is a system that serves as a safety in the electrical equipment of a transmission network so that the process of channeling electrical energy to the consumer can run well. The power transmission system of the generating system can be through Extra High Voltage Overhead Line, High Voltage Overhead Line, and High Voltage Underground Cable. In each transmission line is required protection system that can protect the electricity distribution process to the consumer. High voltage underground cable is a transmission system that delivers electrical energy through a cable that is buried in the ground. Although it is in the ground and protected by an excellent insulation system, but does not escape also from the occurrence of interference. In the land cable channel protection system is known as the Line Current Differential (LCD) which is a protection system that works under Kirchoff Law 1 by comparing incoming flows and exiting flows, with uptime instantaneously. This research made a simulation of such system, using Arduino Mega 2560 and be equipped with Internet of Things (IoT) monitoring using Blynk. The test result indicated that the system can work properly

Misconception Profile of Prospective Physics Teachers Assessed from Various Representations of Electricity Subjects

Misconception is one of the important problems that often arise in education. The objective of this study is identify misconceptions in the subject of Electricty that occur in prospective teachers. The method used in this research is descriptive method. A total of 25 pre-service physics teacher candidates at a university in the Mataram City were involved in this study. The instrument used in this study was a three-tier test. This study use a total of 40 test items. These questions are classified into two types of representation, namely; verbal and figural. The results showed that 88.1% of prospective physics teachers had misconceptions on Kirchoff's first law, 94.8% misconceptions on Kichoff's second law concept, 91.7% misconceptions on Ohm's Law concept and 85.9% on electrical sources concepts. The results of the study show that 72.3% of prospective physics teachers had misconceptions on verbal type questions and 84.2% misconceptions on figural types

PENERAPAN HUKUM KIRCHOFF PADA RANGKAIAN EKUIVALEN UNTUK MEMPEROLEH PERSAMAAN TELEGRAF

Telegraph is a machine for sending and receiving messages remotely. Telegraph according to Zauderer can be modeled or expressed in mathematical language, namely the telegraph equation. Kirchoff I's Law deals with currents and Kirchoff II's Law is the basis for analyzing all electrical circuits. The purpose of this research is to apply Kirchoff's Law to obtain the telegraphic equation. The stages in research include: determining the equivalent circuits, making assumptions, applying Kirchoff's Laws I and II to the equivalent circuits, and forming telegraphic equations. The results of this study are to obtain a telegraphic equation which is a partial differential equation with general forms

Mathematical Modeling in Combining Photovoltaic and Thermoelectric Generator using a Spectrum Splitter

The experimental stages of converting solar energy into electrical energy in Photovoltaic and Thermoelectric Generator (PV-TEG) hybird ​​takes a long time. Modeling is one approach to find out the initial data before conducting experiments leading to minimize design errors, time and budget. A mathematical model is created to analyze the performance of a PV-TEG hybrid module. Modeling is performed as an electrical circuit equivalent to Kirchoff's Curent Law (KCL) by deriving several equations corresponding to the characteristics of each module. Type of PV is amorphous Silicon (a-Si), while TEG is Bismuth Telluride (Bi2Te3). The AM1.5D standard solar spectrum is splitted its wavelength spectrum using hot mirror, where the wavelengths of 400-690 nm are transmitted to PV and 690-1150 nm are reflected to TEG. All of PV-TEG hybrid parameters, for example intensity, temperature, and material property are obtained from the specification data of each module. As a results, the maximum total power is 0.0437 W with 5.1% its efficiency.

Investigation of cogging forces using reluctance circuits equivalent approximation in a ladder secondary single­sided linear induction motor

Linear induction motors have recently played an important role in positioning linear motion. However, they suffer a low level of precision for very low speed application. For improving the precision of LIM, especially in very low speed application – high-performance motor – the existence of cogging forces due to the magnetic conductance of air gap variation or interactive magnetic edge and end effect variation in the ladder-secondary single-sided linear induction motor (LSLIM) should be reduced as small as possible. This paper developed two simple magnetic circuits: one-slot and multi-slot model. The cogging forces analysis will be concerned with magnetic energy variation in the air gap. Based on magnetic conductance inparalleland series structures, analysis of RCE will be done by implementation of Kirchoff law number one and number two. It shows that analytical result trends are close to the experimental results and finite element method software. This paper provides the prediction of a close form of the mathematical model of maximum cogging forces for single-side linear induction motors. So, those results can contribute one aspect in related designing a physical single or double-sided linear induction motor. The variation of flux densities in the air gap in the middle region of LSLIM can give some contribution for calculating cogging forces, and different variation of leakage magnetic path fields in the end region can reduce the magnitude of flux densities in the air gap, but cogging forces in the end region can cancel each other

Reliability Analysis of Differential Relay as Main Protection Transformer Using Fuzzy Logic Algorithm

Electricity supply demand is increasing every year. It makes PT. PLN (Persero) is required to provide optimal customer service and satisfaction. Optimal service depends on the performance of the equipment of the power system owned, especially the transformer. Power transformer is an electrical equipment that transforms electricity from high voltage to low voltage or vice versa. However, in the electrical power system, is inseparable from interference included in the transformer. But, the disturbance can be minimized by the protection system. The main protection transformer is differential relays. Differential relays working system using Kirchoff law where inflows equal outflows. If there are excessive currents that interfere then the relays will work. But, the relay can also experience decreased performance. Therefore, this final project aims to analyze the reliability of the differential relay on the transformer in three different substations. Referring to the standard applied by the transmission line protection officer, the differential relay shall have slope characteristics of 30% in the first slope and 80% in the second slope when using two slopes and 80% when using one slope with an instant time and the corresponding ratio. So, the results obtained on the Siemens differential release have a reliable slope characteristic with a value of 30 on the fuzzy logic system. In a while, ABB a differential relay is only 80% reliable because two experiments are not reliable. For the time, all the differential relays are instant with a value of 0.06 on the fuzzy logic system. For ratios, the differential relays ABB have a better value than others brand with a value of 151 on the fuzzy logic system.

A second-order Cartesian method for the simulation of electropermeabilization cell models

In this paper, we present a new finite differences method to simulate electropermeabilization models, like the model of Neu and Krassowska or the recent model of Kavian et al. These models are based on the evolution of the electric potential in a cell embedded in a conducting medium. The main feature lies in the transmission of the voltage potential across the cell membrane: the jump of the potential is proportional to the normal flux thanks to the well-known Kirchoff law. An adapted scheme is thus necessary to accurately simulate the voltage potential in the whole cell, notably at the membrane separating the cell from the outer medium. We present a second-order finite differences scheme in the spirit of the method introduced by Cisternino and Weynans for elliptic problems with immersed interfaces. This is a Cartesian grid method based on the accurate discretization of the fluxes at the interface, through the use of additional interface unknowns. The main novelty of our present work lies in the fact that the jump of the potential is proportional to the flux, and therefore is not explicitly known. The original use of interface unknowns makes it possible to discretize the transmission conditions with enough accuracy to obtain a second-order spatial convergence. We prove the second-order spatial convergence in the stationary linear one-dimensional case, and the first-order temporal convergence for the dynamical non-linear model in one dimension. We then perform numerical experiments in two dimensions that corroborate these results.

Rate Constant Models cannot Describe Movement of Charged Atoms or Molecules

Rate constant models built on laws of mass action are used widely to describe movement of ions and electric current through channels, and chemical reactions of charged substrates. But mass action laws are derived from conservation of mass and say nothing about electric charge. Laws of electricity (Maxwell's equations: a generalization of Kirchoff's current law) are about conservation of charge, not mass. In classical rate models, flows of ions are not correlated by laws of electricity. But Maxwell's equations strongly correlate flows of charge (including displacement current), without known exception, within one part in 1018 or so. Correlation coefficients (describing correlated flows of charges in rate models) should then be nearly one, something like 0.999 999 999 999 999 999. Correlations of charge movement are ignored in classical rate models, so classical rate models cannot describe movements of charged atoms or molecules with one set of rate constants over a range of conditions.A proof goes like this:Consider the spatial series of reactionsX Y ZCurrents in a series of reactions analyzed by mass action are not (in general) equal:IXY/F = zX kXY [X]-zYkYX [Y]; IYZ/F = zYkYZ[Y]-zZkZY[Z]Kirchoff's current law requires IXY = IYZ under all circumstances and conditions.Details can be found at http://arxiv.org/abs/1409.0243 on the physics archive.The artifactual difference IXY - IYZ can have large effects. It can produce net charge and electric fields strong enough to break down membranes, proteins, chemical bonds, and even ionize atoms, because of the enormous strength of the electric field, as described unforgettably in p.1-1, of “Feynman's Lectures on Physics, Vol. 2, Mainly Electromagnetism…” http://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/II_toc.html.

Nanosecond high-power dense microplasma switch for visible light

Spark discharges in high-pressure gas are known to emit a broadband spectrum during the first 10 s of nanoseconds. We present calibrated spectra of high-pressure discharges in xenon and show that the resulting plasma is optically thick. Laser transmission data show that such a body is opaque to visible light, as expected from Kirchoff's law of thermal radiation. Nanosecond framing images of the spark absorbing high-power laser light are presented. The sparks are ideal candidates for nanosecond, high-power laser switches.

Simulation of IR Heating for Composite Stamping

Composite stamping is a two steps process that includes an infrared heating oven in order to melt the composite sheets before forming. This study deals with the numerical simulation of the heating step of the process. The numerical model has been validated using three woven glass and carbon / PA6.6 composites provided by Solvay Rhodia. This type of simulation consists in solving the heat equation with a radiative flux that characterizes the interaction of the material with the IR heating. The model thus considers the IR properties of the material (emission and reflexion). Considering a homogeneous composite, the optical and thermal properties of sheets have been first measured. The material’s emissivity has been measured using a FTIR spectrometer from the reflective and transmitive spectra, by using the Kirchoff law and considering a Lambertian material. Three complementary measurement techniques were used to determine the thermal properties of the composites. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) measurements have been performed to identify the heat capacity of the composites. On another hand, a hot disc system (measurements performed at the LTN, France) has been used in transient conditions to determine the heat capacity and the thermal conductivity of the composites is all three directions. Finally, the in-plane thermal matrix of conductivity has also been measured by thermography by using an inverse method. The simulation of composites heating has been performed with Comsol MultiphysicsTM and the simulation procedure was validated by comparison with experimental results. The simulated IR oven is composed of 9 IR emittors provided by Toshiba Lighting Company that emit mainly in short IR wavelength (0.75-2µm). The emission properties of the tungsten filament were implemented in order to simulate the IR heating. Free convective heat transfer was also taken into account in the oven. In order to validate the model, an experimental set-up was instrumented with a calibrated IR pyrometer that measured the back side of the heated composite sheets. The experimental results confirm a low thermal gradient through composite thickness, in particular for carbon-reinforced composite. This result is consistent with the low Biot number of the composites. Moreover, experimental and simulated temperatures are in good agreement with an error lower than 15% in the entire heating stage from room to melt temperature.

Synthesis of Bias-Scalable CMOS Analog Computational Circuits Using Margin Propagation

Approximation techniques are useful for implementing pattern recognizers, communication decoders and sensory processing algorithms where computational precision is not critical to achieve the desired system level performance. In our previous work, we had proposed margin propagation (MP) as an efficient piecewise linear (PWL) approximation technique to a log-sum-exp function and had demonstrated its advantages for implementing probabilistic decoders. In this paper, we present a systematic and a generalized approach for synthesizing analog piecewise-linear (PWL) computing circuits using the MP principle. MP circuits use only addition, subtraction and threshold operations and hence can be implemented using universal conservation principles like the Kirchoff's current law. Thus, unlike the conventional translinear CMOS current-mode circuits, the operation of the MP circuits are functionally similar in weak, moderate, and strong inversion regimes of the MOS transistor making the design approach bias-scalable. This paper presents measured results from MP circuits prototyped in a 0.5 μm standard CMOS process verifying the bias-scalable property. As an example, we apply the synthesis approach towards designing linear classifiers and we verify its performance using measured results.

Thermal radiation in quasiperiodic photonic crystals

In this work we investigated the thermal power spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation through one-dimensional stacks of alternating negative and positive refractive index layers, arranged as truncated quasiperiodic photonic structures obeying the Fibonacci (FB), Thue–Morse (TM), and double-period (DP) sequences. The thermal radiation power spectra are determined by means of a theoretical model based on a transfer matrix formalism for both normal and oblique incidence geometries, together with Kirchoff's second law. We studied the radiation spectra by considering the case where both refractive indices of layers A and B are assumed to be a constant, as well as a more realistic case which takes into account the frequency-dependent electric permittivity ε and magnetic permeability μ to characterize the negative refractive index n in layer B.

Synchrotron infrared reflectivity measurements of iron at high pressures

The infrared reflectance of iron was studied using high-pressure synchrotron radiation methods up to 50 GPa at room temperature in a diamond anvil cell of 1000-8000 cm(-1) (1.25-10 microm). The magnitude of the reflectivity shows a weak pressure dependence up to the transition from the body centered cubic (alpha) to hexagonal close packed (epsilon) phase transition, where a discontinuous change in both the slope and magnitude of the reflectivity was observed. Reflectance spectra were corrected for diamond absorption and treated with a Kramers-Kronig analysis to extract the optical constants; the emissivity of iron was derived from Kirchoff's law. The pressure and wavelength dependence of the emissivity is characterized by an empirical function for 1.5-1.9 microm; this wavelength range is useful for spectroradiometric temperature measurements from 1000 K up to approximately 2500 K. Alpha-Fe is a nonideal emitter; however, epsilon-Fe behaves as an almost perfect greybody in the infrared up to the highest pressures of the measurements. Temperature measurements based on the spectroradiometry of iron samples should take into account the wavelength dependent emissivity below the alpha-epsilon phase transition at approximately 13 GPa.

Controlling thermal radiation by photonic quantum well structure with zero-averaged-refractive-index gap

Based on Kirchoff's second law, we investigate the spectral-directional thermal emissivity of a photonic quantum well (PQW) structure with a zero-averaged-refractive-index (zero-n¯) gap coating on an absorbing substrate. It is shown that the thermal emission through tunneling modes having frequencies in the zero-n¯ gap is not only weakly dependent on the emission angle and polarization state but also insensitive to the unit-cell size scaling of the barrier photonic crystal. More importantly, the PQW structure promises the frequency-selective thermal emission for both TE and TM polarization states along a well-defined direction. This may result in designing thermal antennas.

Analysis of S-SEED's characteristics in optical switch

This article introduces the basic structure of a symmetric self-electrooptic effect device (S-SEED), and applies the Kirchoff's current law and a purely equivalent capacitive model, to analyze S-SEED's switch characteristics. Linear approximation and N-segment approximation are utilized to obtain S-SEED's voltage-time (V-T) and characteristics. Theoretical analysis is verified by simulations, and the results demonstrate that the precision of S-SEED's switch time can satisfy the requirement in applications with linear approximation. Moreover, the simulations compare S-SEED's switch characteristics with different input powers and input contrast ratios, which reveal that increasing input contrast ratio is an effective way to improve S-SEED's switch characteristics.