Kingdom Of Yugoslavia Research Articles

Protection of children’s health in the environment of Russian emigration and the USSR in the conditions of the spread of infectious diseases in the 1920s–1930s

Introduction. The preservation of children’s health is an important state task, the success of which is largely determined by the socio-cultural context, traditions in the application of preventive measures and the provision of medical care. In this regard, it is indicative of the comparison of measures to preserve the health of schoolchildren in the “Russian schools” of the emigrant environment (on the example of schools in the Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) and Soviet schools in the 1920s and 1930s in the conditions of the spread of infectious diseases. Materials and methods. The data sources were published reports of Russian educational institutions in exile, which contain information about the health of schoolchildren, data on the health of Soviet schoolchildren were obtained from collections of analytical works of the specified period. Results. The prevalence of infectious diseases in children among Russian emigration and in the USSR was comparable, with the exception of measles, cases of which were not recorded in emigrant educational institutions in the Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. As the main preventive measures, disinfection and examinations were carried out, vaccinations were made. The living conditions of emigrants contributed to the spread of tuberculosis, the incidence of which among children of emigrants was higher than among the European population. Soviet and emigrant doctors agreed that the fight against infectious diseases should develop at the level of organized collectives (schools, kindergartens). Conclusion. Thus, emigrant doctors largely followed the medical traditions and experience that had developed in pre-revolutionary Russia. Nevertheless, the living conditions of emigrants and the lack of funds became factors that reduced the effectiveness of preventive measures and medical care. An important difference was that the events in the Soviet Union were carried out within the framework of the state policy on health protection, and in the emigrant environment were of a local nature, determined as a rule by the capabilities of specific educational institutions.

Sto let formalnega izobraževanja medicinskih sester v Sloveniji (1923–2023) Prva sestrska šola in njene naslednice

2023 marked the 100th anniversary of formal nursing education in Slovenia. In 1923, the School of Nursing was established under the Institute for the Social and Hygiene Protection of Children in Ljubljana, laying the foundation of continuous education to the forerunners of modern nurses. As one of the four nursing schools in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, provided professional education to workers in the then nursing care. The paper presents the first school of nursing in Slovenia and its successors and follows the development of these schools or, rather, education programmes.

War veterans, minorities and crisis points in Yugoslav welfare

ABSTRACT This article provides an analytical overview of welfare policymaking and provision in the twentieth century in Yugoslavia at three decisive historical junctures. Those are: the Kingdom of Yugoslavia after the First World War; the socialist state after 1945; and the rump ‘Yugoslavia’ after the break-up of the state in 1991. In each of these periods welfare policies were crisis-driven, a response to massive social and economic upheaval caused by war, but they were also a reflection, of course, of the political ideals and the values of the state in which they were formed. The authors argue that the Yugoslav welfare state in its various incarnations was in part a response to socio-economic crisis caused by war, in part a mediation and an adaptation of the welfare regime it replaced (rather than a complete tabula rasa), and in part an articulation of the aspirations for national politics and citizenship held by the incoming leadership of the state. This comparative study of three important moments in Yugoslavia’s welfare history, then, offers an opportunity to look anew at the social history of the state itself. Study of the Yugoslav welfare model, or rather models, helps us understand the larger political transformations that were bound up in the lifespan of the South Slav state, how the state thought about and created minorities through welfare regimes, and how welfare policies withstood (or not) socio-economic crisis.

I TRANSVERZALNI I VERTIKALNI PUTEVI? SAOBRAĆAJNE VEZE KRALjEVINE JUGOSLAVIJE I KRALjEVINE ALBANIJE 1929–1935.

Based on archival materials, published sources, press, and relevant literature, this paper presents and analyzes the traffic connections between the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the Kingdom of Albania from 1929 to 1935. During the studied period, the two neighboring countries were connected by maritime, road, lake, and river transport. There were no direct rail or air lines between them. Good traffic connections were one of the prerequisites for the success of the Yugoslav political-economic action aimed at preventing the further spread of Italian influence in Albania. However, due to the economic crisis and other factors, there was lack of decisive measures by the Yugoslav state to improve transportation connections with Albania, which continued to hinder the development of Yugoslav-Albanian trade, tourism, mobility and postal communication.

Prokupačka banka

A feature of banking in the Kingdom of Serbia was a large number of small local financial institutions. Otherwise, a large number of banks was dastically increased during the Customs war due to the need for capital that was needed for the import of goods. In that period Bank of Prokuplje was created as one of the discount banks. Until the WWI, Bank of Prokuplje operated stabily and brought dividends to its shareholders.Like other financial institutions, Bank of Prokuplje suffered considerable material damage during the occupation in the Great War, and the chairman of the Board od Directors, Đorđe Brzaković, was killed. Bank of Prokuplje resumed its work only in 1922 and successfully operated until the outbreak of the banking crisis in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1931. The bank was stable even in the fourth decade of the 20th century, although its working capital was reduced by the withdrawal of savings deposits.Bank of Prokuplje is one of the few in the south of Serbia that worked during the WWII and even recorded a certain profit in 1943. With the liberation of Prokuplje, the Bank was unable to operate because its premises were usurped by the new authorities for their own needs. In accordance with the ideology of the socialist social sistem, Bank of Prokuplje was not sllowed to continue its work and it was liquidated in 1946.

The use of psychoactive substances in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (1918-1929) and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929-1941)

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Johann Albrecht von Reiswitz: From “Uneasy Scholar” to Ahnenerbe Collaborator. Notes about a Book


 The paper critically examines some of the conclusions of the historian Andreas Roth concerning the activities of Johann Albrecht von Reiswitz in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the occupied Serbia. It is stressed that biographies or studies aiming at biographical representation require a clear theoretical-methodological framework, situating the actors into relevant social structures. Instead of picturesque details, abounding in traditional biographies, it is essential to analyse the protagonist through various social orderings in which he acted and to which he adapted. Following this principle, the inconsistencies and contradictions apparent in Roth’s book are pointed out. Contrary to his opinion, in this paper it is argued that the work of Reiswitz cannot be ideologically and practically separated from the activities of the Military-Administrative Headquarters, or the organization Ahnenerbe. None of Reiswitz’s actions took place outside of the general ideology of Nazism, where personal professional advancement was linked to the cumulative radicalisation of the regime. Here it is demonstrated that he not only was ambivalent towards the crimes taking place around him, but was also actively involved, through his collaboration with SS Ahnenerbe, to justify the newly established order in the occupied Serbia. Roth leans upon the authority of some private testimonies, but instead of de-mystifying them, he contradicts his own previous conclusions.

Zulfikarpašić-Milošević agreement in 1991.

Historical Background and the Emergence of New Bibliographic Units in the Context of the Contemporary Political Moment Demand a Reevaluation of Previous Interpretations Related to Events in the Territory of the Former Socialist Yugoslavia. This paper focuses on the Historical Agreement, also known as the Zulfikarpašić-Milošević Agreement, initiated by Muslims (Bosniaks). The agreement was intended as a peace and political initiative but came late in the context of the war in Croatia and the policy of regionalization pursued by the Serbian side in Bosnia and Herzegovina. After leaving the Party of Democratic Action (SDA), Adil Zulfikarpašić founded the Muslim Bosniak Organization (MBO), with the support of academician Muhamed Filipović. Dissatisfied with the policies of the SDA, Zulfikarpašić and Filipović sought to address the crisis through a different approach. In the case of the MBO, this approach involved historical reconciliation with the Serbs. While the leaders of the MBO structured this agreement as a peace and political initiative, its implementation was not possible due to the opposing state-legal concepts from the Bosniak (Muslim) side. The concept of a union of free states, central to the MBO's agreement, did not receive support from the Serbian side. In such a constellation of relationships, Yugoslavia could continue to function only as a federal state, as it best served Serbian state interests. The fundamental aim of this work is to shed light on the events preceding the agreement, what the agreement entailed, and why it ultimately failed. The introductory section of the paper analyzes Muslim (Bosniak)-Serbian historical reconciliation, which includes the period of Austro-Hungarian rule and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia when certain Muslim (Bosniak) politicians formed a specific type of alliance with the Serbs. The position of Muslims (Bosniaks) in the early 1990s significantly differed from that at the beginning of the 20th century. The paper dedicates a substantial portion of its pages to significant events in the Second Yugoslavia to provide a comprehensive synthesis. The 1974 Constitution, the Memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SANU), the rise of Milošević, the abolition of autonomy for provinces in Serbia, and the republic-level elections were all events that preceded the agreement. Special attention in the paper is given to the participants of the agreement as significant political protagonists of that period, as well as the political parties whose members were part of the agreement and the architects of the policies of that era. Adil beg Zulfikarpašić undeniably played a central role in the efforts to reach a historical agreement between Muslims (Bosniaks) and Serbs. After World War II, Zulfikarpašić went into exile, where he launched the Bosanski pogledi magazine in the early 1960s. During his time in exile, he operated from various political-ideological positions, later emerging as one of the ideologues of Bosniak identity. In 1963, Zulfikarpašić participated in the founding of the Democratic Alternative, a movement in which Bosniak, Croatian, Serbian, and Slovenian intellectuals advocated for the democratization of Yugoslavia and the concept of free states within Yugoslavia. The foundation of this movement was a departure from Yugoslavia, i.e., communism, and alignment with the Western bloc of countries that based their policies on the principles of capitalism and democracy. Zulfikarpašić remained unwaveringly convinced of the correctness of the political initiative for reconciliation with the Serbs, considering the agreement the best solution under the circumstances and the only alternative to the impending war. A. Zulfikarpašić, as the main architect of the agreement, left Bosnia and Herzegovina in September 1991, and shortly thereafter, his party colleague, academician Muhamed Filipović, terminated all processes related to the agreement.

HISTORICAL REVIEW OF OFFICERS' RELATIONS TOWARDS SPORTS AND SPORTS ORGANIZATIONS FROM 1882 TO 1941 IN THE KINGDOM OF SERBIA, KINGDOM OF SHS, AND KINGDOM OF YUGOSLAVIA

The paper deals with the connection between sports, sports organizations, and military officer staff, pointing out certain connections and consequences. Many officers who graduated from the Military Academy performed the highest government duties in various fields (they were predominantly present in sports and sports institutions, but also physical education classes), which proves that the officers influenced not only the development and progress of the then armies in which they served but also the state and the institution as a whole. Using the historical method, we investigated the relationships between sports, sports organizations, and officers, as well as the influence of society on these relationships. Current historical research indicates that there is an unbreakable and practically significant connection between the activities of army members of different countries from our area (the Kingdom of Serbia, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenians, and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) and sports and sports organizations in the form of common interests and goals. Through theoretical and critical analysis, the paper explores those relationships and points to officers' strong influence and efforts in forming and operating sports clubs and spreading the Olympic idea in the mentioned countries.

The Role of Architecture in Shaping Sokol Visual Identity in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia

Abstract The interwar period is considered to be the “golden age” of the Sokol movement in Yugoslavia, when the organization enjoyed the support of the state and much of the population. One of the key elements in the process of shaping the visual identity of the Yugoslav Sokol was its purpose-built architecture, namely Sokolski dom (Sokol hall or center) and Sletište (Sokol stadium). It is estimated that there were around 280 such structures built in Yugoslavia, and a number of them are considered highlights of Yugoslav architecture. The stylistic variety of these structures demonstrated the different approaches to and interpretations and overall understanding of how Sokol’s visual identity should be shaped and, more importantly, how Yugoslavism could be visually communicated through Sokol architecture. This article explores the different methods and approaches to Sokol architecture in the context of the country’s post-imperial transition following the end of the Great War. It demonstrates how the relationship between Sokol societies and the state was reflected in Sokol architecture.

OVERLOOKED AVANT-GARDE IN THE YOUTH OPUS OF LOJZE KOVAČIČ

<p><span>The article presents the literary works foryouth by Lojze Kovačič (1928-2004) who mostly wrote for adults.He was born in Basel, Switzerland, but before the Second World War, the author's family had to leave Switzerland and they emigrated to the then Kingdom of Yugoslavia, to the birthplace of his father. As early as 1947, he began publishing in Slovene in the student newspaper “Mi mladi” (We Young). After 1950, he wrote short modern fairy tales for children with modernist elements typical of adult literature. This deliberate modernity already heralds a top author who, for example, translated Kafka for children. In his initial phase, he collaborated with illustrators (e.g., Milan Bizovičar), created comics with avant-garde art elements and wrote science fiction. The most famous is the collection of short contemporary fairy tales “Zgodbe iz mesta Rič-Rač” (Stories from the City of Rič-Rač, 1962- ) which has been reprinted several times and represents only a third of the author's oeuvre. Two-thirds are unpublished, scattered through various radio shows and magazines. The editor of Pionirski list, Marija Kovačič Vida, published texts by a whole generation of authors in the 1950s and 1960s. In the most famous anthologies, entitled “Za celo leto: priročnik iger in deklamacij” (For the Whole Year: A Handbook of Games and Declamations, 1960) and “Praznični koledar: pesmi, črtice in igre za šolske prireditve” (Holiday Calendar: Poems, Literary Sketches, and Games for School Events, 1976), she made an outstanding review of literary creativity intended for children and youth. Based on the study of the author's oeuvre for youth, we can easily conclude that the author is a pronounced modernist, as he used avant-garde approaches, elements of art deco, Bauhaus, camera obscura, puppets, mundus inversus, commercials, etc. He translated picturesque visual images into modernist texts for young people. At the end of the article, suggestions are given for a scientific-critical monograph dealing with the author's literary opus for youth which is characterized by translation of visual into verbal and vice versa (e.g., puppets, comics), as well as between other media. It is paradoxical that L. Kovačič in his literary worksintended for adults was rather critical of the socialist system in his second homeland (1945-1991), but he nevertheless published the most literary units for youth during this very period, and his work was also regularly included in the curricula (1984, 1998) and readers in schools, while in the latest curriculum from 2019 he is completely overlooked and omitted. Based on his writing, L. Kovačič is a truely European author. He died on 1 May 2004, the day Slovenia became a member of the EU and the intense oblivion of history began. L. Kovačič was one ofthe victims of this process.</span></p><p><span><strong>Keywords:</strong> Lojze Kovačič, youth opus, art deco, avant-garde, Bauhaus, topsy-turvy world, camera obscura, puppets, radio, commercials.</span></p>

Central European with a Post-Socialist Limp

According to David and Grasmann, the recognised comparative law scholars, there are basically three main criteria for differentiating between legal families and their subgroups: 1. meta-legal considerations; 2. legal sources; and 3. dogmatic legal structures. Concerning the last two criteria, which could also be designated as formal elements of a country’s legal identity, Slovenia has been deeply “immersed” in the civil law of a Central European type. Even after the decline of the Habsburg Empire, what remained to apply on the territory of nowadays Slovenia as part of the then Kingdom of Yugoslavia, was to an important extent Austrian law. Moreover, even the “decadent capitalist code” such as the Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (ABGB) more or less survived in spite of the communist “withering away of the state and law”, and can today still be applicable to some older cases. After one thousand years of Germanic dominance, the Slovenes turned to the East in trying to build their national identity, one hundred years ago when the Empire collapsed. Although that seemed to be a necessary move towards stronger national identity, it was their first step away from the rule of law. The second step away from that was the period of communism that endured almost half a century. Nevertheless, the formal part of the Central European legal identity somehow survived in Slovene law, with certain “injuries” of course, but it is mainly the meta-legal considerations, their sociological and psychological elements in particular, that nowadays make a difference between the situations of the rule of law in the Republic of Slovenia and, for example, in the Republic of Austria, both parts of the onetime joint Empire.

THE ALBANIAN POPULATION IN THE KINGDOM OF YUGOSLAVIA: DEMOGRAPHIC AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

The paper analyzes the size and structure of the Albanian population in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The population censuses of 1921 and 1931 are the main source for the research. The statistical and census materials are compared to a number of studies from the fields of historiography, ethnography and anthropogeography. A number of papers raising doubts about how objective the census results are in regard to the number of Albanians in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia are also critically addressed.

Helping Compatriots’: Russian Émigrés’ Charity Work in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes / Kingdom of Yugoslavia

Based on archival materials, the Russian emigrant press, as well as literature, the article discusses the engagement of emigrants from Russia, who arrived from 1919 to 1923 in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (from 1929 — Kingdom of Yugoslavia), in charity work with an aim to provide the assistance to their compatriots living in the country during the interwar period. The paper attempts to shed light on various aspects of their work, and its versatility. It is noted that in emigrant society a considerable number of organizations, institutions, associations — from public, humanitarian to political, military — as well as individuals, were engaged in charity work.

The Founder of the “Second Smolny” in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes Nataliia Kornelievna Erdeli

Based on unpublished (archival materials) and published sources (records and memoirs), as well as literature, the article shows the efforts of Nataliia Kornelievna Erdeli, graduate of the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens in Saint Petersburg, aimed at reviving this women’s school abroad, in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (from 1929 — Kingdom of Yugoslavia) in the town of Velika Kikinda (in northern part of Serbia). After leaving Russia in 1920, this young, talented and energetic woman realized the need to create conditions for children who were forced to leave their homeland to receive an education. And Erdeli vigorously set to work: in 1921, after receiving permission and funds from the authorities of the country to open a school, which, at the suggestion of the Ministry of Education of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, was to be called the “First Russian-Serbian Girls’ Gymnasium-Boarding School”, she founded an educational institution for girls that resembled Smolny and then became its headmistress. Despite the institution’s official name, students were inculcated with Smolny traditions, such as wearing uniforms and following the rules of this institution. In order to obtain permission to name the school “Second Smolny”, Erdeli went to Denmark in 1924 to see the Empress Maria Feodorovna, a former patroness of the Smolny Institute. Although she managed to achieve this, an unexpected death prevented the formal renaming. Erdeli died in 1925 at the age of thirty-six. Nonetheless, it was not before 1931 that the authorities closed the school. Overall, more than 160 girls graduated from it.

Threatened identity and challenges of the national revival of the Serbs in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia

Threatened identity and challenges of the national revival of the Serbs in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia

Niški novčani zavodi u bankarskom sistemu Kraljevine Jugoslavije

At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, a large number of local financial institutions were established in the Kingdom of Serbia. Nis was the second largest city in Serbia, and at the same time an important traffic and strategic center. By the end of the 19th century, three banks were established in Nis, and by the beginning og the WWI, their number had rise to eight. It was characteristic of almost all these financial institutions that they were the owners of mills, brick factories, textile factories, leather factories, and warehouses. The beginning of the WWI and the occupation of Serbia caused great material losses to the banks in Nis, especially from the Bulgarian army, which took away all movable property after the retreat. Among the human victims was a relatively large number of shareholders, board members and officials of financial institutions. With the end of the war, the banks could not immediately resume their operations, and for the first two years mostly collected their assets, and the two Nis banks could not continue their operations due to the high degree of damage. The remaining banks, accustomed to working with nonbanking businesses, continued this practice and invested in trade and industry. The chronic need for capital influenced the establishment of six more banks in Nis after the war. However, by 1925, two banks went bankrupt, and this happened to two more financial institutions by the end of the decade, so that the banking crises in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was met by eight Nis banks. Due to the great crisis, business in the 1930s was extremely limited. Two financial institutions in Nis were under protection, and two managed to operate successfully until the outbreak of the WWII on the territory of Yugoslavia, when all normal work of banks was impossible.

Obavezno telesno vaspitanje - skrivena predvojnička obuka u Kraljevini Jugoslaviji

In the 1930s, the European continent was dominated by the fear of a new war, so almost all countries began to pay special attention to war preparations. In this context, great attention was paid to youth and their physical and military training. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia, faced with many recruits unfit for military service, joined the European trend by introducing compulsory physical education into the social life of students and out-of school youth. This wording concealed the true nature of the new institution, namely pre-military education. Although the legislative solution was ideal in theory, in practice it had several weaknesses that did not allow the development of compulsory physical education. The legislature overlooked several important issues. First, there was a lack of trained teachers to teach the inmates. In addition, the law placed an excessive burn on the municipalities, which were unable to solve all the problems of organizing compulsory physical education, especially the material ones, since they were responsible for providing space and compensating teachers. The army also did not do everything in its power to provide the best possible support for pre-military training especially since the question of equipping the courses with weapons was not settled until before the April War began. Finally, the young people looked for ways to avoid the new obligation, so that less than half of the obligated participated the holiday courses. For this reason, the work results achieved were also not satisfactory.

The Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the return of the "planned elite": The case of Prof Dr Đorđe Joannović

The Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the return of the "planned elite": The case of Prof Dr Đorđe Joannović

Uloga Francuske u osnaživanju nauke u Srbiji i na Zapadnom Balkanu - između naučne saradnje i naučne diplomatije

France has a long tradition of cultural and scientific influence in the Balkan region, and historically especially in Serbia and in the countries formed on the territory of the former Yugoslavia (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, Kingdom of Yugoslavia). The aforementioned influence, which followed its economic and political influence, was founded not only on the basis of the Alliance in the Great War (1914-1918), but primarily on the basis of the education and training of the Serbs and Balkans at the Sorbonne and at other French universities. After returning to their homeland, they not only occupied key positions in the state administration and reached ministerial positions, but also founded scientific disciplines and continued cooperation with their French professors and scientists. This historically long scientific cooperation, which showed elements of "science diplomacy", was also a foundation for creating France's scientific cooperation with Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Albania (the countries of the Western Balkans, under which France also includes Kosovo*1 ). Through the analysis of available documents, press, interviews and statements of officials and diplomats, as well as scientists participating in joint projects, our main goal is to research the role of France in strengthening scientific cooperation in Serbia and the Western Balkans. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the results of the "Pavle Savić" cooperation program, scientific cooperation in the Danube region and ES-Balk program, enable the observation of France's activities in the Balkans in the context of the scope of scientific diplomacy. Our research shows that since the Strategy for the Western Balkans (2019), France has been continuously committed to the development of political, economic and cultural cooperation with the countries in the Balkans, with more intensive scientific cooperation in accordance with the basic principles of France's science diplomacy strategy. It is observed that France insists on regional projects in the field of science, which contain a strong European component. Paper give recommendations for further cooperation in the field of science. The focus is on the special importance of the transfer of knowledge and the role of science in the framework of diplomacy, and therefore the role of France in the Balkans will also be research through this prism.