Kingdon's Multiple Streams Framework Research Articles

평생교육 정책 결정 과정 분석

This study provides an academic analysis of the development of the Lifelong Education Voucher policy, employing Kingdon's Multiple Streams Framework(MSF). Problems include indicators of lifelong learning participation rates and adult competencies, and the limitations of lifelong learning policies to address existing gaps in lifelong learning participation. Additionally, the political stream scrutinized the influence of the social environment, regime transitions, and the initiatives of lifelong learning organizations in revising lifelong learning legislation and enhancing the overall system. Lastly, the policy stream delved into the proposals put forth by the Ministry of Education(MOE) and lifelong learning organizations aimed at bolstering the Lifelong Education Voucher. The analysis underscores that the political stream emerges as the primary driving force for the emergence of the policy window, in conjunction with issue-driven dynamics. Within the policy stream, lifelong learning organizations initially advocate for broader support for marginalized groups, later the MOE suggested alternatives. The finalization of this policy is closely aligned with the budget allocation determined by the National Assembly. The MOE assumes a pivotal role as a policy leader, while lifelong learning organizations also exhibit leadership in policy advocacy. This highlights the incongruities within the policy-making process, as envisioned in the MSF, emphasizing the necessity for collaboration between formal and informal stakeholders in the realm of policy-making.

A review of ambiguity, timing, and the multiple-streams policy analysis framework

An important question that needs to be traced in research in the area of policy processes is why some issues are successfully added to the policy agenda while others may "fail". It is necessary to explore what influences policy makers to focus on certain issues. Kingdon's multiple streams framework of analysis provides valuable insights. Based on an analysis of the context and foundational elements of the multiple streams framework, this paper reviews the framework on the basis of an overview of the relevant theories, and responds to the problems of the theoretical model in terms of the independence of the three streams, the neglect of institutional, economic and cultural factors, and the lack of predictability of reality.

Vitamin D deficiency prevention policies in Iran: a retrospective policy analysis.

Iran has a higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) than the global level. This study aimed to assess VDD prevention policies in Iran through a policy analysis of agenda setting using the multiple streams framework (MSF). Using Kingdon's MSF model, this qualitative analytical study performed a policy analysis on vitamin D-related policies in Iran. The policy documents were reviewed, and in-depth interviews were conducted with stakeholders (n = 27) using the framework analysis method. To categorize data and extract the related themes, MAXQDA version 10 was used. According to Kingdon's MSF theory, the problem stream included the high prevalence of VDD among Iranian infants (23.3%), adolescents (76%), and adults (59.1%). The policy stream was identified to focus on preventing programs for non-communicable diseases in the health sector. The political stream indicated that national and international support could provide a political climate for this issue. According to our results, a window of opportunity for policymaking on VDD prevention has opened. However, there are some challenges related to the implementation of these policies. These include the dominance of a treatment-based view rather than a prevention-based approach in the health sector, economic problems, and restricted access to health services due to the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To strengthen and implement VDD prevention policies, the stakeholders need support from high-level policymakers.

Towards a paradigm shift in social protection in developing countries? Analysing the emergence of the Ghana national unemployment insurance scheme from a multiple streams perspective

The COVID 19 pandemic continues to cause a lot of uncertainty around the world. At the onset of the pandemic, governments responded with policies and programs to curb its devastating effects on citizens, and Ghana was no exception. Although the Ghanaian government introduced various stop-gap measures to mitigate the effects of the pandemic, the inadequacies of the extant social welfare system was badly exposed. Consequently, as the pandemic seethed on, there were calls for reform of the existing social protection system and the introduction of new programs, especially for those in the informal sector. In response, the government introduced a new National Unemployment Insurance Scheme (NUIS). How did this happen? What led the government to accept tentatively the need to reform and transform the social welfare system after years of policy padding and the dragging of feet? Drawing on Kingdon's Multiple Streams Framework, we argue that the pandemic created a policy window, which enabled policy enntrepreneurs to push the unemployment insurance idea to reform the existing social welfare system. The introduction of a NUIS, is seen as a paradigm shift in social protection and more broadly in social policy. The objective of this paper is to examine how the NUIS got on government's agenda, and whether the NUIS is a game changer in social protection in Ghana. We sourced information mainly from secondary sources.

카자흐스탄 의무의료보험제도 도입 과정 연구

In November 2015, Kazakhstan introduced the “Compulsory Social Health Insurance System (the System) in the social insurance format,” first among the Central Asian countries, including Russia. By introducing the system, the country shifted from the previous government-led medical insurance system that had originated from the era of the former Soviet Union to that in the “social insurance format.” Under the new system, every citizen pays health insurance premiums and bears the collective responsibility for public health. The process of introducing the System was quite abrupt, which was possible because Kazakhstan is an authoritative nation where the president of the country exerts enormous power. In this regard, this study alters and modifies Kingdon's multiple streams framework model, which is useful for analyzing such an abrupt process of policy change by period, and applies the revised version as the analysis framework. The analysis period was classified into three periods based on the national mood, the presence and direction of policies, etc. In addition, the intensity of the three streams(problems, politics and policies), and the extent of the policy entrepreneur’s role were set as the specific components of the analytical framework. As a result of the analysis, the policy change succeeds in the third period(Jan. 2014-Jan.2020). The results confirmed that when the aforementioned model is applied, policy entrepreneurs played the most important role in the policy change process in Kazakhstan for the introduction of the compulsory social health insurance system. Nazarbayev, a policy entrepreneur, first recognized the necessity of improving the public health budget indicators, which had been deteriorating since 2010, from the perspective of the flow of policy problems. Based on his realization, Nazarbayev tried to strengthen the country's financial soundness by resolving the identified policy problems and further, he intended to achieve the advancement and modernization of the country. Aggressive and enthusiastic efforts and firm and decisive willingness of the policy entrepreneur finally led to the successful policy change. Consequently, the System was established and implemented nationwide in Kazakhstan from January 2020, starting with partial implementation in July 2017.

Policy Analysis for Implementing Neuroethics in Korea’s Brain Research Promotion Act

In 1998, Korea implemented the Brain Research Promotion Act (BRPA), a law to revamp the field of neuroscience at the national level. However, despite numerous revisions including the definition and classification of neuroscience and the national plans for the training and education systems, the governance for neuroethics has not been integrated into the Act. The ethical issues raised by neuroscience and neurotechnology remain unchallenged, especially given the focus on the industrial purpose of the technology. In the current study, we analyzed the BRPA revision process by using Kingdon's Multiple Streams Framework to determine the problems faced by the process. We propose a new strategy, including neuroethics governance and a national committee, to promote interdisciplinary neuroscience research and strengthen neuroethics in Korea.

Policy Change in ‘Local Lifelong Education Promotion Project’ from the Perspective of the Multiple Streams Framework

As of 2021, 180 metropolitan and basic local governments have been designated as lifelong learning cities through the ‘Local Lifelong Education Promotion Project’, which the Ministry of Education has been promoting for over 20 years, starting with the designation of lifelong learning cities in 2001. In the context of inauguration of government and change of administration and the requirements of international organizations, the need for policy revision and improvement through analysis of the policy change process of the ‘Local Lifelong Education Promotion Project’, which has established lifelong learning cities, is emerging. This study applied Kingdon's(1984) Multiple Streams Framework, which is useful to analyze the policy decision process in an uncertain situation, to analyze the policy change process of the‘Local Lifelong Education Promotion Project', the problem stream, the policy stream, politics stream, policy window, and policy entrepreneurs. As a result of the study, it was found that the upgrading of the lifelong education bureau within the Ministry of Education and the establishment of the 4th lifelong education promotion basic plan policy in conjunction with the government change influenced the agenda decision through the flow of politics. The window of policy was confirmed three times: the UNESCO Lifelong Learning City Policy in the 1970s, the revision of the Lifelong Education Act in 2000, and the entire revision of the Lifelong Education Act in 2007. This study examined the key policies that contribute to the promotion of lifelong education in Korea, and based on the understanding of the policy change and formation process of the project, implications for the sustainable development of lifelong learning cities were suggested.

International donors, domestic politics, and the expansion of social cash transfers in Malawi

SummaryMotivationInternational donors piloted social cash transfers in Africa in the 2000s. Successful pilots need to be expanded, to be nationally owned, and to be funded by regular budgets. How this may be done depends on domestic politics, which vary by country. Donors need to engage with local politics if they wish their pilots to be institutionalized. Malawi is one such case, where a change of president opened a window for policy reforms.PurposeWhy were donors, over six years, unable to persuade Bingu wa Mutharika's government of Malawi to adopt social cash transfers; but succeeded with Joyce Banda's administration within two months of her being in office?Methods and approachI adopt John Kingdon's multiple streams framework, originally developed in 1984 to explain how agenda are set in the USA. He observed separate streams of problems, potential policy responses, and politics which may converge at critical junctures—policy windows—when new policies may be adopted. I interviewed 25 policy‐makers in Malawi, including political leaders, donor staff, government civil servants, and civil society officers to trace policy‐making for social cash transfers.FindingsMalawi can be seen to have a super‐presidential system, in which presidents and their closest allies overwhelmingly set the agenda, aligned to their ideological views and political interests. When presidents change, a policy window opens. Mutharika prioritized increasing the maize harvest and stabilizing the economy. The input subsidies used to achieve the former, he saw as “home‐grown” solutions, were preferred to donor orthodoxies. Social protection was for him another donor orthodoxy. It did not align with his beliefs and conflicted with his interests in food security. When Mutharika died suddenly in 2012, Vice‐President Banda took over. Her experience was different to that of her predecessor: she had worked with civil society, was acutely aware of poverty, and had good relations with external non‐governmental organizations and donors. She saw priorities in rising vulnerability and exclusion, she favoured safety nets, and was anxious to gain support for her administration. Social protection came rapidly into favour, pilots were expanded into a national programme.Policy implicationsPolitical leaders support programmes that benefit both development and political survival. Understanding how a brief policy window opened in 2006 (for a draft social support policy) before a larger window opened in 2012, shows both inflection points happened when donor framing on social protection aligned with the ideas and interests of ruling elites. Three useful lessons emerge for donors promoting social protection. First, alignment of ideas and interests matter more than persuasion. Second, framing of social protection should consider domestic politics—in this case the political utility of cash transfers compared to farm subsidies. Third, the interplay of ideas and interests matters—in this case an incoming president faced by an economic crisis while trying to consolidate power saw social protection as a way to alleviate the crisis and build support. Kingdon's framework serves well to analyse this case, but not entirely. It focuses on the ideas and interests of the elites, and may ignore changing ideas among citizens in which Malawi's elites maintained the farm subsidies while citizens grew increasingly sceptical of their value.

A 20-Year Review of the Ontario Radiation Therapy Access to Care Crisis: Lessons Applied to the COVID-19 Pandemic

Purpose/Objective(s)Cancer systems across Canada are struggling with an acute access to care crisis resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Policies are being considered and applied across the country to address the backlog of patients needing access to cancer services, including radiation therapy (RT). The purpose of this research was to assess the impact of central (provincial health ministry and cancer agency) and regional (cancer center) policies on access to RT in Ontario between 1997 and 2017, and consider their relevance to today's challenges.Materials/MethodsThe research design was a case study with multiple embedded units. The case was Cancer Care Ontario. The embedded units were four diverse regional cancer centers representing the 14 different Ontario cancer centers. Methods included a document review, longitudinal quantitative data collection, and 43 key informant interviews. The theoretical underpinning was an extension of Kingdon's Multiple Streams Framework, to examine the ‘problem’, ‘policy’ solutions and ‘politics’ surrounding the crisis.ResultsThe access to RT problem started as a wait time issue in the 1990s caused by inadequate RT facility capacity and a shortage of RT specialized staff, and evolved into a shortfall in RT utilization. Thirty-seven policies were identified and categorized as: improving existing RT capacity (n=5), system planning (n=7), performance management (n=6), human resources (HR, n=12), and building new RT capacities (n=7). Ten of the HR policies implemented to address recruitment and retention had mixed success because of implementation and political context issues. Many of these same policies are now being applied across Canada to address access to cancer services during the COVID-19 pandemic.ConclusionA 20-year case study of the Ontario RT access crisis in the 1990s, and the post-crisis periods, offer many useful learnings that can be applied to current policy challenges in access to care due to the ongoing pandemic.

The chemical framework: Exploring Europeanisation in French, Austrian, and Irish eHealth policy processes

AbstractThe aim of this article is to present a new “chemical” framework, through which heterogeneous observations on public policy‐making can be systematically interpreted. This chemical framework is based on a combination of policy stages and John W. Kingdon's Multiple Streams Framework. This framework has three points of potential analytical leverage, which are identified in this article: the conceptualisation of temporal triggers that go beyond agenda‐setting, the opportunity to conduct holistic analyses of the policy processes, and a focus on the connections between policy stages and the way these connections affect the three streams. These three dimensions are explored by analysing the process of soft Europeanisation occurring in French, Austrian, and Irish digital health (eHealth) policies. The empirical sections therefore detail how EU‐induced changes may be conceptualised using the chemical framework, highlighting avenues for future research in Europeanisation and policy studies.

The Analysis on the Policy Change of the University Lecturer System: Focused on Kingdon's Multiple Streams Framework

본 연구의 목적은 대학 강사제도 정책변동의 배경과 주요 동인을 규명하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 Kingdon의 정책흐름모형을 활용하여 대학 강사제도를 둘러싼 정책환경과 주요 정책참여자 사이에서 나타나는 정치적 과정이 어떠했는지 분석하였고, 대학 강사제도가 정책변동에 이르는 데 영향을 미친 주요 요인과 그 특징은 무엇인지 밝히고자 하였다. 연구범위는 대학 강사제도에 관한 강사법의 첫 유예가 이루어진 2012년 1월부터 개정법이 공포된 2018년 12월 18일까지로 관련 문헌조사와 심층면담을 통해 분석을 수행하였다. 도출한 결론을 토대로 다양한 이해관계가 얽혀있는 교육 분야에 새로운 정책을 도입하거나 기존 정책을 수정할 때 정책 간 일관성에 유의해야하고, 정책변동과정의 정치적 역동성에 주목하여 적절하면서 수용 가능한 대안을 찾기 위한 충분한 공론화 과정을 거칠 것을 제안하였다.

India’s COVID-19 vaccination policy-an analysis of problem, politics and policy

PurposeThe article aims to critically examine India's COVID-19 vaccination policy by analyzing the problem, politics and policy developed during the pandemic. The article would help the policy-makers and healthcare administrators to understand the situation in a holistic manner.Design/methodology/approachThe article employs Kingdon's multiple streams framework, which separately analyzes the problem at hand, the politics that are at work and the policy which is being developed when the problem and politics streams are activated. Directed approach to content analysis is adopted in this article.FindingsThe article provides a holistic overview of vaccine development and the vaccination policy during the COVID-19 pandemic in India.Practical implicationsThe analysis would help policy-makers and healthcare administrators to have a bird's-eye view of the COVID-19 vaccine development and the vaccination drive.Originality/valueThe article is a macro-level analysis of an extremely important situation of COVID-19 vaccine development and the subsequent vaccination drive for the world's largest democracy, which is also one of the largest drugs and vaccine manufacturing countries. The article captures the bird's-eye-view of the problem of vaccine development, the policy of funding as well as procurement, and the politics of vaccine distribution in the country.

Setting the policy agenda for the treatment of substance use disorders in Iran

BackgroundDrug use is one of the most common public health problems globally. This study was done to analyze the agenda-setting of policies related to substance use disorder treatment in Iran since 1979.MethodsThe current qualitative study was done through document review and interviews with policymakers and executives. Purposive sampling with snowball strategy was considered for sampling. Semi-structured interviews were done. A total of 22 documents were examined, and the data were saturated with 32 interviews. Kingdon's Multiple Streams Framework was used to analyze the data.ResultsThe results indicated the intersection of problem stream, policy stream, political stream, and opening the opportunity window. In the problem stream, the rapid growth of AIDS among people who inject drugs (PWID), the decrease in the average age of first drug use, the increase in the prevalence of substance use disorder in women, the ineffectiveness of compulsive treatment, and criminological perspectives played key roles. The policy stream included criminological perspective and war on drugs, and harm reduction. The political stream included announcing general anti-narcotics policies by the Supreme Leader of Iran and understanding the need for treatment, rehabilitation, harm reduction, and social support for substance use disorder by officials and policymakers.ConclusionsFor a long time in Iran, policies based on the war on drugs were the dominant approach, and then, policies based on harm reduction and patient-centeredness were considered. The ideology and political parties influenced the executive apparatus's policy stream in this area. In countries with an ideological approach, the political stream plays a critical role in setting issues on the agenda. Therefore, policy entrepreneurs can put the points on the agenda by attracting the attention of political forces to the issue.

Analysis of electronic referral system agenda setting based on kingdon multiple streams framework

Analysis of electronic referral system agenda setting based on kingdon multiple streams framework

Agenda‐setting, policy formulation, and the EU institutional context: The case of the Just Transition Fund

AbstractUtilizing Kingdon's Multiple Streams Framework (MSF) as a basis, this article aims to further the understanding of the influence institutional factors have on agenda‐setting and policy formulation in the European Union (EU). It does so by analyzing the policy process of the Just Transition Fund (JTF) from agenda‐setting to policy formulation by the Commission. The research finds that policy entrepreneurship is strongly determined by the characteristics and overlap of institutional policy windows. In the JTF case, the institutional context enhanced the influence of policy entrepreneurs within the European Parliament, especially the S&D party, on the combined process of agenda‐setting and policy formulation. Therefore, this paper illustrates that EU MSF scholarship would benefit from taking institutional factors more into account. The conclusions also indicate that supranational institutions can play a larger role in EU climate policy formulation than some of the current research suggests.

EU Sport Diplomacy: An Idea Whose Time Has Nearly Come

AbstractThe EU is often characterized as an economic giant but a political dwarf. In recognition of the need to develop its diplomatic persona, it is increasingly deploying soft power. Since the adoption of the sports competence in the Lisbon Treaty, the EU has considered the potential of sport to assist with the amplification of foreign policy messages. However, unlike many nation‐states, it has not yet developed a sport diplomacy strategy, although the adoption of one is being discussed at ministerial level. Employing Kingdon's multiple streams framework, this article explains how solutions have become joined to problems and that increasingly favourable political forces have opened a policy window through which the first ever EU sport diplomacy strategy should pass. However, the article also urges caution on policy entrepreneurs by advising on the circumstances in which Kingdon's three streams will couple and a strategy emerge.

Unlikely conservation policy making in a polarized Congress: A multiple streams analysis of “America's most successful conservation program”

AbstractThe Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF), nicknamed “America's most successful conservation program,” was permanently reauthorized during the polarized Trump administration period in 2019. This victory for conservation came during an unlikely moment. How did bipartisan conservation policy pass despite the polarization of Congress during the Trump years? In this article, I use the Multiple Streams Framework to provide insights into the LWCF's reauthorization. Focusing on the problem stream, this research identifies messaging that transcends the partisan divide and appeals to broad American values. Analysis of the messages of policy entrepreneurs found that, regardless of political party, shared messages focus on the enduring legacy of the LWCF, its economic impacts, its symbolic weight, and its use of private dollars. The wider significance of this research is better understanding decision‐making contexts with surprising common messaging in the problem stream between otherwise opposing sides of the partisan divide.Related ArticlesAngervil, Gilvert. 2021. “A Comprehensive Application of Kingdon's Multiple Streams Framework: An Analysis of the Obama Administration's No Child Left Behind Waiver Policy.” Politics & Policy 49(5): 980–1020. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12432Gershtenson, Joseph, Brian W. Smith, and William R. Mangun. 2006. “Friends of the Earth? Partisanship, Party Control of Congress, and Environmental Legislation in Congress.” Politics & Policy 34(1): 66–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2006.00004.xRawat, Pragati, and John Charles Morris. 2016. “Kingdon's ‘Streams’ Model at Thirty: Still Relevant in the 21st Century?” Politics & Policy 44(4): 608–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12168

A policy review of the process of the Integrated Nursing Care Service System in South Korea.

This study aimed to analyse the policy formation process of South Korean Integrated Nursing Care Service System (INCSS). Due to the shortage of chronic nursing staff in Korea, many nursing services have been overlooked, which has led to a customary caregiving culture that relied on inpatient families. To improve this, Korea legislated the INCSS in 2015. This study retrospectively analysed policy formation process of the INCSS using Kingdon's Multiple-Streams Framework from on-offline materials generated between 1994 and 2015. The caregiving culture, which was raised as one of the main causes of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection spread, has garnered intensive attention from media and politicians. The streams of problem, politics and policy that each flowed independently were coupled, the policy window finally opened leading to successful legislation. The leading political activities of the United Healthcare Civic-Group, in which general nurses were the core, were effective in introducing the system. This study's results could be used for promoting hospital-based healthcare policy intervention by enhancing general nurses' political competence.

통일교육정책의 변동 요인에 관한 연구

This paper used Kingdon's multiple streams framework to analyze why the unification of the education policy was changed in 2008. As analytical results, in the problem steams, unification education reflects the reality as it is and strengthens security due to the opposition to the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, domestic politicization of North Korea policy, discussion of North Korea's sudden change, North Korea's nuclear development, and the Cheonan and Yeonpyeong Island incidents. In the political streams, President Lee Myung-bak took office, who had the idea that overall change was necessary in the policy of appeasement toward North Korea. Support for North Korea policy by the Koreans, the spread of negative awareness about North Korea and unification, the spread of public opinion to reinforce the weakened sense of security, created conditions for changes in unification education. In the policy streams, Proposals that the existing education for unification needed to be changed suggested. These three streams were able to combine with the creation of policy opportunities such as 'change of government to conservatives' and 'the Cheonan/Yeonpyeong Island incident', leading to policy changes.

Note from the Editor

Note from the Editor