King's Enemies Research Articles

Henry V and the administration of justice: the surrender of Meaux (May 1422)

ABSTRACTWhere did Henry V get his reputation as a ‘paragon of justice’? It is mainly conveyed to us by French chroniclers, and it is therefore necessary to investigate its origins in the French kingdom. This study focuses on Henry’s administration of justice at the surrender of the town and the Market of Meaux. The stout resistance of the besieged was punished harshly. It was a robust response to an obvious breach of the tacit code of honour. The heroic conduct of the defenders, especially the Bâtard de Vaurus, is a later historiographical construction. Uniquely, Henry V ordered the trial and execution of four ‘hardened criminals’. This sent a strong signal to the king's enemies that was meant to leave a lasting impression. No one should defy his authority as heir to the throne of France. And no one, not even a nobleman, could terrorise the population with impunity.

Dealing with the King's Enemies: The Drafting of the Communist Party Dissolution Bill 1950

The lawyers called upon to draft a Bill which, if enacted, could validly give effect to the promise of the successful Liberal–Country Party coalition in the 1949 federal election to outlaw the Communist Party of Australia, faced a difficult assignment. Their political instructors faced a dilemma: should the new government take a less confrontational approach to communist disruption of the economy and risk undermining the government's popular support, or should it press ahead with the promised ban and risk having the High Court of Australia invalidate it? In a process in which the politics of pragmatism gave way to Cold War ideology, the choice of the latter path led to failure.

The Development of Awareness of Iron-Withholding Defense

In William Shakespeare's tragedy King Lear, the Earl of Gloucester is attacked by the king's enemies who, in Act III, Scene 7, proceed to gouge out Gloucester's eyes. Gloucester's servant exclaims: I'll fetch some flax, and whites of eggs,/To apply to his bleeding face. That raw egg white contains an anti-infective principle presumably was known to many persons of Shakespeare's day. Indeed, egg-laying creatures have been employing the principle for countless millenia. In 1944, microbiologists Arthur Schade and Leona Caroline observed that the antimicrobial action of the principle could be neutralized by iron [I]. The anti-infective factor subsequently was determined to be an 80 kDa ironbinding protein that is now termed ovotransferrin (OTf). The hen's egg, a perishable commodity in a semipermeable membrane within a fragile porous shell, is deposited in an environment heavily contaminated with bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. For thousands of years, hens successfully have employed the concept of ironwithholding defense to protect their precious legacy from infectious rot. The birds place a generous quantity of iron in the yolk for the developing embryo to use as a catalyst for DNA synthesis and for a variety of energy-yielding enzymatic systems. To prevent potential microbial invaders that migrate through the porous shell from obtaining lifeessential iron, the hens place none of the metal in the white, while including OTf as 12 percent of the solids. Moreover, OTffunctions best in an alkaline milieu, thus our biochemically erudite birds adjust the pH of the white to 9.5. When Schade and Caroline observed the great potency and very broad spectrum of the antimicrobial activity of OTf, they predicted that additional examples of host iron-withholding defense would be found.

:The Fear of Hell: Images of Damnation and Salvation in Early Modern Europe

Ian Atherton and Julie Sanders (eds), The 1630s: Interdisciplinary Essays on Culture and Politics in the Caroline Era, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2006, pp. 218, hb. £55, ISBN: 07190-71585Atherton and Sanders have brought together ten essays (including their introduction), on a broad perspective of the 1630s. They suggest that the decade is worthy of singular study by proposing that many of our images of the decade are airy chimera blown away by a breath of investigative wind. The decade of peace: shattered by the contentious government, or by the clatter of arms in the hands of drilling militia; the period of extra-parliamentary rule: meaningless in Ireland or Scotland where parliaments met in the decade. And they are right to do so. This is a battleground not only for the embattled puritans or the bastions of social peace and order, but for historians and other scholars drawn to the last years of pre-revolutionary England.Malcolm Smuts looks at the challenges facing Charles I's government and how it was perceived and sees much to connect the aims of the soon-to-be royalists and parliamentarians: differences centred on approach not aims. John Peacock looks at Charles I's image: how he was portrayed in art, drama and against the backdrop of architecture as a roman emperor. Specific emperors were being regarded as being archetypal good monarchs and Charles during the 30s was being compared to them in masques as well as in the art of Van Dyke. Sarah Poynting is more personal in her approach, looking at the king's correspondence with a close coterie. It was to prove a dangerous liaison: of all his close correspondents only one survived into the 1660s, the rest were dead, some having been executed from 1641 onwards by the king's enemies. Perhaps this is not surprising, as Poynting shows this correspondence was central to extra-parliamentary government and shaped policy and practice. The essay thus provides a useful examination of the mechanics of the king's reign in the 30s. Caroline Hibbard looks at the queen and explores her role: something which is subject to extensive reappraisal in other arenas too at present. The essay is broader than the title suggests as the exploration is as much about Henrietta Maria's court in the 30s and the multifaceted relations within the wider court in general. It is, like the foregoing essay, a very useful study of dynamics.James Knowles and Karen Britland look at drama during the period; the former at orientalism in masques and the latter at Thomas May's Antigone. …

Africa, Asia and the Pacific

Development Studies and Colonial Policy. Edited by Barbara Ingham and Colin Simmons African Economic History. By Ralph Austen The Cambridge History of Africa, Vol. 7, From 1905 to 1907. Edited by A.D. Roberts From Poverty to Famine in North Eastern Ethiopia: A Rural History, 1900–1935. By James McCann A History of the African People of South Africa: From the Early Iron Age to the 1970's. By Paul Maylam Life and Work of Dr. H.Th. Van Der Kemp, 1747–1811: Missionary Pioneer and Protagonist of Racial Equality in South Africa. By Ido H. Enklaar Genesis of Apartheid: British African Policy in the Colony of Natal 1845–1893. By Benjamin Kline Hidden Struggles in Rural South Africa: Politics & Popular Movements in the Transkei & Eastern Cape 1890–1930. By William Beinart and Colin Bundy The Politics of the South Africa Run. European Shipping and Pretoria. By G.R. Berridge The Politics of Race, Class and Nationalism in Twentieth Century South Africa. Edited by Shula Marks and Stanley Trapido Egypt after the Pharaohs. By A.K. Bowman Colonising Egypt. By Timothy Mitchell Collusion Across the Jordan. King Abdulah, The Zionist Movement, and the Partition of Palestine. By Avi Shlaim Begin: an Anatomy of Leadership. By Sasson Sofer Arab Voices: The BBC Arabic Service 1938–1988. By Peter Partner Medieval Persia 1040–1797. By David Morgan Musaddiq, Iranian Nationalism, and Oil. Edited by James A. Bill and Wm. Roger Louis Banking and Oil: the history of the British Bank of the Middle East. Vol. II. By Geoffrey Jones The Mongols. By David Morgan Searches for an imaginary kingdom. The legend of the kingdom of Prester John. By L.N. Gumilev, translated by R.E.F. Smith The wonder that was India, II. A survey of the history and culture of the Indian sub‐continent from the coming of the Muslims to the British conquest 1200–1700. By S.A.A. Rizvi The Imperial Monetary System of Mughal India. Edited by John F. Richards The Economy of the Mughal Empire, c. 1595: A Statistical Study. By Shireen Moosvi The Peasant Armed: The Indian Rebellion of 1857. By Eric Stokes. Edited by C.A. Bayly From Sepoy to Subedar. Edited by James Lunt. Illustrated by Frank Wilson The Indian Army and the King's Enemies 1900–47. By Charles Chenevix‐Trench Evolution of the State Rank of India, Volume: The Roots, 1806–1876. By Amiya Kumar Bagchi An Economic History of India. By Dietmar Rothermund The Non‐official British in India to 1920. By Raymond K. Renford Bengal 1928–1934: The Politics of Protest. By Tanika Sarkar Holding India to the Empire: The British Conservative Party and the 1935 Constitution. By Carl Bridge The Origins of the Partition of India 1936–1947. By Anita Inder Singh Struggling and Ruling. The Indian National Congress 1885–1985. Edited by Jim Masselos Gandhi. Against the Tide. By Antony Copley Lions of Punjab: Culture in the Making. By Richard G. Fox Oxford University Papers on India, Volume I, Parts 1 & 2. Edited by N.J. Allen, R.F. Gombrich, T. Raychaudhuri and C. Rizvi British Imperial Policy and Decolonisation 1938–64 Volume 1 1938–51. By A. Porter and A.J. Stockwell Viceroy's Agent. By Charles Chenevix Trench French Catholic Missionaries and the Politics of Imperialism in Vietnam 1857–1914. A Documentary Survey. By Patrick J.N. Tuck China: A Concise Cultural History. By A. Cotterell The Cambridge History of China: Volume I. The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C.‐A.D. 220. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe Chinese Society in the Eighteenth Century. By Susan Naquin and Evelyn S. Rawski An Introduction to the Civil Service of Sung China—with emphasis on its personnel administration. By William W. Lo The Cambridge History of China. Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1. Edited by Frederick W. Mote and Denis Twitchett The Cambridge History of China, Volume 14, Part 1: The Emergence of Revolutionary China. Edited by Roderick MacFarquhar and John K. Fairbank Japan in Transition: From Tokugawa to Meiji. Edited by Marius B. Jansen and Gilbert Rozman Double Eagle and Rising Sun: The Russians and Japanese at Portsmouth in 1905. By Raymond A. Esthus Imperialist Japan: The Yen to Dominate. By Michael Montgomery Arthur Phillip: His Voyaging 1738–1814. By Alan Frost Australia. A Cultural History. By John Rickard Australia, 1788–1988. The Creation of a Nation. By Charles Wilson Long Division: State Schooling in South Australian Society. By Pavla Miller The New Zealand Wars and the Victorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict. By James Belich

Diagnóstico médico de Enrique IV de Castilla

In 1462 Henry IV's wife gave birth to a daughter, Juana. Was Henry IV her father? The king's enemies were subsequently to allege that he was impotent and that Juana was the fruit of an adulterous relationship between the queen and Beltran de la Cueva. Eventually such allegations helped to support the claims of Isabella to the throne of Castile at Henry IV's death in 1474. But although the succession was resolved by force of arms, historians have occasionally been preoccupied with the problem of whether Isabella usurped the throne from Juana. Attempts to resolve this problem inevitably lead back to the enigmatic figure of Henry IV. Was he in fact Juana's father? Was he impotent, as his enemies alleged? Can the evidence which has survived be used to formulate a medical diagnosis whichk might help to resolve the mystehes both with regard to Henry IV himself and the related problem of the 'legality' of the succession?

ANSELM ADORNES OF BRUGES: TRAVELLER IN THE EAST AND FRIEND OF JAMES III

The name of Anselm Adornes appears fleetingly in the pages of Scottish historical writings. It is known that he was first sent to Scotland by the merchants of Bruges during the ascendancy of the Boyds in the 1460s; that he sheltered the banished Boyds at his home in Bruges while himself absent on pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 1470-71; that he returned to Scotland with a descriptive account of his pilgrimage which he presented to James III in 1472; that he later settled in Scotland and was murdered by the king's enemies in 1483. Beyond these bare facts, historians have little to say. The appearance in recent years of a full critical edition of Adornes's account of his journey to the Holy Land, with a dedication to James III, has revived interest in this obscure figure as the five-hundredth anniversary of his death approaches. The objective of the present study will be to present the facts of Adornes's life with particular relevance to Scotland, including some new evidence, and to suggest some differences of emphasis from previous Scottish and continental accounts of his career. It is hoped by so doing to cast new light on the problematic reign of James III.

Ronald Ross, William Gorgas, and Malaria Eradication *

It comes as a surprise to learn that, according to the oracular Oxford Dictionary, the term “eradication” is of a respectable vintage, since it was used in one of the 1533–1534 Acts of the English Parliament, under Henry VIII, when the King repudiated the Papal supremacy and commanded that “the heresy shulde utterly be abhorred, detested and eradicated.” Through the next four centuries the relevant verb or noun or adjective was widely used not only by gardeners and foresters, when writing about plants and trees, but also by physicians when curing carbuncles or ulcers, by mathematicians when taking square or cubic roots, and by historians when describing the fate of King's enemies or plights of nations. Also, by naturalists such as Darwin, when writing in 1871 of the habits of Paraguayan Indians who pluck their eyebrows. The concept of “eradication” of an infectious disease originated and received its practical application in the USA, in May 1884, a decade after Pasteur and Koch's momentous discoveries.

Was Edmund Guilty of Capital Treason?

Engrossed in the action of the play and welcoming the retribution now about to be visited upon these wicked characters, the average reader will trouble himself little with the justness of the charge on which Edmund is now about to undergo trial by combat. If the subject even occurs to him he will probably satisfy himself with the brief reflection that Edmund's guilt, being of so deep and extensive a nature, must have encompassed capital treason along with the multitude of his other crimes. Yet if by some means attention is once diverted from the rapid action of these climactic events and directed to the legal aspects of the charge against Edmund, certain doubts are sure to obtrude themselves, for there is hardly any crime in the English code so severely limited by statute as capital treason, or, as it is more often called, high treason, and none about which the evidence must be of so unequivocal a nature before conviction can be obtained. By Shakespeare's time the meaning of the offense had long been fixed both by common law and statute, the particular statute that governed it still being that of 25 Edw. III, State. 5, C. 2, as enacted by the parliament of I350-I35I. The act has been elucidated with the greatest circumstantiality, clause upon clause, by Sir Edward Coke (1552-i634) in the Third Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England (written during the latter part of his life but not printed until i644) and by Sir William, Blackstone in Vol. IV, Chap. VI, of his Commentaries on the Laws of England (1765); but the digest printed in the New English Dictionary (s. v. Treason) may be sufficiently detailed for our purpose. As delimited in the statute referred to, High Treason or Treason Proper (Norman-French graunt tresoun), as distinguished from petit or petty treason, now usually punished as a felony, was compassing or imagining the king's death, or that of his wife or eldest son, violating the wife of the king or of the heir apparent, or of the king's eldest daughter, being unmarried, levying war in the king's dominions, adhering to the king's enemies, or aiding them in or out of the realm, or killing the chancellor or the judges in the execution of their offices.

Treason Trials under the Law of Arms

On 13 July 1405 Henry de Boynton, knight, was brought before the Court of Chivalry of England, sitting in Berwick at a place called ‘Waleisgreene’, and was there condemned to death for high treason. His crime had been that of levying war against the king in his own realm, in the company of Henry Percy, earl of Northumberland. The evidences of his guilt were a series of warlike acts against the king's lieges, committed ‘si notoirement et si publicement que par nulle tergiversacion nautre excusacion queconque purra estre concele ne denie’. He had ridden in arms, robbed, plundered and taken ransom in the lands of his liege lord, and he had surrendered the keys of Berwick into the hands of the king's enemies, the Scots. He had refused his sovereign entry into the town when the royal host lay before it, so that the king had been forced to fire his cannon at the walls of his own city. These acts amounted to notorious treason, and as such they were judged by John of Bedford, constable of England, presiding in the court, ‘par1 comandement mon tresredoute seigneur et pere le roy avantdit ton liege seigneur’. Boynton was therefore condemned to death, to be hanged, beheaded and quartered, and all his goods and chattels to be forfeit to the king.

Colonial and Revolutionary Origins of the American Law of Treason

T THE constitutional definition of treason against the United States, a substantial example of eighteenth-century liberal statesmanship,1 is cast in the words of a fourteenth-century English statute. By what process did the medieval become modern, the monarchical, republican? The roots of our substantive law are in a statute enacted in the twentyfifth year of the reign of Edward II.2 Of the seven heads of action made treasonable by that ancient law, the more significant were compassing or imagining the death of the king, adhering to the king's enemies, giving them aid and comfort, and levying war against the king. Through two subsequent centuries Parliament protected the sovereign by modifying the statute until the urgent pressures of the Reformation and the later crises of the seventeenth century demanded a more flexible weapon. Then, facile judges construed the acts of speaking or writing words tending to subvert government and of conspiracy to levy war as acts compassing the king's death; further, resistance to the execution of a general law came by construction to be a levying of war.3 The Glorious Revolution, with its constitutional theories of legal resistance, brought no change to this sovereign-protecting law.4 In substance what had been treason to Judge

Criminal law—Treason—Allegiance of alien holding British passport abroad—Adhering to the King's enemies without the realm

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